Abstract: With the dredging of the canal in Ming Dynasty, Jining in Ming and Qing Dynasties became an economic center beside the canal. In this traffic position, the night market economy in Jining is booming, which plays an indispensable role in urban economy, rural economy, foreign investment and urban development. The ruling class of Ming Dynasty also attached importance to Jining's superior economic and political center position, strongly supported and guided the development of night market economy, and finally achieved the prosperity of night market economy in Jining area in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Keywords: Jining Canal Night Market Economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Quote? word

Night market, different from "Japanese market", refers to a trading place that engages in trading activities from dusk to dawn. The government has a strict management system for the market, but with the development of commodity economy and the growth of the citizen class, the night market came into being. Constantly impacting the old natural economy, it has become a derivative of China's ancient developed cities. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the extensive use of the canal, Jining, located along the canal, experienced rapid economic development and increased business tax revenue. Many night markets have appeared, and the night market economy has shown a prosperous scene.

I. Jining Construction and Canal Excavation

Jining was called Rencheng and Jeju in history. "Jining was named after the change of Yuan Shizu to Jining House in the eighth year of Yuan Dynasty, and the first five generations belonged to Jining Er" [1]. In the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty, Jining House was promoted to Jining Road. At the same time, Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured. When he passed by Jining, he left a poem "All the grass dies, and all the yellow flowers fall". "No one walks on the road and the fireworks are bleak" [2]. Jining was remote and barren at this time. Later, in order to develop grain transportation and excavate Jeju River, Yuan Di transported grain to most cities through river-sea combined transportation and river-road combined transportation. Jining, located at the intersection of Jeju River, has become the only place for river transportation in the north, and the road of Jining's development has begun. After the excavation of Huitong River, Jining became a battleground for military strategists.

In the Ming Dynasty, the emperor ordered the dredging of the Grand Canal to transport grain from the sea, all of which were transported by the canal, and the restrictions on the goods carried by water transport vessels were continuously reduced, and the economy of Jining area recovered rapidly. Ming Taizu ordered that "anyone who is mature in reclamation should be regarded as doing business" and "anyone who dares to waste land will be exiled to the north" [3]. In addition, the Ming government also removed autumn grain in some special years in Shandong, which made Jining's position as the economic center of Shandong continue to recover. After Huitong River was opened in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, "Xu Pei was controlled in the south and Siwen in the north" became an important dock for north-south grain transportation and commodity transportation, and Jining ushered in its prosperity.

After the Qing Dynasty, in the fifty-eighth year of Kangxi, the population entering and leaving Jining was "tens of millions, including rickshaw pullers, boatmen, laborers and renters" [4]. During the years of Qianlong and Jiaqing, a large number of merchants from all over the country went to Jining along the canal to buy goods. Jining "is the resident of Henan governor in Shandong, and its rising political status in turn further promoted the development of the city" [5].

II. Overview of Jining Night Market Economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, capitalism sprouted and grew, and the night market showed its particularity. According to scholars' research, "The night market in Ming and Qing Dynasties involves 24 other states (including Linqing and Jining), accounting for 18.8% of the total" "An outstanding performance of the night market in Ming and Qing Dynasties is that the night market in Guizhou is more developed; Relying on land and water transportation facilities such as canals, people from all walks of life gathered in all directions. The night market is mature in form, large in scale and high in popularity and reputation [6].

The names of streets and lanes in Jining are also the witness of the times and economy at that time. The business district outside the old city of Jining reflects the prosperity of Jining night market, such as Jiding Street and Bushikou Street. The centralized management of shops in the same industry has formed a special pattern of industrial cluster and district management, which is the performance of night market economic development.

Jining gathered a large number of logs and bamboo materials in the south, brown sugar and white sugar from Guangdong, Guangxi and Zhejiang, exquisite porcelain from Jingdezhen and a large number of silks and satins from Jiangsu and Zhejiang through the canal, which provided rich commodity support for the development of its night market. People in Jining can buy goods from all over the world in the night market, which plays a vital role in the economic growth of the night market to a certain extent. At that time, when people described the bustling scene of Jining, they once said, "Four directions come and go, and there is no empty day; South ship north Malaysia, department stores gathered, bustling habits immersed in the village "[7].

