1. Key points of knowledge
1. Human life is inseparable from natural resources at all times. Natural resources such as land, water, and energy are the basis for human survival. Various living things are also important resources for human survival and development.
2. Natural resources include renewable resources and non-renewable resources.
3. Biodiversity is the main feature of nature.
4. Human beings also live in the natural environment. Environment is the space and material conditions on which human beings depend for survival and development.
5. Human beings and nature are closely connected through the food chain. There are various ecosystems in the environment, and the balance of the entire ecosystem is maintained through the food chain.
6. Land is the mother of all things. Water, soil, and air are the sources of life.
7. Sandstorms are a typical environmental disaster brought to humans by land desertification.
8. In order for our children and grandchildren to survive and develop, we must leave room for development and utilization of resources, and we must not exhaust the resources. This is one of the essentials of the idea of ??sustainable development.
2. Problem Summary
1. What factors does the natural environment include? What is the relationship between humans and nature?
Factors: geological environment, water environment, ecological environment, atmospheric environment, space environment, etc.
Relationship: ① Human beings survive in the natural environment and obtain various natural resources from it to maintain their own survival and development. Therefore, the environment is the space and material conditions for human survival and development. ②Human beings are products of nature and part of nature. ③Human beings and nature are closely connected through the food chain. Therefore, human beings should cherish nature and respect all life in nature.
2. The importance (role) of biological diversity: ① Biodiversity is of high value, and the most precious thing is that it is a genetic resource bank created by nature; ② Biodiversity is life The most important component of the support system maintains the balance of the natural ecosystem and is an indispensable basis for human survival and sustainable development; ③ The reduction of biological diversity will inevitably worsen the human living environment and limit the opportunities for human survival and development , and even seriously threaten human survival and development.
3. The depletion of resources and the destruction of the environment
Due to excessive human consumption, natural resources are becoming increasingly depleted and the environment is deteriorating day by day. Resource depletion is manifested in species reduction, land desertification, water shortages, and energy shortages. The destruction of the environment manifests itself in the fact that while humans are consuming more resources, they are also seriously polluting water, soil and air, and destroying the natural environment.
4. Causes and serious consequences of species decline
Reasons: ①Due to human deforestation, indiscriminate fishing and environmental pollution, dozens of species around the world are dying every day
The speed of species disappears. ②Because after a species becomes extinct, it will never regenerate, and due to the role of the food chain,
Every time a species disappears on the earth, there are often 10-30 other species that are dependent on this species.< /p>
disappears.
Consequences: The reduction of biological diversity will inevitably worsen the human living environment, limit human survival and development opportunities, and even seriously threaten human survival and development.
5. Causes and serious consequences of land desertification
Cause: due to the influence of various factors, especially the influence of human activities, such as excessive deforestation and excessive deforestation of grasslands. Land desertification is becoming more and more serious due to grazing and over-cultivation.
Consequences: A typical environmental disaster brought to humans by land desertification is sandstorms.
6. Causes and serious consequences of water shortages
Cause: excessive human consumption and environmental pollution.
Consequences: The freshwater resource crisis may be the biggest existential crisis that mankind will face in the future.
7. Causes and serious consequences of energy shortage
Cause: irrational development and utilization, excessive consumption.
Consequences: hindering economic and social development and affecting sustainable development.
8. Causes and serious consequences of water pollution
Cause: Due to human production and living activities, water resources have been seriously polluted.
Consequences: affecting biological growth and human health.
9. Causes and serious consequences of soil pollution
Cause: Humans use a large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and more and more wastewater, waste residues and garbage are produced in daily life and industrial production.
Consequences: not only seriously damaging the growth of crops, but also directly or indirectly damaging the health of humans and other organisms.
10. Causes and harms of air pollution
Cause: Due to the increasing use of coal, oil and other energy sources in human life and production, factories, residential areas and automobiles will become more and more polluted. The more exhaust gas is emitted into the air, the more serious air pollution becomes.
Consequences: Air pollution will not only seriously affect the survival of various creatures on the earth, but also seriously damage human health.
11. Faced with the severe situation of population, resources and environment, what is the only choice for mankind?
Implement sustainable development strategies, control population growth, conserve resources, and protect the environment.
