Planting conditions: it can resist the low temperature of -30℃, so it is also called honeysuckle. Below 3℃, the physiological activity is weak and the growth is slow. Shoots sprouting above 5℃ 16℃ grow fast, and buds grow fast around 20℃ with strong adaptability. Mountains, plains, clay, sandy soil and slightly acidic soil can all grow. It is distributed in three northeastern provinces in the north, Guangdong and Hainan Island in the south, Shandong in the east and Himalayas in the west.
I. Plant characteristics
Caprifoliaceae is a perennial and semi-evergreen twining shrub. The stems are trailing, slender and multi-branched. Young plants are green, old branches are dark red, and single leaves are opposite, oval or oblong. Flowers are axillary in pairs, white at first, yellow after 2 ~ 3 days, tubular flowers, fragrant, spherical berries, black and shiny when ripe, flowering from May to 10.
Second, the new seedling planting method
Generally speaking, new seedlings don't need to occupy a large amount of cultivated land, and the planting density can be increased, transplanted once in the second or third year, and then seedlings are fixed.
The innovative mode is: new seedlings are planted with 45cm plant spacing and 90cm row spacing, densely planted, not occupying cultivated land, and easy to manage. In the second year, move three plants every other plant and one line every other. The final plant spacing and row spacing should be 180cm-200cm.
Third, planting technology.
1, land selection and land preparation
Honeysuckle has strong adaptability, but it has a great demand for sunshine, so it should be chosen in a place with abundant sunshine and relatively fertile soil. After the land is selected, apply foot fertilizer and turn it loose, and plow it carefully.
2. Tian Tuan management
(1) intertillage weeding
After transplanting, intertillage weeding should be carried out 3 ~ 4 times a year. After 3 years, vines will flourish, and the number of weeding will be reduced depending on the weed situation.
(2) Topdressing
Weeding and topdressing are combined in spring and autumn every year, and farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer can be used. Top dressing of urea per mu 10 ~ 20kg, soil cultivation and root protection under plants.
(3) Plastic surgery
Mostly before winter or early spring. It is necessary to prune the weak diseased branches to promote the development of new branches, and at the same time, combine pruning to raise honeysuckle seedlings.
Plastic surgery is divided into two types: conventional plastic surgery and column-assisted plastic surgery.
Conventional pruning is usually carried out after germination in the second year after transplantation, and the pruning is cultivated into an umbrella-shaped erect shrub. The specific method of shaping and pruning: within 1-2 years after planting, it is mainly to cultivate upright and thick trunks. When the trunk is 30 ~ 40 cm high, cut off the top to promote the lateral buds to sprout branches. After germination in the following spring, 4-5 stout branches are selected on the upper part of the trunk, 4-5 bud nodes are reserved for young trees, and no more than 3 bud nodes are used as main branches for old trees, and they are planted in two layers. In winter, 5 ~ 6 pairs of buds are reserved for the first-class branches that grow from the main branches, and the upper parts are cut off. After that, 6 ~ 7 pairs of buds are left on the secondary branches growing from the primary branches, and the upper parts are cut off. Then pick hook-shaped buds from the flower branches growing on the secondary branches. If there is no such tender tip, don't remove it. Generally, young branches with short nodes and thin leaves germinated on the secondary branches or the original old flower branches after spring are all flower branches and should be preserved.
Stem-assisted shaping is to climb the stems and vines on the vertical pole with the height of 1.3 ~ 1.6m, and cut off all the above-ground parts after inserting the poles, leaving only 1 ~ 3 vigorous branches among the branches growing at the roots, and winding them on the vertical pole to make them grow upward on the auxiliary pole to form an upright central pole.
Prune every winter and summer. In winter pruning, we should master the principle of "light pruning of strong branches, heavy pruning of weak branches, full pruning of dead branches and full pruning". It is necessary to cut off internal branches, over-dense branches, cross branches, diseased branches, drooping branches, trailing branches, slender branches and creeping branches along the soil, and keep strong branches. All the remaining branches should be cut short to form a number of thick main lateral branches, which should be pruned year by year to form round-headed plants. After pruning in winter, when buds grow in spring, the stored nutrients can be intensively used, and new branches and leaves will soon become growth centers, forming a large number of axillary flowers, and the yield will be greatly improved. Pruning should be light in summer, mainly cutting off closed branches and weak branches, moderately cutting off a few strong branches, controlling the excessive growth of honeysuckle, avoiding the formation of fine hook branches, improving lighting conditions, delaying leaf senescence, improving photosynthetic efficiency and increasing nutrient accumulation. Every summer, after the flowers are produced, the tender branches are picked many times, the flowering tender branches are picked, the formation of new flower branches is promoted, and the branches close to the roots and those that grow excessively are cut off, so that the nutrient consumption is reduced.
