Treatment of ureteral injury
Ureteral injury should be repaired as soon as possible to ensure patency and protect renal function. Urine extravasation should be thoroughly drained to avoid secondary infection. Mild ureteral mucosal injury can be treated with hemostatic drugs and antibacterial drugs, and the symptoms can be closely observed. If a suitable ureteral stent can be inserted and kept, small perforation is expected to heal itself. The upper ureteral injury can be explored through the waist incision, and the middle and lower ureteral injury can be explored through the arc incision of the injured lower abdomen or rectus abdominis incision. It should be noted that the middle and lower ureters often move forward with peritoneum, which is difficult to find. 1. If ureteral trauma is accompanied by serious damage to other organs, the patient's life should be saved first. The leaked urine can be completely drained, and the affected side can be made into a nephrostomy, so that the ureteral injury can be repaired in the second stage. 2. Ureteral injury caused by retrograde intubation is generally not serious and can be treated conservatively. However, in the event of urinary extravasation, infection or large fissure, surgery should be performed as soon as possible. Violence should not be used when placing stones. For example, if the stone basket is trapped in a stone and cannot be pulled out, the stone can be taken out immediately by surgical incision. Severe traction will lead to rupture and detachment of ureter, making repair difficult. 3. Ureteral injury during operation should be repaired in time. If there is a clamp, the suture should be removed and the ureteral stent should be reserved to drain urine. However, if it is estimated that the blood supply of ureter has been damaged, the injured ureter should be resected and anastomosed when stenosis is possible in the future. In order to ensure the success of the operation, the lifeless injured ureter should be completely removed. But the anastomosis must be tension-free. The anastomosis must be closed and sutured intermittently with absorbable suture. The injury of the lower ureter near the bladder can be reconnected with the bladder by anti-reflux methods such as submucosal tunnel method or nipple method. If the ureteral injury or ligation is found after operation, early operation should be tried in principle. Postoperative patients often do not have the conditions for reoperation, and urine leakage often occurs about 10 days after operation. At this time, the wound is edema, congestion and fragility, and the chance of repair failure is greater. Therefore, if there are no conditions for surgical repair, you can do nephrostomy first, and then repair it in the second stage. In order to prevent accidental injury of ureter during operation, ureteral catheter can be placed through bladder as an indication of operation before operation. The operation method of replacing ureter with intestine has many complications and should be used with caution.