There are also many handicrafts in the night market, most of which come from families or small workshops, such as oil pressing, wood products and even some iron or copper products. Relevant research found that "these handicrafts are also concentrated in Nanguan, and the scale is not large, and they are all small-scale, with integrated production and marketing and very flexible management" [8]72.

Third, the impact analysis

(A) on the urban economy

The vigorous development of Jining night market economy has attracted a large number of small commodity producers, and Jining commodity exchange has shown a prosperous scene of frequent activity. In addition, "there are nine regular fairs in the four townships of the city for the exchange of urban and rural commodities" [9]. This large-scale commodity exchange has promoted the vigorous development of urban economy, and also promoted the development of urban economy to a certain extent.

(B) the rural economy

Under the influence of night market economy, various cash crops are widely planted in the surrounding countryside to gain benefits. Because of Jining's geographical location, cotton is widely planted and its cultivation techniques are constantly improved. "After Jiajing,' Hexi Hometown' began spinning and weaving; Tengxian in the south,' women weave, and the sound of spinning wheels at night is louder than the house'; Dingtao county in the west produces the best cotton cloth, and all other cities turn to it for help. In Jining city, streets and lanes for buying and selling cotton and cotton cloth have been specially opened, which has broken the natural economic pattern to some extent.

Among all kinds of cash crops, the planting income of tobacco is the most obvious. Qianlong's "Ji Ning Zhi Li Zhou Zhi" records: "Ba Gu is solid, starting from the next season. This product is far away in other places, and now it is all over the world, while Jeju's products are used in various counties, and the people are eager for profit." Bao said during the Daoguang period: "Jining produces tobacco leaves in bulk, and there are six merchants in this industry, buying and selling silver 2 million a year" [9]. "Jordan Bagu" is an English translation of tobacco. Judging from the income of the tobacco industry, stimulated by the night market economy, the tobacco industry in rural areas of Jining has developed continuously and has formed a considerable scale.

(3) For foreign investors

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of foreign businessmen saw the business opportunities of Jining night market economy. They gathered in Jining area to establish trading companies to engage in economic activities, and became an important trade center in southern Shandong, which also promoted the development of cargo transportation services such as shipping companies and automobile dealers. "Merchants from Fujian, Guangdong and wuyue hold capital and trade, but the scale is concentrated" [10], which shows that foreign businessmen from all over the world gather in Jining, including merchants from Huizhou, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangzhou. Among them, Dai, a Suzhou boatman, came to Jining to do business during the reign of Kangxi, and created the "Gusu Dai Yutang" pickles, which has been developing into a famous name. The influx of foreign businessmen has promoted the economic prosperity in Jining area.

The size of the city

The economic development of the night market in Jining, combined with its position as an important transportation and economic center, rose to Zhili Prefecture and became the residence of the governor of Shandong and Henan after entering the Qing Dynasty. Due to the prosperity of business, the urban area of Jining has been expanding. During the Daoguang period, "62 new streets were built in the city and 140 outside the city; There are all kinds of commercial streets in the city "[5]. It reflects that Jining, driven by the night market economy, has promoted the development of the city scale.

Fourthly, the influence mechanism of national policies on Jining night market economy.

Based on different levels of interests, the feudal ruling class actively supported and guided the night market economy in Jining at this time, which had a strong shaping effect on the night market economy, which was obviously different from the prevailing policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business at that time.

For the grain transportation in Jining, in order to reduce the burden on the people, the government allows the entrainment of goods for grain transportation. During the Hongwu period, "Xu Yun, a grain official, carried his own belongings on the ship for personal use, and would not interfere with the government in the future" [1 1]. During Chenghua and Wanli years, the maximum entrainment was continuously relaxed. It was founded in the Qing Dynasty. "In the seventh year of Yongzheng, it was stipulated that oil tankers should carry goods beyond the old quantity of 60 stones, with a limit of 40 stones. In the eighth year, it was stipulated that each helmsman at the bow of the oil tanker could bring three stones as local products" [1 1]. The light exceeds the upper limit and is extremely high. This policy has given Jining unprecedented development opportunities, promoted the overall economic development of Jining, and provided a large number of goods and goods support for the night market economy.

