In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the bureaucratic ranks kept expanding, which led to low administrative efficiency, increasingly corrupt official management, and poor and weak accumulation.
During the Qing Dynasty, in Song Renzong, some scholars initiated political reforms to cope with the increasingly serious ruling crisis.
In the third year of Li Qing (1043), Fan Zhongyan participated in politics, Han Qi and Fu Bi participated in the official, and Ouyang Xiu was the remonstrating official. Fan Zhongyan played "Ten Answers to Chen", put forward specific reform plans, and began to implement them.
The reform plan is divided into "ten things", the contents are: first, show respect; Second, suppress luck; Third, pay tribute; Fourth, choose officials; Fifth, sharing public land; Sixth, cultivate thick agricultural mulberry; Seventh, repair military equipment; Eighth, reduce corvee; Ninth, be loyal to Qin Enxin; Tenth, pay attention to order. The first five things are about being an official, the last three things are about prosperity, and the last two things are the application of the first eight things. The specific idea is to enrich the people before strengthening the country, to be honest with officials before enriching the people, and to be honest with officials means to cut redundancy first and succeed talents.
Because the first, second and fourth items have been implemented, the rest have not been implemented.
Modesty-for grinding, grinding refers to the assessment procedure for officials to be promoted to official ranks.
The official rank of the Northern Song Dynasty is divided into two parts: the official of the Beijing Dynasty and the official of the state and county.
The promotion of county officials to Beijing officials must be examined by changing officials, and the promotion within officials must be examined by changing officials.
Officials in Beijing and North Korea belong to the upper echelons of the bureaucratic system, accounting for only a small part of the bureaucracy, but the ranks are close. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, * * * had more than 40 ranks. It is relatively simple to transfer officials for reconnaissance. Usually, they will transfer to another rank or even double or super transfer within the specified period (three years for civil servants and five years for Wu Zhi).
In fact, it is the performance of persistence in the personnel system, which in turn further encourages persistence. In "Ten Things", Fan Zhongyan criticized that "the transfer of officials is not limited inside and outside, work and rest are not divided, and talents do not go hand in hand", and put forward the disadvantages of strict management of grinding, promotion according to political achievements, and changing seniority and file promotion.
Suppress luck-a system for grace. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Yin En called it "Ren Zi", which refers to providing opportunities for the descendants and relatives of current middle and senior officials. The higher the level, the more shady relatives there are. Every year, a large number of children of officials are recruited by Yin En, but most junior officials are not included. The overuse of kindness in Song Dynasty is the manifestation of the rulers' preferential treatment to bureaucrats and expanding the ruling foundation, which has become the main reason for the phenomenon of redundant officials. Fan Zhongyan proposed to limit the number of officials, take exams and reward officials if they pass.
Electing officials —— Empowering the officials of the supervision departments with greater power, and concurrently serving as judges and heralds, selecting the state and county officials they recognized, and dismissing those who did not serve. This will strengthen local responsibility and change the rigid situation that personnel power is excessively concentrated in the central government.
The introduction of the above three reform measures was severely criticized by the opposition. In June of the fourth year of Qing Dynasty, Fan Zhongyan invited himself to go abroad, and other reformists were expelled from the DPRK.
2. Wang Anshi's reform
1. Go
In the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), Injong died of illness, and Zhao Shucheng, the British Emperor, succeeded to Zongtan.
In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Yingzong died of illness, and Zhao Yong, a deity, succeeded to the throne, determined to reform and strengthen the country.
In the first year of Xining (106), Wang Anshi was called to Kaifeng and began to preside over the political reform.
In the second year of Xining, Wang Anshi was appointed to participate in politics, and a "three-department planning department" was set up to preside over the political reform.
Lv Huiqing, Zhang Dun, Ceng Bu and others were hired as the backbone of the political reform.
Taking Qiang Bing as the goal, wealthy Qiang Bing regards financial management as the first task, focusing on increasing revenue first and reducing expenditure second.
2. Content
(1) Rich countries (agriculture):
Young crops law: the government lends money to the main households twice a year to curb mergers and reduce usury.
Conscription system: The government pays people to serve in order to avoid the exorbitant taxes and levies of farmers and increase the agricultural production labor force.
Farmland Water Conservancy Law: Water conservancy projects are jointly built by the people and the government in all counties to promote agricultural development.
The average tax law of Fangtian: measure and check the land, solve the uneven tax burden and ensure the national fiscal revenue.
(2) Rich countries (business):
Equal loss method: set shipping according to local conditions, reduce state expenditure, and limit speculative behavior of wealthy businessmen.
Easy market law: set up an easy market, buy unsalable goods and sell them when necessary.
Combating market monopoly, stabilizing prices and promoting the development of commodity economy led to Wang Anshi's first strike.
Exemption law: shops in all walks of life are exempted from the tasks needed by the government, and instead, they pay "exemption money", which is used by the government to buy the needed goods and hire labor, thus putting an end to the extortion profits of officials and increasing the income of the court.
③ Qiang Bing class:
Fixed general law: change the garrison law, divide the imperial army into fixed generals for training, and strengthen border defense forces.
Jiabao law: establish farmers, including ten households with one guarantee, five guarantees with one guarantee and ten guarantees with one guarantee, and strengthen the control over farmers.
Law on the protection of horses and the establishment of military equipment supervision.
(4) Training talents:
Reforming the imperial examination: promulgating the "new tribute system", abolishing the subject of Ming Jing and taking only Jinshi. Candidates will no longer test poetry and fu, paste classics and ink meaning, but take the new meaning of the three classics as the test standard, test the meaning of the classics and make suggestions.
