Second, fertilization.
(1) basal fertilizer: basal fertilizer is the basic fertilizer for pear trees to grow all year round, which has great influence on branch growth and fruit development. Organic fertilizers are generally pig, cow, chicken manure and chaff cake fertilizer.
1. Young trees combined with deep digging and hole expansion during fertilization period change soil application. Fruit trees should be planted as soon as possible after the fruit is harvested, combined with deep ploughing in the orchard.
2. Fertilization amount: the base fertilizer of autumn fertilizer should account for 60% of the annual fertilization amount, and the pear orchard should be calculated according to the yield of 1kg fruit and the application of 1kg high-quality farm manure in the full fruit stage. If a tree produces 50 kilograms of fruit, 50 kilograms of organic fertilizer should be applied, plus 3-5 kilograms of bran fertilizer and 0/.5-2 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer.
3. Fertilization method: Outside the original planting pit, open the side ditch for application. The ditch is 40-50 cm deep and 25-30 cm wide. The length of the ditch is determined according to the crown width, which is generally 100- 120 cm. Apply the above fertilizer into the ditch, mix it evenly with the soil, and then re-cultivate the soil. Fertilization ditches planted in paddy fields can be shallow.
(2) Topdressing: Topdressing is a supplement to basic fertilizer, and topdressing needs to be timely and appropriate, generally with quick-acting fertilizer as the main ingredient.
1, topdressing young trees. Young trees mainly grow vegetative bodies, forming a crown structure, mainly nitrogen fertilizer. Topdressing once a month from March to September, spraying urea or compound fertilizer with water or applying it to shallow ditches before it rains.
2. Top dressing of fruit trees is mainly carried out in the first half of the year.
(1) Top dressing before germination and flowering. That is, before germination and flowering 10 day, 0.2-0.3 kg of urea was applied to each plant.
② Topdressing after flowering. Apply 0.2-0.3kg compound fertilizer to each plant.
(3) The fruit is swollen and fat. The fertilizer should be mainly potassium fertilizer with phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer, and 0.3-0.5 kg potassium sulfate compound fertilizer should be applied per plant.
(3) foliar fertilizer. Leaf fertilizer can be sprayed on pear trees during their growth, and the types of leaf fertilizer are: 0.3% urea +0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0. 1% Lv Wang No.2, 0. 1% Lv Wang No.3, etc.
(4) Pay attention to drainage and drought relief. There was more rain in the first half of the year, especially in paddy fields. When the weather is dry in the second half of the year, irrigation or watering should be carried out in time if conditions permit. Orchards far away from water sources should be covered with fruit bowls to reduce water evaporation.
Second, shaping and pruning. At present, there are mainly two kinds of tree shapes used in production, namely, the trunk with double openings and the three branches with natural openings.
(1) The trunk is double-deck open. The trunk is about 50 cm high, the tree is 2.5-3 meters high and the crown is 3 meters. It consists of 5-6 main branches, divided into 2 layers, and the included angle between the main branches and the trunk is 60-70 degrees. There are 3-4 main branches on the first floor and 2 main branches on the second floor. The distance between the first floor and the second floor is1.2-1.5m. There are no big branches between the two floors, but small and medium-sized bearing branches are reserved, and the small and medium-sized bearing branches are directly planted on the main branches.
Pruning method: after bud setting, select 3-4 main branches as the first layer of main branches, and cut buds as the central stems to make them grow upwards. Cut the main branches 40-60 cm short in the first winter. In the second spring, the main branches of the first layer were pulled to 60-70 degrees, and the other branches were also pulled into horizontal branches. In winter, two main branches sprouting from the central trunk are selected as the second main branches, which can be formed after two years of shaping and pruning.
(2) The three main branches are naturally happy. The stem is 50 cm high and the spacing between main branches is about 20 cm. The base angle is 55-60 degrees. For each main branch, 1 side branch is reserved as the first side branch, and the second side branch is selected on the opposite side of the first side branch. The two branches are staggered up and down, leaving three branches for each main branch. While selecting and retaining lateral branches, leave more branches and fruiting branches. #p# header #e#
Pruning method: after the seedlings are planted, the stems can be fixed, and the height of the stems is 50 cm. When the new shoots grow to 20-30 cm, three branches with balanced growth and suitable orientation should be selected as the future main branches, and the other branches with strong growth should be thinned out, and the weaker branches can be cultivated into fruiting branches by pinching or twisting branches. At the end of summer and the beginning of autumn, the selected main branches are pulled to an included angle of 55-60 degrees with the trunk, and a length of 80 cm is left for germination in the next year. When sprouting, 2-3 lateral branches are selected on each main branch in the same way, and those sprouted by cutting are selected as the extension branches of the main branch, and then fruiting branches and fruiting branches groups are cultivated on the main branches and lateral branches. 3-4 years of plastic trimming can be formed.
