Mango, the common name of mango and mango, is one of the famous tropical fruits. Mango is native to northern India and Malay Peninsula. Many people like to use mango as a drink. But how to judge whether mango is edible or not? The following is the performance of mango ripening.

Performance of mango ripening 1 Method 1: Look at the shape and fruit pedicle.

For most varieties of mangoes, round or football-shaped ones are better than flat ones. However, the differences between different varieties of mangoes still need attention.

Look at Goldie. The flesh and peel around the pedicel should be bulging and round.

Before the mango ripens, one end of the pedicel will become quite flat. The pulp, juice and sugar in it are not fully ripe. Once the mango is mature, the flesh should be full, and the pedicel should be slightly prominent, not flat.

Method 2: Smell is the most accurate way to judge whether mango is ripe or not.

Smell the mango stalks. If you smell a strong fruity aroma similar to musk, then this mango is ripe. If you don't smell the fragrance, this mango is probably not ripe yet.

Don't eat sour or alcoholic mango. If you smell a bitter taste at the base of the fruit, it means that the mango has matured and started to rot.

Method 3: Judge whether mango is ripe or not: Judge whether mango is ripe or not by texture.

1, gently squeeze the mango

If the mango becomes soft and slightly deformed after being squeezed, then the mango is ripe.

If this mango is hard and does not deform after being pressed, it means it is not ripe yet.

If the mango doesn't droop after being squeezed, or it feels as hard as a stone, it means it's not ripe enough to eat.

Of course, mango should not be sticky. If you put your finger through the peel with a little force, it means that the mango is overcooked.

In order not to damage the fruit, squeeze it with your palm, not your fingers. Hold mango in the palm of your hand. Hold the mango in your hand and squeeze it gently with your palm.

Step 2 feel the peel

Gently rub your fingertips on the surface of mango. Mature mango peel often has some fruit lines.

However, it should be noted that the absence of fruit line does not necessarily mean that this mango is raw.

If the fruit lines are deep and occupy a large part of the surface of the peel, it means that the mango is probably overcooked.

Mango in Ataulfo is famous for its deep lines when it is ripe. Other varieties may have some inconspicuous fruit lines, while other varieties of mangoes may be smooth when they mature.

Step 3 judge its weight

Pick up the mango with your hands and feel its weight. Compared with their size, mature mangoes feel heavier and heavier than raw mangoes.

If you need a more accurate weight index, compare this possibly mature mango with the raw mango you know. If it is ripe, the feeling of raw mango should be obviously lighter than this mango, especially in the same size and variety. If the two weights are too close, then the second mango may be raw.

Method 4: Don't judge whether mango is ripe by color.

Although most ripe mangoes are big red or burnt yellow, not tender green, not all ripe mangoes are like this. Therefore, the maturity of mango can not be judged by appearance, but by smell and hardness.

Some people think that mangoes with black spots are not suitable for eating, because these black spots are usually signs that mangoes are beginning to deteriorate. Although mangoes are notoriously perishable, black spots do not necessarily mean that mangoes have gone bad. In fact, these black spots may also represent the high sugar content of mango.

If the black spots are particularly soft, cut the mango to see if there is translucent pulp. If there is, it means that mango has gone bad and needs to be thrown away immediately.

Use your feelings to judge whether mango with black spots is edible. If this mango smells delicious, its skin is full, its color is bright, and it will not be excessively deformed when pressed lightly, then it can be safely eaten.

Methods of proving mango ripening by family;

1. Put the mango in a paper bag or newspaper. Then put it on the counter for the night and check the ripening effect the next morning. Mango wrapped in paper bags will release ethylene. Ethylene is a colorless and odorless gas, which can accelerate the ripening of fruits. Usually, mangoes will soften within a day and give off a fruity smell, and then they can be taken out to eat.

2. Bury mangoes in raw rice or popcorn. This method comes from India. In order to ripen mangoes, hardworking Indian housewives will hide mangoes in a bag of raw rice. Mexicans ripen mangoes in a very similar way except that they use raw popcorn instead of rice.

