Chestnut is one of the earliest economic tree species cultivated in China, and it likes light. It can be cultivated in soil with pH of PH4.5-7.5, with an annual average temperature of over l0 degrees, an average growth temperature of 16-20 degrees, and a minimum temperature of minus 25 degrees in winter. Chestnut has strong adaptability, wide distribution, easy cultivation and high yield, and can be cultivated economically in mountainous areas and beaches.
2. Cultivated varieties include Maobanhong, Jiujiazhong, Shallow Chestnut and Chu Shuhong.
Third, cultivate strong seedlings.
Seed treatment: Chestnut seeds are afraid of dryness, heat and freezing. After seed selection, it is fumigated with aluminum phosphide to kill insects, disinfected with 100 times methyl thiophanate solution, and stored in a clean and humid river sand layer after seed treatment.
Sowing: from early March to early April, sow at a spacing of one foot and five or six inches. It is required that the stem of the seedling in that year is more than 0.8 cm thick, the height of the seedling is more than 1 m, the root system is developed, and the seedling per mu is 1 10,000 plants.
Timely grafting: chestnut branches contain a lot of tannins, so grafting is not easy to survive. It is necessary to choose a good time and pay attention to grafting methods to improve the survival rate. Autumn August-10, suitable for bud grafting. Splitting and cutting can be carried out 20 days before germination and before the juice is fully circulated in spring. However, subcutaneous grafting should be carried out about 20 days after the newly grown leaves and juices flow fully. Scions should be picked as early as possible before germination, stored in the sand in the shade at low temperature, and stored in the refrigerator if possible.
Fourth, planting density and time.
Panxi area is mainly planted in autumn, and areas with water irrigation conditions can be planted in spring. The gentle slope can be fully prepared, the slope should be turned into a horizontal terrace, and the slope with large slope should be prepared with fish scale pit. The planting density is generally 22-33 plants per mu, and the spacing between plants is 5x6m-4x5m. Before planting, base fertilizer should be applied, and 2-3-year-old seedlings with complete roots should be selected. When planting, the roots and neck should be exposed to the ground to avoid planting too deep. Irrigation after planting, and then cover the soil to seal the nest.
Five, chestnut management
Chestnut forest management mainly focuses on soil and water conservation, water and fertilizer management and pruning and shaping. Dig a ditch one meter deep in the chestnut tray and apply organic fertilizer deeply. During the growth period of chestnut, intertillage weeding should be carried out in February-March, June-July and August-September to promote growth and fruiting, so that trees can grow in spring, flowers can grow in summer and chestnuts can grow in autumn. Apply effective nitrogen fertilizer 2-3 times in combination with intertillage. The empty shell of chestnut is caused by boron deficiency. 0.5 kg borax can be applied in autumn and winter, or 0.2% urea and 0.2% boric acid can be sprayed as topdressing outside the roots at flowering stage.
1, chestnut shaping
The pruning period is generally in winter, and the tree forms mainly include natural joy, drying and dewatering. Generally, the tree trunk evacuation layered shape can make the tree crown evacuate, with good ventilation and light transmission, which is beneficial to the growth and fruiting of trees. During plastic surgery, the height of the stem is about 0.8 meters, and the main branch continues to extend into the central leading branch. Choose three strong branches with an angle of 60 degrees as the main branches of the first layer, and keep the interlayer distance of 30 cm. With the growth of the central main branch, two branches staggered from the first layer were selected as the second layer main branch 1 m away from the first layer main branch, and 1-2 branches were selected as the third layer main branch about 0.6 m away from the second layer main branch. At the same time, select and leave side branches on the main branches, with 3 branches on the first floor, 2-3 branches on the second floor and 1-2 branches on the third floor. The lateral branches should be staggered up and down to avoid overlapping.