Third, flower and fruit management.
(A) improve the fruit-setting rate:
1, artificial pollination. Most pear varieties are self-sterile and need pollination from other varieties to set fruit. In the planning of pear orchard, although pollination trees were prepared, insect activities and pear pollination were affected due to bad weather conditions or unexpected flowering period. Therefore, artificial pollination should be used to ensure the fruit setting rate. The method is a little pollen, hanging flowers and spraying pollen
2. Spraying hormone and foliar fertilizer from flowering stage to young fruit stage can improve fruit setting rate. Spraying 30PPM 920 bud stage and spraying 0.2% borax, 0.3% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate at early flowering stage; Spraying 40PPM cytokinin after flowering; When the ovary expands, the fruit setting rate can be improved by applying 100-200 ppm 920 to the fruit stalk.
3. Remove too many new shoots and leave 6-8 new shoots to pick the core, which can accelerate the senescence of leaves, make nutrition and reduce fruit drop.
(2) thinning flowers and fruits. Reasonable fruit bearing capacity not only means high fruit yield in that year, but also more flower buds in the next year, so excessive flowers and fruits should be thinned out.
1, thinning flower buds. According to the ratio of 1 fruiting branch to 3 vegetative branches, some medium-long fruiting branches and drooping branches can be cut from excessive flower buds and dense branches, which can generally be combined with winter pruning.
2. The flowering period is sparse. When thinning flowers, cut off the inflorescence to be thinned at one time, leaving 2-3 marginal flowers for the remaining inflorescences. In principle, the flowers at the top of the branches are thinned and left in the middle; Flowers with long branches are sparse, while flowers with short branches remain; Hydrophobic flower buds, leaving top flower buds; Sparse weak branches, drooping branches, leaving strong branches.
3. Sparse young fruit. According to the leaf-fruit ratio or branch ratio of 25-30: 1, that is, 1, three vegetative branches are equipped to keep the fruits, and the excess young fruits are drained after the petals are removed.
(3) Fruit bagging. In order to improve the quality of pear fruit, bagging is necessary.
1, bagging time. Different varieties have different bagging time. (1) Green-skinned varieties, such as Gui 2, Cuiguan and Zaomi, should be bagged early, usually 10-20 days after flowering. (2) Varieties with brown skin, such as flower yellow and rich in water, can be bagged later, usually 25-40 days after flowering.
2. Selection of package species. Green varieties must be covered with double bags, and the effect is good. Generally choose khaki outside and black inside. Brown or yellow leather varieties are best covered with double bags (brown outer layer, red or black inner layer), and a single bag is also acceptable. The inner layer red is the best for Fengshui pear.
3. Be sure to spray medicine before bagging. It is best to choose aqua and soluble powder as drug dosage forms. Especially Cuiguan varieties can't use emulsifiable concentrate pesticides, otherwise it will aggravate rust spots.
Fourth, pest control.
1, disease. The main diseases that harm pear trees are pear rust, scab, ring rot, black spot and brown spot.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Sweep the fallen leaves in winter, cut off diseased branches, take them out of the garden and burn them, remove weeds and bury them in the soil. Spray the whole garden with 5-degree stone sulfur mixture. When spraying, it should be even until the whole tree drips, and at the same time, the ground should be sprayed wet to reduce the source of the disease.
② Chemical control. During the growth period of pear trees, especially from April to July, the medicine should be used in time according to the disease incidence of pear trees, usually once every 7- 10, and continuously for 2-3 times. The chemicals are: 70% thiophanate methyl 800 times solution, 40% DuPont Fuxing 6000 times solution, 80% Sheng Da M soluble powder 800 times solution, 80% mancozeb 800 times solution, 75% chlorothalonil 800 times solution, copper triazole 2000 times solution, etc.
2. Pests. The main pests that harm pear trees are psyllid, pear aphid, pear stem bee, hawthorn spider, pear net stinkbug, thorn moth and so on.
Control method: according to the occurrence of pear pests, spray drugs in time. Pesticides are 50% acetaminophen 1000 times, 20% pyrethroid 2000 times, 50% nisolone 2000 times, 20% acaricide 1500 times, 12.5% avermectin, etc. #p# header #e#
5. Harvest. Pears should be harvested in stages, not all at once, so as to avoid falling leaves.