Pruning during the growth period, mainly "topping", can promote more new branches, thus achieving the goal of more branches and more flowers. Specific operation: leave 1 ~ 2 knots in the trunk growing from the mother plant, remove more than 2 knots by hand, leave 2 ~ 3 knots in the primary branch growing from the trunk, remove more than 3 knots, leave 3 ~ 4 knots in the secondary branch growing from the primary branch, and remove more than 4 knots. In the future, the flower branches that grow from the secondary branches generally do not top, so that they can grow and develop naturally. Generally, young branches with dense nodes and thin leaves should be kept, that is, flower branches. Remove the long branches that don't bloom, with thick branches, long nodes and large leaves to reduce nutrient consumption. By topping, each plant forms a shrub, which increases the nutritional space and promotes the early formation of a large number of buds.
Through shaping and pruning, honeysuckle has changed from the original winding growth to an umbrella-shaped shrub-like tree with sparse branches, uniform distribution, ventilation and light transmission, and thick and straight trunk. Because honeysuckle has the characteristic that new branches can develop into flower branches in the same year, more new branches can be promoted to grow and form more buds through the above pruning measures, thus achieving the purpose of increasing production. Winter pruning should be carried out after the first frost and before freezing every year, and withered old branches, diseased branches, weak branches and long branches that cross and disturb the tree shape should also be cut off. Concentrate nutrition, sprout new branches and form flower buds. After picking flowers, summer pruning is also carried out. After each pruning, topdressing should be 1 time.
Fourth, pest control.
The main diseases of honeysuckle are powdery mildew and leaf spot, and the main pests are coffee beetle, aphid, sawfly and honeysuckle.
The following pesticides have different names due to different regions, and can be selected according to their efficacy.
(1) powdery mildew
Harm honeysuckle leaves and tender stems. In the early stage of leaf disease, round white velvet mildew spots appeared, and then expanded and connected into pieces, forming white powder spots of different sizes. Finally, it causes falling flowers and leaves, making the branches dry. Prevention and control drugs: colloidal sulfur, trichlorfon, dimethoate, fenxiuning, DuPont Ipoh, etc.
(2) Aphids
Generally, it began to happen around Tomb-Sweeping Day, mostly on the back of leaves. On cloudy and foggy days around the long summer, when the east wind blows, the harm is extremely serious, which can make the leaves and buds shrink and stop growing, resulting in serious yield reduction. Generally, 40% dimethoate emulsion 800- 1000 times can be sprayed in Qingming and Grain Rain respectively.
Verb (short for verb) Harvest, process and store.
(1) Harvest
Excellent varieties of honeysuckle, such as Fengqiu Damaohua and Jizhaohua, can bloom in the same year in spring and in autumn and winter the following year. Therefore, once honeysuckle is planted, it is necessary to consider the collection and processing of flower buds, prepare containers for collecting flower buds, and build a bud processing and curing barn.
1. Development law of honeysuckle flower buds
Fengqiu Damaohua blooms four times a year in North China, and 1 flower begins to sprout in mid-April, and then gradually increases. By mid-May, the buds begin to blossom when they are mature, and 1 flowers end at the end of May, and then bloom every 30 days or so. The fourth flower can bloom in the beginning of 10 10.
It takes about 13-20 days for a single flower of Lonicera japonica to germinate and open, with longer spring, higher temperature in summer and autumn, faster bud development and shorter development time. When the bud grows to 65438+ 0/2 of the normal length, the development is accelerated and the color begins to turn from green to white. If it is not harvested in time, it will open.
2. Harvest season
Honeysuckle can be divided into the following stages from budding to flowering and withering: rice bud stage, young bud stage, green bud stage, white bud stage (upper white and lower green), white bud stage (upper and lower white), silver flowering stage (early flowering stage), golden flowering stage (opening 1, 2 days to withering) and withering stage. The dry matter harvested before the green bud stage is less, the medicinal value is low, and the yield and quality are affected. After the flowering of silver, the dry matter content is high, but the medicinal components are reduced. Although the output is high, the quality is poor. There are a lot of dry matter in the early stage of white bud, and the medicinal composition, yield and quality are high, but it is easy to miss the harvesting opportunity in the early stage of white bud, so the best harvesting time is the early stage of white bud, which is called the second white needle stage by the masses.
3. Harvest method
The best time to harvest honeysuckle is early morning and morning. At this time, the collected buds are not easy to open, full of nutrition, rich in fragrance and good in color. The afternoon harvest should be completed before sunset, because the flowering of honeysuckle is limited by light, and the mature buds will bloom after sunset, which will affect the quality. When harvesting, only mature buds and nearly mature buds are collected, and young buds and leaves are not collected. After harvesting, they should be put in baskets made of strips or bamboo. When concentrating, it should not be piled up, but spread out for a long time, and the longest time should not exceed 4 hours.