2, chestnut pruning
Trigeminal, quadrigeminal or verticillate branches are easily produced during pruning because the terminal buds of chestnut branches are well developed and the internodes are short, which has the advantage of top growth. In plastic surgery, these branches should be sprouted and thinned as soon as possible to prevent the occurrence of competitive branches. For the branches that grow too vigorously, the tips should be picked in time in summer or cut short below the full bud in winter to weaken their growth potential and promote the branches to accelerate crown formation. For ordinary branches, it is not necessary to cut them short, and the crown can be enlarged by sticking out the terminal buds. The first three years after colonization were mainly plastic surgery. Prune lightly, and choose main branches and auxiliary branches. At the same time, under the condition of not affecting the growth of main branches, other non-main branches are reserved, and more auxiliary branches are reserved appropriately. Disturbing the tree shape and affecting the growth of backbone branches should be thinned out. Young tree pruning combines dormancy pruning and growth pruning. In summer, when the new branches grow to 30 cm, leave 20 ~ 25 cm for coring, and then when the new branches grow to 30 cm, repeat coring to promote branching and make the crown compact. During the winter dormancy period, the extension branches of the main branch and the extension branches of the main branch should be appropriately shortened to promote branching and select and cultivate auxiliary main branches. For dense verticillate branches, trident branches and quadruped branches, select and leave medium-intensity branches, and sparse the rest branches. For young trees bearing fruit for more than 2 years, the tree vigor is gradually relaxed and robust, and the proportion of bearing branches begins to decline. At this time, pruning should be mainly from growing period to winter pruning. When pruning in winter, the redundant fruiting branches should be retracted in time, and the weak branches, cross branches, pest branches and some strong top branches should be thinned out to improve indoor lighting and ventilation conditions.
3. Pruning of fruit trees
Results If 60 plants are planted per mu, the yield is 400 kg, each plant is 6.7 kg, each 100 nuts 1 kg, and each chestnut tree needs to bear 6.7× 100 = 670 chestnuts, then each plant needs to bear 165438+. In actual production, the reserve of fruiting mother branches should be adjusted according to the local fruit setting rate. Chestnut not only has enough fruiting units, but also has good ventilation and light transmission conditions. The robust annual branches around the crown are mostly excellent fruiting mother branches and should be retained. If they are too dense, the weaker branches should be thinned. As a result of overgrowth, 1 ~ 2 branches should be left under the mother branch. Cultivating fruiting mother branches can not only increase yield, but also disperse nutrients and alleviate growth potential. If the mother branch tends to be weak due to successive years of fruiting, it should be retracted and pruned, and a new bearing mother branch should be cultivated in the lower part to replace it. All the thin and weak branches close to the fruiting mother branches should be thinned as soon as possible, so as to supply nutrients to the mother branches in a centralized way and make them turn from weak to strong. Branches with sparse pests and diseases and overlapping branches. For general weak branches or male flowering branches, they can be shortened or retracted to promote the transformation of branches below bud cutting or cutting mouth into new fruiting branches.
6. Soil management of chestnut orchard
Chestnut is a deep-rooted fruit tree. Deep ploughing and soil improvement are beneficial to root growth, which can make trees grow sturdily and bear good fruits. The newly-built chestnut orchard on sloping land should be deepened and expanded year by year, and strive to complete the hole expansion of the whole garden within three to five years after planting trees and promote the root system expansion. It is advisable to dig deep in autumn, when the roots peak. After root cutting, the wound heals quickly and there are many hair roots. The basic method of hole enlargement is: dig a belt-shaped ditch (big hole) with a width of about 30-50 cm and a depth of about 1m around the crown, and use organic fertilizer (20-50 kg of farm manure per serving) or 40-100 kg of organic matter such as fallen leaves and green manure, add an appropriate amount of quick-acting fertilizer calcium superphosphate, and bury it after mixing with topsoil. If there are big and thick roots in deep turning, the root cutting wound should be cut flat to facilitate wound healing and new roots. When burying fertilizer, the fertilizer and soil are fully mixed, with the topsoil on the bottom and the subsoil on the top.
Seven, fertilization
In the growth and development of chestnut, in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, it is necessary to cooperate with appropriate trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and boron. Chestnut is a high manganese plant, and it needs more manganese than other fruit trees, which is very important. Calcium is also one of the elements that chestnuts need. Boron plays an important role in pollination and fertilization. Proper boron application can prevent flowering and fruiting, which is an effective measure to reduce the empty bud rate of chestnut.