Unit 2
1. Knowledge summary:
1. Public *** interests around you include: public *** places, public *** Facilities, public services (public health, public education).
Public health services in public health services are health technical guarantees for controlling population quantity and improving population quality.
Public education has far-reaching significance for improving the quality of the population and improving people's quality of life and quality of life.
2. The public interests of all mankind include: international security, international economy, international culture, natural environment resources, etc.
3. The main purpose of building public *** facilities: In order to directly benefit the people and provide convenience for people's lives, the government is the main provider and manager of public *** facilities. .
4. In the face of conflicts, we should give priority to the interests of the public and protect the legitimate rights and interests of individuals in accordance with the law.
5. Governments around the world are vigorously developing public welfare undertakings such as medical care and education through taxation to benefit the people.
6. Manifestations of conflicts between public interests and personal interests: ① Individual interests conflict with public interests; ② The interests of some units or groups conflict with public interests.
7. Public interests have priority in public life, but this does not mean that the legitimacy and rationality of personal interests are ignored.
8. Taxation is the main source of a country's fiscal revenue, a financial guarantee to support national construction, and an important guarantee for improving the quality of people's lives. Taxes are taken from the people and used for the people.
9. The realization of public interests requires ① moral constraints ② legal regulation ③ institutional guarantees.
10. Schools, enterprises, the military, and governments are all specific social organizations. Safeguarding the interests of the public is an unshirkable responsibility of social organizations. They play an important role in safeguarding the interests of the public. effect.
11. The government is the greatest provider and guardian of public interests. In a certain sense, the degree of realization of public interests reflects the government's governance level and ability, and also reflects the degree of civilization and social progress of a country.
12. The government protects public interests in many ways: legal, administrative, economic, educational, moral education, etc.
13. Administration according to law is the basic criterion for the government to govern for the people and perform its duties.
14. In the era of economic globalization, governments of various countries have conducted extensive cooperation in international security, international economy, and international culture to jointly safeguard the common interests of mankind.
15. In safeguarding public interests, non-governmental organizations also play an indispensable role and play a decisive role.
16. The public services provided by non-governmental organizations have covered a wide range of fields from environmental protection, education, scientific research, social work, charity to public transportation, public welfare exhibitions and other fields.
17. In social life, everyone assumes a specific social role, and each social role corresponds to certain responsibilities. If the responsibilities required by each professional role are fulfilled , society can operate harmoniously and orderly. For everyone, this is doing their part to safeguard the interests of the public.
18. Social morality is the simplest and most basic code of conduct that people should follow in public life. It is the bottom line ethics for realizing public interests.
Unit 3
1. Key points of knowledge
1. my country currently has 5 provincial-level ethnic autonomous regions: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. These ethnic autonomous areas are inhabited by Uyghurs, Tibetans, Mongolians, Huayuans, Zhuangs and many other fraternal ethnic groups.
2. The Zhuang ethnic group is the ethnic minority with the largest population in my country, with a population of 18 million. Zhuang brocade is a traditional arts and crafts of the Zhuang ethnic group.
3. The system of regional ethnic autonomy is a basic political system of our country.
4. Vigorously cultivate and use ethnic minority cadres to fully ensure the participation of ethnic minorities in political affairs. Ensure the equal political rights of ethnic minorities.
5. Our country’s basic principles for handling ethnic relations: the principles of ethnic equality, unity, and common prosperity.
6. On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed. Over the past 50 years, the party and the government have formulated the great policy of "peaceful reunification, one country, two systems" and completed the smooth return of Hong Kong and Macao to the motherland. However, the Taiwan issue has not yet been resolved.
7. The proposal of the concept of "one country, two systems" started from solving the Taiwan issue.
8. On July 1, 1997, the Chinese government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. The return of Hong Kong is an important step taken by the Chinese people on the road to completing the great cause of reunification, and marks the great success of the "one country, two systems" concept. On December 20, 1999, the Chinese government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Macao.
9. China has been a unified multi-ethnic country since ancient times.
10. All historical and legal facts about Taiwan prove that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China.
11. The reunification of the motherland is a symbol of the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation This is the aspiration of people of all ethnic groups across the country, including Taiwan compatriots.