Honeysuckle processing and drying
1. Construction of curing barn and drying rack
First of all, the size of the curing barn should be determined according to the planting area. Generally, honeysuckle needs about 3 square meters per mu, and the curing barn is generally a bungalow. There are two construction methods: (1) single-row grid type: the length of the curing barn depends on the area of honeysuckle, with a width of 2-2.2m and a height of 2-2.5m, with doors and windows and two exhaust holes at the top. The clothes rack is built on the long side of the house. The height of 0.8- 1m is the lowest layer, and every 15-20cm upward is 1 layer, and ***6- 10 layer; (2) Double-row grille type: The length of the curing barn depends on the area of honeysuckle, with a width of 2.5-3.2m and a height of 2-2.5m, one door, one window or two windows, and 2-3 exhaust holes at the top or near the edge of the curing barn. No matter single row or double row, the inner wall of the curing barn is required to be smooth and airtight.
Place the stove
In order to ensure the rapid drying and baking quality of honeysuckle, there should be enough firepower in the curing barn. Generally, there should be 1 cooker every 2-3 square meters. Stoves should be placed in the aisle, and exhaust pipes should be installed on the stoves to avoid or reduce the pollution of honeysuckle by harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide.
3. Temperature control
The temperature is controlled at 30-35 DEG C at the beginning of drying; After 2 hours, the temperature rose to about 40℃; After 5- 10 hour, raise the temperature to 45-50℃ and keep it at 10 hour; Finally, the temperature is raised to 55-58℃, with the maximum temperature not exceeding 60℃, and the total drying time is 24 hours. If the temperature is too high and the drying is too fast, the buds will turn black and the quality will decrease; If the temperature is too low and the drying time is too long, the color will be yellow and white, which will also affect the quality.
4. Business methods
When drying in the sun, first scatter the picked buds in a square baking tray made of bamboo, reeds and other materials, put them on the lowest layer, and move upward within 2-4 hours 1 time. After moving upstairs, pay attention to check whether it is dry, and take it away and store it in time after reaching the dry standard. The standard of drying is: knead it loudly and then crush it.
5. Preventive measures
Whether it is dried flowers or baked flowers, you should not touch or turn the bud with your hands before drying flowers, otherwise the bud will turn black, which will reduce the quality and affect sales.
Honeysuckle picking
1. flower picking time: the flower picking time was September-12 last year. Dew or rainy days are not suitable for picking. If there is drying equipment, you can also pick it. The flowers picked in the morning are bluish white, heavy, easy to dry, rich in fragrance, high in commodity output and good in quality. Flowers collected after noon and on cloudy days have poor quality and low processing rate. From the development process of flowers, habits can be divided into green shoots, green and white, big white needles, silver flowers and golden flowers. The upper part of the bud expands and grows into a rod, which is better when it is bluish white, commonly known as the big white needle. At this time, the flowers are about to open, which is the best picking time and can be processed into fine products.
2. Picking method: When picking, use bamboo baskets or rattan cages instead of cloth bags, plastic bags and cartons to prevent the enzymes and protein in the body from fermenting, discoloring and mildew. Buds and flower tissues are very tender, so be sure to handle them with care, and avoid pinching them with your hands, so as not to affect the quality.
3. Drying: drying immediately after harvesting and drying in sunny days. Dilute with bamboo paper or straw mat, the thickness is 1 cm, and it can't be turned over. When it's 70% dry, put it under the lamp to dissipate heat and sweat, and then dry it. To the extent that flowers are not brittle or rotten. It must be dried at a low temperature in rainy days, first at a low temperature of 35℃-40℃ for 2-3 hours, and then at a temperature of 50℃ until it is 90% dry without damage. Drying rooms should be built in large planting areas and producing areas to prevent mildew and improve the quality of goods. Generally, 6-7kg of dried flowers is 1 kg of goods.
4. Processing classification: Processing must start from picking flowers and drying, and it is best to dry them separately according to quality, and remove impurities at any time to produce more first-class products. The national standard of honeysuckle commodity is divided into four grades.
First-class products: the goods are dry, the flower buds are in a holding shape, the upper part is thick and the lower part is thin, slightly curved, the surface is blue and white, and the corolla is rough and hard, with a sense of topping; The smell is fragrant and the taste is sweet, sour and bitter. Flowers, broken buds and yellow stripes shall not exceed 5%. No black stripes, blackheads, branches and leaves, impurities, insects and mildew;
Second-class: basically the same as first-class, with only 5% flowering. Broken bud yellow stripe does not exceed10%;
Third-class: the goods are dry, the buds are rod-shaped, thick on the top and thin on the bottom, slightly curved, the surface is green or yellow-white, the corolla is thick and hard, and it has a top feeling when held. The smell is fragrant and the taste is sweet, sour and bitter. Flowers and blackheads shall not exceed 30%. No branches and leaves, impurities, moth-eaten, mildew;
The fourth category: dry goods. Buds or open flowers, regardless of color. No more than 3% branches and leaves, no impurities, no moth and mildew.