The application of 1. base fertilizer is mainly in autumn. Under the premise of not causing secondary growth, basal fertilizer should be applied in autumn sooner rather than later. In production, base fertilizer is usually combined with deep tillage to improve soil. Because of the high ground temperature during fertilization, the root wound is easy to heal and the photosynthetic efficiency of leaves is high. If some quick-acting fertilizers are applied together, the effect will be more ideal. Mature tree-based fertilizer plants were applied with decomposed organic fertilizer 100 kg, urea 0.2 kg, phosphate fertilizer 0.5 kg and borax 0. 15 kg.
2. Topdressing at flowering stage, from March to April, with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer, with 0.5 kg of urea or 50- 100 kg of human excrement per plant. Spraying 0. 1% ~ 0.2% borax at flowering stage can improve fruit setting rate. During July and August, topdressing should be applied before the fruit expands rapidly, and quick-acting full fertilizer should be applied. Each plant should be applied with 0.5 kg urea, 0.5 ~ 2.5 kg 65438+ calcium superphosphate and 0.5 ~ 1 kg potassium fertilizer. 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed 1 time in mid-August and early September respectively. 65438+ 0.25kg/ plant of ternary compound fertilizer was applied at the end of September1early October after harvest. Irrigate immediately after each fertilization.
3. Fertilization method ① Radial furrow fertilization: that is, 4 ~ 6 radial furrows are dug at the edge of the crown with the trunk as the center. The width of the ditch is 30 ~ 40 cm, and the length of the ditch depends on the size of the crown. Generally, the ditch is half in the crown and half outside the crown. Dig 40 ~ 50 cm deep in the fertilizer ditch of Shanliyuan. Rotate the ditching position year by year. ② Annular furrow fertilization: dig an annular furrow with a width of 40-50 cm and a depth of 50 cm near the crown drip line for fertilization. ③ furrow fertilization: dig a fertilization furrow with a depth of 50 cm and a width of 40 cm on the opposite side slightly outside the crown to fertilize. In the second year, the position of the strip groove was rotated to the other side.
4. Apply fertilizer outside the roots in early spring. When the basal leaves turn green (the leaf area is about 20c㎡), spray 0. 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate +0.2% urea on the leaves to make the leaves thicker and greener. Spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate during fruit expansion can promote fruit growth. Spraying 0. 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 time half a year before fruit picking or twice before fruit picking 1 month can increase the weight of single grain.
Eight, chestnut pest control:
① Chestnut rot, also known as Fusarium wilt, chestnut blight, ketosis, branch rot, etc. Its control measures are: cutting, sawing, digging, burning diseased plants and branches, scraping diseased trees, and using carbendazim 500 times 40 1 or 100 times carbendazim 1 time, * * 5 times before April.
(2) Strengthen pruning, prevent powdery mildew, and make the chestnut garden ventilated. Before germination in winter and early spring, spray 1 4 ~ 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixed solution each time, and spray 1 ~ 2 times of 600 times Tobezin solution in the new shoot period (the key is in the leaf opening period).
③ Castanea mollissima damaged branches and dry phloem, and the damaged cortex swelled like a tumor, so that insects would not leave the insect path: scraping and killing insects, and smearing branches with 1- 1.5L kerosene and 50 ml of 80% dichlorvos.
(4) Chestnut gall wasp (Chestnut gall wasp) specifically damages chestnut buds and forms tumors on branches and leaves. Larvae overwinters in buds, and adults lay eggs in chestnut buds in May and June. The damaged buds swell into adult tumors and cannot grow normally. In severe cases, the branches will die. Prune weak branches and spray mites in May.
⑤ Spraying 800 times of trichlorfon or 1500 times of iron broom No.3 in the middle and late June can kill peach fruit borer, every half month 1 time, 2 ~ 3 times in a row.
Nine, timely harvesting When 30% of the total buds on the tree crack, clean the chestnut buds with bamboo poles several times, pick them up and pile them up for a few days before threshing. During this period, sprinkle water on the chestnut bud pile every 3-5 days, about 15-20 days, and the total buds naturally crack. At this time, threshing should be done immediately.