12. To resolve the Taiwan issue and achieve the reunification of the motherland, at present, we must vigorously develop cross-strait exchanges centered on the "three direct links" (commerce, navigation, and postal services) to enhance the people's political awareness and feelings. .
13. By the middle of the 21st century, which is the 100th anniversary of the founding of New China, we will basically achieve the following goals: ① realize socialist modernization, ② realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, ③ transform our The country will be built into a prosperous, democratic, and civilized modern socialist country. Unit 4
① Labor created human beings, created the world, and created civilization. ②Labor promotes people’s growth and development and enriches people’s spiritual world. ③Labor is the source of a better life and the first need for human survival and development.
2. Why is it said that labor created human beings? (How do you understand that labor created the human being?)
Human beings gradually evolved and evolved from ancient apes over millions of years. In this process, it is labor that promotes the transformation from ape to human, ultimately distinguishing humans from animals. Therefore, labor creates man itself, and without labor there would be no human beings.
3. How to understand that labor promotes human growth and development?
① Through the invention and use of labor tools, humans have extended the functions of certain organs of the body and strengthened their ability to make a living and develop in nature. ②Labor is an important way to cultivate and develop people's moral quality and improve their spiritual realm. ③Labor can not only promote human physical, psychological and moral development, but is also closely related to personal growth and career success. ④Labor can exercise our abilities, sharpen our will, and strengthen our sense of self-improvement, self-confidence, and self-reliance. ⑤Through labor, we can not only learn to work hard, endure hardships, and be strong and unyielding, but we can also appreciate the hard-won fruits of labor and learn to be hard-working, plain living, and thrifty.
Unit 4
(1). Key points of knowledge:
1. Characteristics (quality) of new workers: ① Good at learning new knowledge ② Mastering new knowledge Technology ③Strong innovation ability.
2. Technological innovation has become an important way for enterprises to form core competitiveness.
(2) Problem summary:
1. How to understand “labor”? (What is the importance of labor to human beings and human society?)
① Labor created human beings, created the world, and created civilization. ②Labor promotes people’s growth and development and enriches people’s spiritual world. ③Labor is the source of a better life and the first need for human survival and development.
2. Why is it said that labor created human beings? (How do you understand that labor created the human being?)
Human beings gradually evolved and evolved from ancient apes over millions of years. In this process, it is labor that promotes the transformation from ape to human, ultimately distinguishing humans from animals. Therefore, labor creates man itself, and without labor there would be no human beings.
3. How to understand that labor promotes human growth and development?
① Through the invention and use of labor tools, humans have extended the functions of certain organs of the body and strengthened their ability to make a living and develop in nature. ② Labor is an important way to cultivate and develop people's moral quality and improve their spiritual realm. ③Labor can not only promote human physical, psychological and moral development, but is also closely related to personal growth and career success. ④Labor can exercise our abilities, sharpen our will, and strengthen our sense of self-improvement, self-confidence, and self-reliance. ⑤Through labor, we can not only learn to work hard, endure hardships, and be strong and unyielding, but we can also appreciate the hard-won fruits of labor and learn to be hard-working, plain living, and thrifty.
Unit 5
(1) Key points of knowledge:
1. The market is a place where commodities are traded. Markets, in their most primitive form, were places of casual barter.
2. The market is a key link in the final transition from the early market to the modern market. The widespread rise of market trade is a leap in the history of market development.
3. The development of modern e-commerce has completely broken through the traditional market concept.
4. Our country’s socialist nature is the people’s democratic dictatorship; our country’s fundamental system is the socialist system; our country’s fundamental political system is the People’s Congress system; our country’s basic economic system is public ownership as the main body, with multiple All types of ownership economies develop simultaneously; the basis of our country's economic system is public ownership; the public ownership economy includes state-owned and collective elements in the state-owned economy, the collective economy, and the mixed-ownership economy.
5. The state’s policy towards the non-public economy is to encourage, support and guide.
6. Our country’s current basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and the simultaneous development of multiple ownership economies is determined by our country’s socialist nature and the national conditions in the primary stage.
