Name of Cedar Archives Information Branch: Pinaceae, Pinaceae
Genus name: Cedar
Chinese name: Cedar
Scientific name: Cedar (Roxb. )g.don。
Alias: cedar, pine cone, cypress, Himalayan cedar, Himalayan cedar, Himalayan pine
Cedar belongs to Pinaceae. There are four species in this genus, three of which come from the coastal mountainous areas of China and the other from the western Himalayas. Atlantic Cedar (C. atlantica), short-leaved Cedar (C. brevifolia), Himalayan Cedar (C. deodara) and Lebanese Cedar (C.Li Bani) are all tall trees with spreading branches and irregular crowns. The bark of young trees is dark gray, smooth, brown when mature and cracked into scales. The leaves are acicular triangle, tough, scattered along long branches, and densely clustered at the top of short branches. Leaves last for 3 ~ 6 years, and each leaf has 2 resin channels. Female cones are green or purplish, barrel-shaped, contain resin and grow on short stems; The wooden scales are covered by a wide and thin overlap, and each scale has a claw-like protrusion. Cypress wood is light and soft, with resin, which is not easy to get wet. It is an important building material in the country of origin. Aromatic oils can also be obtained by distillation. Many species of Himalayan cedar and Atlantic cedar are common ornamental plants in North America, especially along the Pacific coast and the Gulf coast. It is difficult to distinguish the four species of cedar, and interspecific hybridization can occur. Therefore, some experts think that these four tree species may all be geographical varieties of Lebanese cedar. There is only one Himalayan cedar in China, which is distributed in southern Tibet, India and Afghanistan.
Morphological characteristics of trees, up to 30 meters, DBH up to 3 meters; Bark dark gray, split into irregular scales; Branches are flat, slightly inclined or slightly drooping, basal bud scales are bent outward, and branchlets are often drooping. Annual branches are grayish yellow, densely covered with short villi and slightly powdery. The branches in the second and third years are gray, light brown gray or dark gray. The leaves on the long branches are radial, and the leaves on the short branches are clustered (about 15-20 new leaves are born every year). The leaves are needle-shaped, hard, light green or dark green, 2.5-5cm long,1-1.5mm wide at the upper part, sharp at the tip and narrow at the lower part, often triangular. Male cones are ovoid or oval, 2-3 cm long and about 65438 0 cm in diameter; The female cone is ovoid, about 8 mm long and 5 mm in diameter. The cone is light green before ripening, slightly powdery, reddish brown when ripening, ovoid or wide oval, 7- 12 cm long, 5-9 cm in diameter, blunt tip and short stalk; The middle seed scale is a fan-shaped inverted triangle, 2.5-4 cm long and 4-6 cm wide, with a rounded upper part, a curved edge, a wedge-shaped middle part, an ear-shaped lower part and a claw-shaped base, and dense short hairs on the back of the scale; Bracts scales short; The seed is nearly triangular, with wide wings, longer than the seed, and 2.2-3.7 cm long together with the seed.
The growing environment thrives on acid soil with mild and cool climate, deep soil layer and good drainage. It needs a mild and cool climate and deep and well-drained soil in the upper layer. Like sunshine, but also slightly resistant to shade, in acidic soil, slightly alkaline. Altitude1300-3500m. North warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest area, south warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest area, middle subtropical evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forest area and evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest area. Cedar belongs to the tropical climate from warm temperate zone to Central Asia, with annual precipitation of 600 ~ 1000ml, which grows best in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. It has certain resistance to harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride in the air.
Growth Habits Cedar has an annual precipitation of 600- 1000 ml, which grows best in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Strong cold resistance, large seedlings can withstand short-term low temperature of -25℃, but in hot and humid climate conditions, they often grow poorly. I prefer light, but my childhood is a little covered. Big trees need enough light, otherwise they will grow badly or wither. The requirements for soil are not strict, and both acidic soil and slightly alkaline soil can adapt. Deep, fertile and loose soil is most suitable for its growth, and it can also adapt to sticky loess and barren dry land. Drought resistance, water resistance and moisture resistance. Shallow roots and poor wind resistance. The resistance to sulfur dioxide is weak, and high concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air often leads to plant death, especially when new leaves are produced in April-May.
Geographical distribution is mainly distributed from Afghanistan to India, with an altitude of 1300-3300m. Garden trees have been widely cultivated in Beijing, Lushun, Dalian, Qingdao, Xuzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Nanping, Lushan, Wuhan, Changsha and Kunming.