Although the materials used are different, the process and results of these two methods are the same. It may take about three days for ordinary mangoes to ripen naturally, but these two methods can make mangoes ripen in one to two days or even less.

This method is the same as the principle of ripening mango with paper bags. Rice or corn kernels can prevent the loss of ethylene, thus accelerating the ripening of mango.

Because this method works very well, sometimes mangoes will be overcooked. So check the maturity of mango every 6 to 12 hours. As long as you don't forget the mangoes in the rice pile, you should be able to wait until they are just ripe.

Mango ripening shows two morphological characteristics.

Evergreen trees, 10-20m high; Bark grayish brown, branchlets brown, glabrous. Leaves are thin and tough, usually clustered on branches. The shape and size of leaves vary greatly. Usually rectangular or oblong-lanceolate, with a length of 12-30 cm and a width of 3.5-6.5 cm. The apex is acuminate, long conical or acute, the base is wedge-shaped or nearly round, the edge is wavy, glabrous, the leaves are slightly shiny, and the lateral veins are 20-25 pairs.

Panicle is 20-35 cm long, with dense flowers, grayish yellow puberulent, branched, and the most basal branch is 6- 15 cm long; Bracts lanceolate, ca. 1.5mm, puberulent; Flowers are small, mixed, yellow or light yellow; Pedicel length 1.5-3 mm, articulate; Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm long and 65438 0.5 mm wide, tapered, puberulent outside, with fine eyelashes at the edge;

Petals are oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm long and 65438 0.5 mm wide, hairless, with 3-5 brown veins inside, which roll out when flowering; Disk swollen, fleshy, 5-lobed; Stamens only develop 1 piece, about 2.5 mm long, anthers are oval, sterile stamens are 3-4 pieces, filaments are extremely short, and anther primordium is warty or missing; Ovary oblique oval, about 65438 0.5 mm in diameter, hairless, style nearly terminal, about 2.5 mm long.

The drupe is large, kidney-shaped (the shape and size of cultivated varieties vary greatly), squashed, 5- 10 cm long and 3-4.5 cm wide, yellow at maturity, fleshy mesocarp, plump, bright yellow, sweet and hard.

Growth habit

Continuously develop

Growth habit of bud tip Mango buds grow in a crown-like way, and the buds are wrapped by bracts. When growing, the bracts bloom first, the buds are elongated, the leaves are unfolded, and the bracts fall off immediately. The middle and lower leaves alternate, and the leaf spacing is large.

Generally, branches are taken 6-8 times a year at seedling stage and young trees, 2-4 times for young fruit trees and 1-2 times for adult trees. Bamboo shoots are spring bamboo shoots in March-May, summer bamboo shoots in June-August, autumn bamboo shoots in September 9- 10/October165438+1October and winter bamboo shoots in June-February. Autumn shoots are the main fruiting branches in Hainan.

However, spring shoots and summer shoots can also become fruiting mother branches. Under better conditions, some varieties of winter shoots can also blossom and bear fruit in 12-65438+ 10. It takes 15-35 days from bud germination to bud stop growth and leaf maturity. Summer and autumn shoots last for a short time, while winter shoots last for a long time. Branch growth and root growth alternate.

Bloom and bear fruit-produce positive results

Mango (5) bud

Flower bud differentiation In general, the flower bud differentiation of mango begins from 10 to10. The flower promoter may differentiate at any time. It takes 20-39 days from flower bud differentiation to the first flowering of inflorescence, but the inflorescence continues to elongate after the first flowering. Proper low temperature and drought are beneficial to flower bud differentiation; High temperature is beneficial to the formation of bisexual flowers.

flower

Mango trees naturally bloom from 65438+February to the following year1-February, sometimes earlier than165438+1October or later than the following March, and the peak flowering period is around the Spring Festival. It takes 15-25 days for an inflorescence to bloom from the first flower to the whole inflorescence, and the flowering period of a tree is about 50 days.