7. Fair trading, genuine goods at fair prices, and no deception. This is our ideal market order. The legal system is the guardian of the market economy. Laws are the most important rules to ensure the normal operation of the market.
8. Equality, fairness and justice are the basic requirements of market transactions and important principles for maintaining transaction order. The economic legal system is the premise and foundation for the establishment and development of a modern market economy.
9. Quality and integrity are the passport to the market. Quality is the core of market competition. Competitiveness is the lifeblood of business operations.
10. Improving product quality is the key to expanding the market.
11. Integrity is the supporter of the market. Integrity management is the foundation of an enterprise's success in market competition and the foundation of its development.
(2) Problem summary:
1. Why is the market not only a "barometer" of the social economy, but also a "regulator"?
①The rise and fall of social economy can often be reflected through the market. A prosperous market indicates that the social economy is developing; a depressed market indicates that the social economy is declining. ②At the same time, the market is the connection point between production and consumption and an important means to ensure the normal operation of the national economy and meet people's living needs. Therefore, the market is not only a "barometer" of social economy, but also a "regulator".
2. What are the characteristics and limitations (disadvantages) of the planned economic system?
Features: The production, circulation (allocation of resources) and prices of all materials are controlled by national plans.
Limitations: The government decides what and how much companies produce, and then distributes consumer goods through vouchers in a planned manner. This unified production, allocation and distribution of social resources makes it difficult to respond sensitively to market supply and demand and the scarcity of resources. As a result, some products are overstocked and some are in chronic shortage.
3. What are the advantages of implementing a market economic system?
With the implementation of a market economic system, enterprises can directly decide the varieties and quantities of production and operations based on market demand and price changes, which not only mobilizes the enthusiasm of enterprises for production, but also effectively meets the needs of the people.
4. What is the significance of my country’s accession to the World Trade Organization?
① Joining the World Trade Organization is an important step for my country to achieve the goal of establishing a "unified, open, competitive and orderly" large market. ② After joining the World Trade Organization, China has further become an important part of the world market. On the one hand, it can make greater contributions to the development of the world economy, and on the other hand, it can also create better conditions for its own economic development.
5. What is the meaning of state-owned economy?
The state-owned economy is a public-owned economy in which the means of production and labor products are jointly owned by all the people. The state-owned economy can be realized in various forms.
6. What are the status advantages of the state-owned economy?
In our country, the state-owned economy has strong strength and advanced technical equipment, accumulates our country's most advanced productive forces, controls important and key areas related to the lifeline of the national economy, and is responsible for important products related to the national economy and people's livelihood. important tasks of production and circulation.
7. What is the role (significance) of the state-owned economy?
Developing and strengthening the state-owned economy plays a key role in giving full play to the advantages of the socialist system and enhancing our country's economic strength, national defense strength and national cohesion.
8. What are the meaning and functions of collective economy?
Meaning: The collective economy is a public-owned economy in which the means of production are jointly owned by some workers and is an important part of the public-owned economy.
Function: The collective economy can widely absorb dispersed funds from society, relieve employment pressure, promote collective prosperity, and increase public fund accumulation and national tax revenue.
9. What is the significance (function) of the individual, private and other non-public economies?
① The vigorous development of non-public economies such as individual, private and foreign capital has made up for the shortcomings of the public economy and promoted the rapid economic development of various regions. ② The non-public economy such as individual, private and foreign capital is an important part of the socialist market economy and plays an important role in fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of all aspects of society and accelerating the development of productivity.
10. What are the dangers of local protectionism? ① Local protectionist behavior undermines the principle of fair competition in the market, harming the interests of other businesses as well as customers. ②In the long run, this short-sighted behavior is not conducive to the development of local enterprises and the economy, and ultimately harms its own interests.
11. Market economy is a fair economy. Why?
In a market economy, production, circulation, distribution, consumption and other links are connected by contracts between buyers and sellers. Compliance with the contract is guaranteed to a large extent by both parties' mutual compliance with market principles of fairness and justice. Therefore, the market economy is a fair economy.