Propagation techniques generally adopt sowing and cutting propagation. Sowing can be carried out in the middle and late March, and the sowing amount is 75 kg/hectare. You can also sow early to increase the disease resistance of seedlings. Choose sandy loam with good drainage and ventilation as seedbed. Soak the seeds in cold water for 1-2 days before sowing, and then dry them before sowing. After 3-5 days, the seeds began to germinate for about 1 month, and the germination rate reached 90 {BF}. Pay attention to shading at seedling stage to prevent the harm of Rhizoctonia solani and cutworms. Annual seedlings can reach 30-40 cm high and can be transplanted in the next spring. Cutting propagation can be carried out in spring and summer. Spring should be before March 20, and summer is best in late July. In spring, cutting off the annual thick branches of young mother trees and treating them with rooting powder or 500 mg/L NAA can promote rooting. Then insert it into sandy loam with good ventilation, water it fully, and build a double-layer shade shed for shade. In summer, semi-lignified branches should be selected as cuttings. In addition to strengthening shading, plastic film should be covered to keep humidity. Callus can be formed 30-50 days after transplanting. At this time, 0.2 {BF} urea and 0. 1 {BF} potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be used for root fertilization.
Propagation seedlings can be transplanted after bed 1-2 years. Transplantation can be carried out in February-March. Plants need to carry earth balls and erect poles. The plant spacing is from 50 cm to 200 cm, and gradually increases. Topdressing 2-3 times during the growth period, generally without pruning, only thinning diseased dead branches and closed weak branches. Botrytis cinerea can be controlled by spraying benomyl or zineb, and scale insects, moths and butterflies can be controlled by spraying omethoate and trichlorfon.
Sexual soil can adapt and grow on cohesive loess and barren dry land; However, in waterlogged depressions or places where the groundwater level is too high, it will grow poorly or even die, and it is a shallow-rooted tree species. Easy to be blown down by the wind. Young leaves are extremely sensitive to sulfur dioxide and have weak resistance to tobacco damage. Seedling growth is slow. Usually, male plants bloom after the age of 20, and female plants bloom and bear seeds after the age of 30. Because of the different flowering periods, the natural pollination effect is poor. It is usually necessary to collect and store pollen in advance, and artificial pollination can be carried out when the female Qionghua is mature to obtain more high-quality seeds. Usually propagated by sowing or cutting. Sowing can be done in late March, and the sowing amount is about 5 kg per mu. It will germinate and be unearthed in about 15 days. The seedlings need a shade shed. Cuttings are usually carried out in spring and autumn. Soaking the base of cuttings with 500PPm NAA for 5 minutes can promote rooting. After insertion, a 1-2-layer shading shed should be built, covered with plastic film and strictly shaded. About 30 ~ 50 large leaves form callus after insertion. At this time, 0.2 {BF} urea solution and 0. 1 {BF} potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be used for root fertilization. Propagation seedlings can be transplanted in seedbed 1-2 years later. For leaf transplantation in February and March, the plant needs to bring a ball and erect a pole. The row spacing of the first transplanted plants is about 50 cm, and the row spacing of the second transplanted plants should be expanded to 1-2 meters. Top dressing should be applied 2-3 times during the growth period. Diseases and insect pests are prone to occur at seedling stage, especially Rhizoctonia solani and cutworms. Other pests include grubs, giant bag moths, Dendrolimus punctatus, Dendrolimus punctatus, red wax scale, termites, etc. , to control in time.
Disease control gray mold mainly harms annual shoots and biennial branchlets of cedar. Strictly speaking, it can be divided into the following types:
1. Shoot withering type: mainly occurs on shoots, and the initial symptoms are the same as ulcer type. However, it is difficult to form healing tissue after waterlogging and rot. When the affected part reaches more than 2/3 of the circumference of the young shoots, the young shoots bend, wilt and die from the affected part. The disease develops rapidly, and it takes only 4 ~ 5 days from symptoms to bud death. On rainy days, the diseased part will grow a layer of gray mold.
2. Ulcer type: it mainly harms cedar shoots. In the early stage, light brown round and nearly round irregular spots were produced at the base of the tender tip, and then gradually expanded into serious spots in the middle of the depression, and rotted into dark brown water stains in the early stage of the depression. After recovery, the original rotten epidermis cracked.
3. Twig withering mainly occurs on biennial twigs. The diseased spots mainly spread from dead twigs. At first, a circle of reddish-brown depressions was formed at the junction of dead branches and branchlets, and then obvious disease spots gradually formed, which did not crack, and a small amount of resin overflowed, and the surface layers of cortex and xylem were dark brown. One week after the lesion spread to the branchlet, the upper part of the branchlet died. The occurrence and prevalence of the disease are closely related to climatic conditions.
Prevention and cure method
(1) Cedar should be planted in a place with good drainage, ventilation and light transmission, and should not be planted too closely.
(2) dead branches should be cut and destroyed in time.
③ At the onset stage, 65 {BF} zineb wettable powder 500 times, 45 {BF} mancozeb aqueous solution 1000 times, 50 {BF} Bernoulli wettable powder 1000 times and 70 {BF} thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1500 times can be sprayed.
