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Cultivation Process of Joy in Japanese Apple Trees
The gratifying shape of apple trees was formed in Japan after nearly a hundred years of exploration. Apple trees in Japan experienced the transition of natural laissez-faire, trunk, stratification, happiness and natural happy shape, and finally chose the natural happy shape (figure 1), which was introduced to the whole country with Fuji High Grafting in the 1960s and 1970s. This tree has plenty of sunshine and high yield. Good quality, more than half of Japanese apple orchards use happiness trees. According to the height of trunk, it can be divided into: Gao Qian is happy, middle trunk is happy, and short trunk is happy; According to the different regions, it can be divided into: hillside happiness, flat happiness and snow happiness. The structure and management of different open hearts are different, but the basic structure and pruning method are the same. The standard models of happiness are "Big Crown Gao Qian" and "Natural Happiness". Practice shows that this tree is the most suitable and widely used rootstock for Qiao Hua. The happiness mentioned in this article refers to this natural happiness. Generally, the spacing between plants in a happy apple orchard is 7m× 7m, and sufficient space is the prerequisite for cultivating happy trees. However, some temporary plants (3.5m× 3.5m) with dwarfed rootstocks can be planted in the young tree cultivation stage to facilitate early harvest. The height of the tree is controlled at 4 ~ 4.5m, and the thickness of the leaf curtain is 3 ~ 3.5m At the end of the happy shape, two main branches are left (some of them have three main branches), and each main branch has two secondary main branches, which are staggered. Fuji, Guoguang, Hongyu, Wang Lin and other 667 square meters have about 47,000 branches, and Marshal, Jonathan and Lu Ao have about 40,000 branches.

1 Main advantages of heart shape

Compared with the existing tree types in China, the happy tree type has the following advantages: ① The trunk is high and the garden is well ventilated and light-permeable. In Japan, the trunk in the form of a happy tree is generally larger than 1.5 m, which eliminates the ineffective lighting area at the lower part and increases the ventilation and light transmission capacity of the orchard (Figure 2); (2) there is no trunk head, which increases the illumination in the bore; ③ Less permanent main branches. In the first layer of the crown, branches, leaves and fruits all see light, and the fruit quality is high; (4) The pruning of fruit trees is mainly by throwing planting, and the pruning method is simple and easy to blossom. By cultivating the drooping fruiting branches on both sides of the main branch, a three-dimensional fruiting tree type is formed, and the fruit tree yield is high; ⑤ There are few branches with 667 square meters. After winter cutting, there are about 50,000 branches in 667 square meters, so the light of the tree is more sufficient. After winter cutting, there are12 ~15,000 branches in 667 square meters, with large branches and poor illumination. ⑥ Long fruiting period. The happiness tree takes 20 years to take shape initially, and it takes 30 years to fully take shape. 30 ~ 60 years is the stable fruiting period (Figure 3). Many Japanese 80-year-old trees yield 7,000 Jin, and the trees still bear fruit in a hundred years, while China's densely planted orchards are often cut down in less than 20 years. Happiness tree is a tree with high quality and high yield. Through the transformation of happiness tree and the implementation of comprehensive supporting technology, four technical problems that plague apple production in China can be completely solved: poor illumination, low yield, poor quality and serious anniversary phenomenon.

2. Basic culture process of open heart shape

In the early stage of Japanese happiness tree cultivation, it also experienced the transition from trunk to layer. However, because the goal is happiness, the upper (2 9 or 3) main branches are used instead of the lower three main branches, so the whole tree cultivation process is very different from our traditional pruning management of trunk, spindle and small crown sparse layer. Since there are very few orchards cultivated in accordance with hi-shape in China at present, here is the basic process of hi-shape cultivation in Japan:

Culture can generally be divided into three stages: young wood stage, young wood stage and mature wood stage. Young wood stage refers to 4-5-year-old trees, which are modeled according to the trunk shape. If the wood age refers to a tree with a tree age of 6 ~ 10, the trunk shape will be reshaped during this period. During this period, the head of the tree has been removed, and the height of the central trunk will not increase, keeping 8 main branches; In the early stage (age 10 ~ 20 years old), the main branches were reduced from 8 to 2, and then four secondary branches were initially cultivated on these two main branches; After 20 years, two main branches and four secondary branches were gradually cultivated according to the happy shape. During this period, the fruiting branches are constantly updated to maintain a stable tree shape. The fruiting age of Japanese apples is over 60 years.

2. 1 Young tree cultivation (trunk pass)

2. 1. 1 Select seedlings and set stems, and select robust seedlings for planting. The root system is relatively complete, the height is more than l meters, and the bottom stem is at least 1 cm. Choose full buds and fixed stems with a height of 70 ~ 80 cm (as shown in Figure 4). For fine seedlings, the fixed height should be appropriately reduced. In Japan, Begonia rotundifolia is generally used as rootstock. This rootstock has no main root, so the growth of the tree is moderate and there is no need for girdling.