12. How to understand that market economy is a legal economy?
① To maintain the fairness and justice of the modern market economy and ensure the normal market order, there must be laws that are compatible with the market economy. ②Only complete laws and regulations can guide and regulate people's economic activities along the right track and avoid unfair phenomena in economic activities.
13. What is the meaning of unfair competition?
In the market economy, some operators violate relevant legal provisions, damage the legitimate rights and interests of other operators, and disrupt the social and economic order. This behavior is unfair competition and should be punished by law.
14. What basic rights do consumers enjoy?
① Security rights. ②Right to know. ③Right of claim. ④The right to choose independently. ⑤The right to fair trade. ⑥ Obtain relevant knowledge rights. ⑦The right to respect for personal dignity and national customs and habits.
15. When the legitimate rights and interests of consumers are infringed, what channels can be used to safeguard them?
① Complain to the industrial and commercial department and call 12315. ②Request the local consumer association for mediation. ③ Negotiate and reconcile with the operator. ④ Use news media to disclose. ⑤Sue in court.
16. What is the meaning of quality?
Quality is the quality of items, which refers to the characteristics of a product that can meet certain needs of people. It is generally reflected in the applicability, reliability, safety, economy and service life of the product.
17. What is the importance of quality to an enterprise?
For enterprises, quality means being customer-oriented, customer-centered, and meeting customer needs. Only high quality can win the initiative in market competition and continuously create new market opportunities.
18. In a market economy, what awareness should we establish?
①Legal awareness. ②Quality awareness. ③A sense of competition. ④Awareness of integrity. ⑤Open awareness.
19. Improving product quality is the key to expanding the market. Why?
① Without the guarantee of product quality, market expansion can only be water without a source, a tree without roots, and lacks vitality. ② Only by maximizing quality can we fundamentally expand the market share and influence of our products and go further in the market competition.
20. Talk about your understanding of integrity?
① "Integrity" is the most important business ethics generally recognized by people. "Sincerity" requires people to operate honestly, not to manufacture and sell fake and shoddy products, not to cheat, and not to cheat; "trust" requires people to honor contracts, honor commitments, and abide by contracts. ②Integrity management is the foundation of an enterprise's establishment and development in market competition. ③For individuals, if there is no honesty, they will not be able to gain a foothold in society. Honesty is the most basic moral character in our study, work and life.
21. What is the importance of integrity to an enterprise?
① Whether in ancient times or in modern times, whether in foreign countries or in China, doing business requires honesty. A dishonest enterprise cannot survive, let alone achieve sustainable development. It can be said that honest management is the foundation of an enterprise's establishment and development in market competition. ② In economic activities, genuine goods, fairness and urban management are considered to be the above-all principles. If this principle is violated, both individuals and enterprises must pay the price in the end.
22. What are the dangers of manufacturing and selling fake and shoddy products?
Manufacturing and selling fake and shoddy products is one of the outstanding manifestations of violating the principle of honest business. It not only harms the interests of the country and society, but also harms the interests of consumers, and will ultimately make you pay the price you deserve.
23. Why is it said that honesty and interests are not contradictory?
① There is no contradiction between honesty and interests. Even if there is a contradiction, enterprises should put integrity first and seek interests based on integrity. Such interests are long-term interests and real interests. ② For enterprises and entrepreneurs, if they violate the principle of honesty, they will not be able to create a perfect social image, and there will be no credibility at all. What will eventually be lost is the life of the enterprise.
24. How to understand that "the city cannot stand without trust, and people cannot stand without trust."
① Gaining trust from the city is a prerequisite for enterprises and entrepreneurs to engage in economic activities. Contracts, contracts, IOUs, etc. are all solemn commitments made by oneself and should be fulfilled in earnest. Therefore, it is impossible to say that the city has no credibility. ② Keeping promises is the magic weapon for the development of every successful enterprise, and it is also the principle that every citizen should adhere to. ③Winning the trust of others is also the basis for our middle school students to conduct themselves in society. We should keep our word, do what we say, and earnestly fulfill our commitments. Therefore, it is said that people cannot stand without faith.
Is this what I copied? . I will take the test tomorrow and open the book. This is what I copied. Our book is also from the Education Science Press. It should be the same.
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