Fusarium wilt control
The pathogen of Cedar Leaf Blight overwinters as mycelium (or ascomycete) in the diseased needle, and the ascomycete forms in March-April of the following year, and the ascomycete gradually matures in April-May. In rainy or humid conditions, the factor capsule disk expands and opens due to water absorption, revealing milky white capsule groups; The envelope is extruded from the envelope and further spread by air. The pathogen invaded from the stomata of cedar leaves, and it took about two months before obvious symptoms appeared. Because the meristem produced in the meristem holder has very poor germination ability and is not contagious, reinfection will not occur. However, because the radiation time of steamed stuffed bun is very long, reaching about 3 months, new infections may appear in Zhixia from spring. During the bag flight, if the precipitation is high and the humidity is high, it is beneficial to the invasion. Drought in forest land, thin soil, cedar diseases and insect pests and poor management may all lead to diseases.
Pollution prevention measures:
① Strengthen tending management to make cedar grow vigorously and enhance disease resistance.
(2) For small-area plantations, cedar nurseries and other places where conditions permit, diseased leaves should be removed before carpels fly away to reduce the source of infection.
(3) When the ascomycetes mature and fly away, spray 1: 2: 200 times of Bordeaux solution, 0.3-0.5 Baume sulfur mixed solution or 400-500 times of 25 {BF} warm carbendazim solution, or 10 times of 65 {BF} wettable powder for 2- 3 times, each time interval/
Main value economic value
Cedar is a world-famous ornamental tree species, with tall and beautiful trees. Indian folks regard it as a sacred tree. It is most suitable for solitary planting in the center of lawn, building hall, square or both sides of main building, and at the entrance of garden gate. The big branches at the lower part of its trunk spread out from near the ground, which can form a lush and magnificent crown for many years. In addition, they are planted on both sides of the garden road to form a tunnel, which is also very spectacular. Moreover, cedar is often used as a necessary plant for square greening. Cedar has solid wood and dense texture, and is used in buildings, bridges, sleepers and shipbuilding. Together with Giant Sequoia, Japanese Golden Pine, Nanyang Pine and Golden Pine, it is called "the five largest garden trees in the world" and is called "the king of plants" or "the holy tree" in the Bible. It is also the city tree of Qingdao, China.
Medicinal value
Cedar has a long medicinal history, dating back to biblical times. The ancient Egyptians added cedar oil to cosmetics for beauty and sometimes used it as an insect repellent. Native Americans also regard cedar as a sacred product for medical treatment and purification ceremonies. Today, the benefits of cedar essential oil make it an excellent choice to treat dandruff and rash.
Cedar wood is rich in essential oil and can be distilled from sawdust or sawdust. The main components of cedarwood oil include A- cedarwood, B- cedarwood, carene, sesquiterpene, cedarwood alcohol and vediol. Cedar oil has the medical effects of anti-seborrhea, antisepsis, sterilization, nourishing, astringent, diuretic, menstruation regulating, expectorant, insecticidal and sedative.
Cedar's sterilization, fat leakage prevention and mild convergence are the reasons why it can effectively treat dandruff and relieve scalp itching. The astringent effect can help treat acne and oily rash. Cedar can also effectively eliminate phlegm and phlegm, which is traditionally used to treat mucosal problems, especially bronchial infection and obstruction-it can clean up excessive phlegm and mucus in the respiratory system and is said to be very effective; Cedar can also be used for arthritis and rheumatism and can nourish the whole body; It also has an excellent soothing effect on psychological and mental tension, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and fear.
Make a formula for removing dandruff: mix 6 drops of cedar oil, 6 drops of rosemary essential oil and 4 drops of cypress oil, use 50 ml of olive oil as base oil, then massage the scalp and wash it thoroughly the next day.
Effective formula for oily hair: Mix 4 teaspoons of grape seed oil with 5 drops of cedar oil, cypress oil and mint oil, add 1/4 cups of fresh lemon juice, massage the scalp with the formula, and wait for at least 2 hours before washing.
Mixing cedar with base oil such as sweet almond, or diluting it in bath water, can help relieve asthma, bronchitis, respiratory problems, joint pain, oily skin and dandruff. Spraying essential oil in the air with an aromatherapy stove or sprayer can also help treat arthritis, bronchitis, rheumatism and respiratory problems, or nourish the skin.
In addition, essential oils such as neroli, jasmine, juniper, chamomile, geranium, lavender, frankincense, rosemary, ylang ylang, rosewood and vetiver can be fully mixed with cedar. However, it should be noted that if the concentration of cedar oil is too high, it may irritate the skin; Avoid using it during pregnancy.
Cultural value
Cedar is the national tree of Lebanon. Cedar is a Semitic language, which means spiritual strength, and it is also a symbol of the eternal belief of Semitic people. One of the earliest aromatic substances used by human beings is often used as incense in temples, which gives people a mysterious impression. Cedar essential oil was widely used in ancient Egypt, especially in mummification. Egyptians made coffins and masts out of cedar wood. Cedar was once used to build temples and other large buildings, but now it is mostly used to make small objects, such as boxes and pencils, because cedar will deform under certain conditions. Lebanese cedar, a kind of cedar used in some antiques, is a close relative of Atlantic cedar. Because of overuse, it is rarely used now.
In addition, Cedar is the city tree of China, such as Nanjing, Qingdao, Sanmenxia, Jincheng, Bengbu and Huai 'an.
Cedar language: Gao Jie advocates an active and indomitable life.