Mango flowers have bisexual flowers and male flowers, and bisexual flowers have normal stamens and pistils, which can be pollinated and fertilized normally. Male flowers have no pistil and cannot bear fruit after flowering. Most cultivated varieties have bisexual flowers accounting for more than 15%. It takes about 1.5 days for a flower to diffuse from petals to dry stigma.

fruit

After fruit development, flowering and fertilization, the ovary began to expand, and it increased rapidly after about 1.5 months, but it grew slowly or did not grow before 10- 15 days of fruit picking. At this time, it is mainly thickening, enrichment and weight gain. It takes 85- 1 10 days for early-maturing varieties, 100- 120 days for middle-maturing varieties and 150 days for late-maturing varieties.

There are two obvious fruit drop peaks during fruit development: the first time is about two weeks after flowering, mainly because the small fruits with poor fertilization wither and fall off, and the fruit drop is large; The second time, 4-7 weeks after flowering, except for a small number of deformed fruits or stunted abortive fruits, more fruits fell due to insufficient nutrients and water.

Physiological fruit drop rarely occurs after 2.5 months after flowering, and only wind damage, fruit cracking or pests and diseases will cause fruit drop within 80-85 days. The fruit harvesting period is from May to July, which varies with varieties and regions.

environmental conditions

temperature

There are no ripe mangoes on the tree (13). Mango likes warmth, not cold and frost. The optimum growth temperature is 25-30℃. When the temperature is lower than 20℃, the growth is slow. When the temperature is lower than 10℃, the leaves and inflorescences will stop growing, and the nearly ripe fruits will suffer from chilling injury. The annual average temperature in mango producing areas in the world is above 20℃, and the monthly minimum temperature is above 15℃. The average annual temperature in the producing areas that can grow and bear fruit normally in China is 19.8-24. 1℃.

However, the annual average temperature is 2 1-22℃, which is higher than 15℃ in Leng Yue, and there is almost no frost all year round. The effective temperature for mango growth is 18-35℃, the suitable temperature for new shoot growth is 24-29℃, and the average daily temperature for fruit setting and young fruit growth should be greater than 20℃.

Insufficient temperature, poor pollination and fertilization, and even inflorescence death or embryo abortion death. When the temperature is higher than 37℃, the fruit of Copanawa will be sunburned; When the temperature is lower than 10℃, the growth of new shoots and new ears stops; When the temperature is lower than 5℃, seedlings, tender shoots and ears will suffer from cold; When the temperature is about 0℃, the shoots, shoots and peripheral leaves of seedlings and trees will be damaged or even died. Young trees below -3℃ freeze to death, and big trees freeze seriously.

illuminate

Mango is a kind of fruit tree that likes light. Adequate light can promote flower bud differentiation, blossom and set fruit, improve fruit quality and appearance. Usually on the sunny side of the canopy or in an open environment.

Mango (3) has many flowers per plant and high fruit setting rate. Mango with too many branches and leaves, closed crown and insufficient light has less flowers and fruits, and its fruit appearance and quality are poor. Through shaping and pruning, the lighting conditions in the garden and trees can be improved, the yield can be increased and the high-yield period can be prolonged.

moisture

Mango grows well in the area with annual rainfall of 700-2000 mm, but the uneven distribution of annual rainfall in South China often affects its growth and development. If the air is too dry during flowering and early fruiting, it is easy to cause falling flowers and fruits; Too much rain leads to rotten flowers and poor pollination and fertilization; Too concentrated rainfall in summer often induces serious fruit diseases; Autumn drought after harvest mostly affects the germination and growth of autumn shoot mother branches.

land

Mango is not harsh on soil and can be planted in areas below 600 meters above sea level. However, loam or sandy loam with deep soil layer, underground water level below 3 meters, good drainage and slight acidity is better.

Performance of Three Propagation Methods of Mango Maturity

The reproduction modes of mango can be divided into sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is sowing, and the propagated seedlings are commonly known as "survival seedlings". Asexual propagation includes grafting, air layering and cutting, and grafting is commonly used.

sexual reproduction

Selection of nursery

Choose a flat or gentle slope with relatively flat terrain, abundant sunshine and shelter from the wind. Sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and rich organic matter is suitable for soil. Attention should be paid to drainage in the whole border of mango nursery, because seedlings are afraid of soaking in water during seedling raising, and soaking for many days in a row may easily lead to stunting or death of seedlings. In the whole border, according to soil fertility, decomposed organic fertilizer and calcium superphosphate should be applied as base fertilizer.