2. 1.2 2 2-year-old young trees are left 40-60 cm in the plastic center, and full buds are cut short to stimulate the emergence of new branches; Sparse branches with small angle and vigorous growth. These branches are too polar, which will disrupt the structure of the tree and are not suitable for flowering and fruiting. Cut off the middle branch about 5 ~ 10 cm from the lower part, leaving the outer buds for opening. Branches whose included angle with the central trunk is less than 45℃ should be pulled out, which are temporary branches. The first fruit is promoted by gently cutting and slowly releasing branches, and the pruned branches are arc-shaped (Figure 4).

2.1.3 The shaping of 3-year-old trees is similar to that of 2-year-old trees. The central trunk is 40-60 cm for short cutting when the buds are in full bloom: the branches with small corners and strong polarity are cut off, the branches with medium growth are lightly cut off, and the branches with small corners are pulled off: the lower 2-year-old branches, such as those competing with the main branches and those with long backs, are also cut off, and all other branches are discarded. Try not to prune the tree when it is still young, so as to enlarge the crown as soon as possible.

2.1.44 4-5-year-old trees are still shaped according to the trunk shape during this period, and the central trunk continues to extend upwards. Pruning of annual branches at the front end of trunk/kloc-0 is the same as above. When the height of the tree is more than 2 meters, eight main branches are selected to cross the central trunk. In the process of cultivating main branches and side branches, verticillate branches should be avoided. After pruning, the main branches and side branches are equilateral triangles with big bottom and small top. Branches are still pruned mainly by throwing branches. The extension head of the lower main branch should not be shortened as far as possible, and the long branches that compete with the extension head of the main branch should be thinned (it can also be cut in summer)

2.2 If the culture is immature (changed to trunk shape)

During this period (6 ~ 10 years old), the main branches were cultivated. When eight main branches are formed (5-and 6-year-old trees), the central trunk will not elongate. Leave a small head at this time (Figure 5). First, we should leave a small head at A and a small head at B next year. After that, the small head will be strengthened and weakened every year. Keeping the small head can protect the growth of underground main roots, protect the lower main branches from rotting and prevent sunburn, and at the same time, the small head can also bear fruit. When the diameter of the main branch at the lower part of the tree head reaches more than twice the diameter of the trunk (c), all the tree heads can be removed, and the small tree heads can be kept permanently, but they must not be allowed to grow.

Four of the eight main branches were selected as permanent main branches to be cultivated in the future (Figure 6). These four main branches are arranged in a cross shape. The first main branch is generally above the ground 1 m, where 1 main branch makes an angle of 35 with the horizontal plane, and the second main branch makes an angle of 20 with the horizontal plane (Figure 7). Maintaining a certain elevation angle can increase the height of the main branch.

2.3 Maturity setting (changing trunk to delayed open heart type and open heart type)

During this period (10 ~ 20 years old), the number of main branches was mainly reduced from 8 to 2, and the secondary main branches on the main branches were cultivated. At first, it took about five years, and the number of main branches gradually decreased to four (from trunk shape to delayed happy shape), and then it took about five years to reduce to two (from delayed happy shape to happy shape, Figure 8). The branch trunk distance is 1.5 ~ 1.8m, and the secondary trunk distance is1.8 ~ 2.1m. In order to maintain the growth potential of the main branch, when pruning, the main branch can be slightly extended and shortened, and when the main branch 9 or the secondary branch is too large, it should be supported by pillars. All other temporary branches have been thrown away, and the result is the main one. With the increase of tree age, temporary branches will gradually decrease. For the lower temporary main branch, due to the deterioration of light in the hole, the branch at the base should be gradually thinned, so that the generated part will move outward; For the middle and upper branches, you can drive them away, or you can remove them and leave them at the base to bear fruit. In short, it does not affect the growth and illumination of the main branches. Select two lateral branches to cultivate secondary main branches at a distance of about 2 meters from the main branch. These two lateral branches are symmetrical left and right, with strong growth potential and oblique upward growth, with an interval of 30 ~ 50 cm. With the growth of secondary main branches, branches that affect the growth and illumination of secondary main branches should be removed.

Management of 20-year-old trees: after 20 years, it is mainly the expansion of secondary main branches and the perfection of fruiting branches. After the tree is fully formed, it is mainly to constantly update the fruiting branches and maintain the tree's potential. With the expansion of the crown, the interaction between secondary and main branches should be reduced according to the field conditions to maintain the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the whole orchard.

2.4 Dynamic culture

The cultivation of happiness tree is a dynamic cultivation process. With the increase of tree age, the tree structure is constantly adjusted. The number of plants is from more to less (Figure 9), and the number of big branches is from less to more, from more to less, and finally becomes two. As a result, the branch group from dense to sparse, starting from the temporary main branch, and finally concentrated to four secondary main branches, maintaining a reasonable structural parameter from beginning to end. The tree height should be controlled at 4 ~ 4.5m, and the leaf curtain thickness should be 3 ~ 3.5m The number of branches of Fuji, Guoguang, Hongyu and Wang Lin with 667m2 is about 47,000, that of Marshal, Jonajin and Lu Ao is about 40,000, and that of Fuji, Guoguang and Wang Lin is about/kloc-0.5 million /667m2, and that of Marshal and Wang Lin is about/kloc-0.5 million/667m2.