Rectify schools: build schools extensively and implement the "three-shed method" of the Imperial College (students living outside the house are born in the house and students are born in the house).
As a unified textbook, The New Meaning of Three Classics reinterprets three Confucian classics: poetry, calligraphy and ritual, depriving conservatives of their monopoly on Confucianism.
3. Results
Wang Anshi's political reform reversed the situation of poverty and weakness to a certain extent, but it finally failed because it touched the vested interests of big bureaucrats, big noble and big landlord groups, coupled with the drawbacks of the new law itself and the constant contradictions and disputes within the reformists.
In the ninth year of Xining (1076), Wang Anshi saw that his political ambition was difficult to realize, and his only son, Wang Kan, died of illness, so he resigned and returned to his hometown, never asking about politics again.
Attached is Plum Blossom written by Wang Anshi when he lived in seclusion in Zhongshan:
There are some plums in the corner, and cold ling opens them alone. I knew from a distance that it wasn't snow, because there was a smell coming.
3. Yuanfeng reorganization
During the Yuanfeng period, in order to win the Liao-Xia War, Zongshen reformed the political system in the central organization, changed the previous three-point system of officials, posts and posts, and restored the official system of six departments in three provinces in the Tang Dynasty according to the records in the Six Codes of the Tang Dynasty, making the organization and officials worthy of the name, and fixing posts, personnel and responsibilities.
In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Zongshen died of depression because he failed in the Xixia War twice in a row.
4. Yuan You Reform and Party Struggle in Later Period.
1. Genghua, Yuan You
Song Zhezong succeeded to the throne, and the conservatives headed by Sima Guang completely abolished the new law with the support of Empress Dowager Gao.
2. Zhe Zongshao's book
In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), the philosopher was in charge, and the reformists Zhang Dun and Ceng Bu restored the new law and dismissed Yuan You officials.
3. Formation of Party Struggle
(1) Internal struggle of the old school: Party struggle between Shu (Su Shi), Luo (Cheng Yi) and Shuo (Herry Liu and Liu Anshi).
(2) the dispute between the old and the new:
Shao Sheng was in charge of the clan in the early years and used Zhang Dun, Ceng Bu, Cai Bian, Cai Jing and others. The people retaliated against the old faction, formed a struggle, and then the new faction clashed.
Song Huizong always became a party member, and appointed Cai Jing, Tong Guan, Liang Shicheng, Zhu CuO, Wang Jie, Li Yan (six thieves) and Gao Qiu to implement the new law again.
5. Song Huizong decadent and peasant uprising.
(1) Decadence: Construction Bureau, Yingfeng Bureau and Xicheng Broad Sky Institute were established (to make up for the lack of funds, Xicheng Broad Sky Institute was established, and Emperor Wen of Sui and Li Yan were responsible for it. ) overhaul Taoist temple. Sell officials and titles.
(2) Peasant uprising:
In the first year of Xuanhe (1 1 19), Shandong Sung River Uprising.
In the second year of Xuanhe (1 120), Fang La started an army in Zhejiang with Manichaeism, calling himself a "saint" and establishing the Yuan Dynasty as "Yongle".
In the fifth year of Xuanhe (1 123), Johnny and Gao Tuoshan revolted in Hebei Road.
6. The difficulty of Jingkang (the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty)
In the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125), Jin Jun soldiers were divided into two roads, with Wan Yan Wang Zong (Warrior) leading the troops on the east road and Wan Yan Han Zong (Korean War) leading the troops on the west road. The Eastern Route Army started from Pingzhou and even occupied Tanzhou and Jizhou. Guo, the satrap of Yanshan Mountain, surrendered, and Jin Jun marched straight in. From the clouds, marked army attacked Taiyuan, and Tong Guan fled back to the capital. Wang Bing, the commander-in-chief of Taiyuan, led the army and people to resist the gold and repel the 8 Jin Army.
Song Huizong hurried to Zhao Huan, Song Qinzong, and changed to Jingkang in the second year.
Song Qinzong used Li Gang, actively defended and laid out the Yugoslav capital, and loyal ministers from all over the country went to Kaifeng in succession.
In the first year of Jingkang (1 126), the Jin army invaded south again. In September, marked Hong Yanke Taiyuan, nine times out of ten, the soldiers and civilians starved to death, and the defender Wang Bing drowned. The attack of the Eastern Route Army is really certain. It is really certain that the soldiers and civilians will stick to April and fall into the city.
1 1 month, 8 jin j surrounded kaifeng, Song Qinzong stopped li gang, took the initiative to remove the defense system in kaifeng, and repatriated loyal troops from all over the country to show sincerity, and held peace talks with 8 jin j on the condition of ceding land. The emissaries were sent to persuade the local people to surrender to the 8 Jin Army. Jiangzhou people killed the emissaries Nie Chang and Xu Jinguo's envoys, and the rest of the emissaries escaped.
Song Qinzong was superstitious about Liu Jia's magic, and was good at Xuanhuamen. 8 Jin J entered the city gate without fighting.
Kaifeng soldiers and civilians died in many defenders, and the soldiers and civilians in the city actively resisted street fighting. Song Qinzong personally went to Jin Ying to present his watch and asked for surrender.
12 months, Kaifeng city fell, and 8 Jin Army plundered and plundered.
In February of the second year of Jingkang, two cases of Qin Hui were abolished and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.
In March, Zhang Bangchang was helped to establish a puppet regime.
In April, two boxes of Qin Hui, more than 3,000 empresses and royalty, and a large number of gold and silver treasures returned to the north.