Accelerating germination and sowing

Mango seedlings (3) The best sowing time in Hainan Province is the ripening season of mango from June to July. Because the seeds are fresh, easy to come, and the time is warm and humid, the survival rate after sowing is high. It is best to choose seeds with full grains. When sowing, seeds with fresh food for about 20 days can be selected, and then the residual meat is slightly washed and dried in the shade. Before sowing, the shell needs to be peeled, and the end of the seed core can be clamped by the reverse rotation of the scissors.

Screw down along the suture, tear one side of the seed shell, and then tear the other side. The bigger the crack, the easier it is to take out the embryo kernel in the seed nucleus, but try not to hurt the embryo kernel. If it hurts occasionally, it will not damage its germination and development. Because mango seeds have a hard exocarp (shell), removing the exocarp and covering it with 2 cm soil can effectively improve the germination rate.

If the seeds are exposed to the wind and sun outdoors, they will lose their germination ability in about 7 days. If it is slightly washed, dried in the shade and stored in semi-humid sand for germination, it can be preserved for about 30 days. When sowing, the seed kernel should be upright and triangular planting method should be adopted.

Navel down, flat sowing is not allowed, because it will cause irregular germination. It can germinate about 7 days after sowing. The suitable row spacing is 10× 15cm, and the covering soil is about 2cm. Water once every 1-2 days after sowing to keep the survival rate moist. If it is treated by flooding, it is often because the terrain is uneven.

But the wet and dry conditions are inconsistent, and some seedlings will be soaked dry. After germination, it can be topdressed once or watered once with 2% urea aqueous solution, and can be used as grafting rootstock after about 6-9 months.

asexual reproduction

Mango grafting can be used to cultivate a large number of excellent seedlings and update the excellent varieties of established orchards. Grafting belongs to asexual reproduction, which is not easy to mutate and can maintain the excellent characters of the female parent. As long as new excellent varieties are cultivated in breeding, they can be propagated in large quantities by grafting, such as existing American varieties, such as gold 1 and Tainongye ... There are many grafting methods.

However, in mango grafting, the cutting method is generally simple and quick, and the grafting method is occasionally used for varieties that are difficult to survive, such as tainung no.,but it is more troublesome. Because of the different grafting compatibility and tannin content of mango, the grafting rate of different varieties on the same rootstock is also different. The main factors affecting the survival of grafting are the vision and strength of rootstock and scion.

The so-called affinity is the ability of rootstock and scion to be identical or similar to each other in internal organizational structure, physiology and heredity, so as to be able to combine with each other. The higher the affinity, the higher the grafting survival rate.

Grafting time

In different grafting periods, the grafting rate was the highest in March, followed by September, and the worst in June and December. March is the coming of spring, the temperature rises and the climate is mild, which is also the beginning of its germination and growth. After grafting, the plants have strong healing ability, so the grafting survival rate is high. Most nurseries and fruit farmers choose to graft at this time. June is hot and humid, with frequent rainfall and many pests and diseases. When grafting, due to heavy moisture, put on a plastic bag.

The interface between rootstock and scion is easy to be moldy, which leads to the failure of grafting healing tissue or healing after it is produced, so it is not suitable for grafting in rainy season. If it doesn't rain after grafting, the grafting rate is similar to that in March. September is a crisp autumn season, and the southern region is the end of the rainy season. This is a good time for grafting, and the autumn shoots of mango plants are also lengthened at this time, but the grafting rate is still slightly lower than that in March. 1February is beginning of winter, and the average temperature will drop below 18℃.

Most plants grow slowly, which is not the grafting season. To sum up, the ideal grafting period is from late February to May before the rainy season, and March is the best grafting period. If you miss this time, you have to wait until the rainy season is over, then graft in September 9- 10/0, and stop working before the first cold wave comes.