After the canal was opened to traffic in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, the south and east banks of the canal outside Jining became prosperous places with obvious commercial nature. In order to protect the economy and trade, the government built a wall outside the area and brought it into the city. When Zhu Youxiao was in office, the construction of the outer profile made Jining the focus of politics and economy, which radiated several surrounding counties and promoted the prosperity and development of the night market economy.

Local officials in Jining have also formulated relevant policies to support the economic growth of the night market. In the Ming Dynasty, the "fixed price" was set for foot dealers and porters in Jining, which indirectly promoted the prosperity of cargo transportation and provided convenience for the development of night market economy. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Chang, the magistrate of Jining during the reign of Kangxi, said, "Nothing native to the region can be requisitioned." "As for people who carry goods on the donkey's back, although they are also foreigners, there are not many goods and limited capital ... it is strictly forbidden to levy them indiscriminately" [12]. The local government issued administrative decrees to make corresponding provisions on the taxation and transportation of goods related to the night market economy, which provided convenience for the night market economy.

label

When the night market phenomenon is gradually standardized and modeled on a certain scale, it will become a new special economic form-night market economy. Throughout ancient society, night market economy is the inevitable product of the development of commodity economy to a certain extent. The embryonic development of capitalism in Ming and Qing Dynasties provided a hotbed for the prosperity of night market economy. Jining area, combined with the vigorous development of the canal, has helped the development of the night market economy; The positive policies of the ruling class in Ming and Qing dynasties also played a positive role in the night market economy in Jining area. This also provides reference and enlightenment for how to ensure the benign development of night market economy under the background that the central government strongly advocates the night market economy as a measure to promote employment and protect people's livelihood.

References:

[1] Ji Ning County Records, Volume II Organizational Records. Quote from oneself. Canal in Ming and Qing Dynasties and Jining [J]. Xi An Social Sciences, 20 10/0,28 (03): 91.

[2]? Wen Wenshan's poem "Crossing Jeju". From the Duke of Hakodate, Wang Yun. Research on Shandong Canal Culture [M]. Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 2006: 108.

[3]? Ming Hui Dian (Volume 17) is quoted from Elvis Presley. Jining under the canal economy in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties [J]. Journal of Heze University, 2005(04):7 1.

[4]? Xu Zonggan: Jin Shizhi of Jining House, Volume 5, Great Compassion Pavilion Monument in the 58th year of Kangxi. Quoted from Zhang Zuo. General history of Shandong [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2009: 2 18.

[5]? A Zhang Zuo. General history of Shandong [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2009: 2 18.

[6]? Wang Maohua, Zhang Jinhua. A probe into the night market in cities and towns in Ming and Qing Dynasties [J]. Social and Economic History of China, 2016 (01):17.

[7]? Qianlong's "Ji Ning Zhi Li Zhou Zhi" Volume 7 "Compilation and Official Department". Transcribed from Sun Yongmin. General history of Shandong [M]. Jinan: Shandong People's Publishing House. 1992: 439.

[8]? Wang Mi. Jining, a city under the canal economy in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties [J]. Journal of Heze University, 2005(04):72.

[9]? Wei mengtai Study on the urban economy along the Canal in Shandong Province in Ming and Qing Dynasties [J]. Journal of Jining Teachers College, 2004(02): 1 1.

[10] Kangxi's "Ji Ning Zhou Zhi" Volume 8 "Literature and Art Zhi" was transcribed from Zhang. Canal in Ming and Qing Dynasties and Jining [J]. Xi Social Sciences, 20 10/0,28 (03): 92.

Zhang. Canal in Ming and Qing Dynasties and Jining [J]. Xi Social Sciences, 20 10/0,28 (03): 92.

[12] Qianlong's Zhouzhi of Jining Zhi Li (Volume 6) and Fuyi were transcribed from Elvis Presley. Jining under the canal economy in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties [J]. Journal of Heze University, 2005(04):72.