land resources

The topography of Hengshui city inclines from southwest to northeast, and the plain topography changes greatly. The height difference is mostly 30 cm ~ 50 cm, and some of them can reach about 1 m, which constitutes obvious different landform types such as hills, slopes and depressions. Slow hillock is a natural dike left over from the ancient river channel, which is generally distributed in a strip shape along the ancient river channel and is 1m ~ 3.5m higher than the nearby ground. Slow hillock landform is very common in Raoyang and Anping areas. Slightly inclined flat land is the most widely distributed, and it is a geomorphic unit of transition from gentle slope to depression. There are also many depressions, among which there are 46 depressions with an area of more than 10,000 mu, among which Qianqingwa within the boundaries of jizhou city and Taocheng County is the largest depression in the city, with a total area of 75 square kilometers.

soil types

According to the second soil survey, there are 3 soil types, 4 soil types, 7 subtypes and 26 soil genera in Hengshui City,11soil species. The largest area is tidal soil. The subtype area of tidal soil in the city is 434,000 hectares, accounting for 62. 10% of the total land area. Widely distributed in counties and cities, it is the main soil type of agricultural land. Its soil layer is deep and its texture is changeable, but it is mainly light loam, and some are sandy and clayey. The soil is rich in mineral nutrition, but it is short of organic matter, available nitrogen and phosphorus, which is easily affected by drought, waterlogging and salinization. Over the years, mainly planting. Dehydrated soil covers an area of143,300 hectares, accounting for 20.4% of the city's total land area, and is widely distributed in natural dikes and gaoping of ancient rivers. The areas with good underground water quality, no flood and saline-alkali threat and good water conservancy conditions are mostly high-yield areas of grain and cotton.

Utilization of land resources

According to the survey of land change in Hengshui City in 2003, the total land area of the city is 883,664.88 hectares. Among them, there are 585,298 hectares of cultivated land, accounting for 66.3% of the city's total land area, including 228,026 hectares of dry land, 350,896 hectares of irrigated land and 6,376 hectares of vegetable land, accounting for 38.96%, 59.95% and 1.09% of the total cultivated land area respectively. The garden area is 3746 1 hectare, accounting for 4.25% of the total land area; Woodland 1 1867 hectares, accounting for1.20% of the total land area; Grassland 1843 hectares, accounting for 0.20% of the total land area; Residential area and industrial and mining land 120600 hectares, accounting for13.63%; Traffic land is 5892 hectares, accounting for 0.67% of the total land area; The water area is 35,374 hectares, accounting for 7.08% of the total land area; The unused land is 33467.39 hectares, accounting for 3.79% of the total land area.

Landscape planning and design

1. natural environment: the synthesis of various natural factors around us, namely atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere and lithosphere. 2. Urban master plan: it is a comprehensive layout plan for urban development and construction in a certain period of time. 3. The nature of the city: it is the function of the city in the political, economic and cultural life of the country or region, that is, the personality, characteristics, functions and development direction of the city. 4. Land for external traffic: refers to urban land for external traffic, including railways, highways, pipeline transportation, ports, airports and their ancillary facilities. 5. Land for road squares: including roads, squares and parking lots. 6. Service radius: refers to the straight-line distance from the public building to the farthest point of its service scope, including two meanings of time and space. 7 downtown: it is the core area of political, economic and cultural life of urban residents. 8. Detailed urban planning: it is a plan that makes specific arrangements for public facilities such as factories, houses, transportation facilities, municipal works, public utilities, landscaping, education, health and commercial outlets recently built in the city according to the overall urban planning. 9. Land for residential construction: refers to the land occupied by the residential construction base and its distance from the surrounding area. 10. Net density of resident population = number of resident population/area of residential building land. 1 1。 Sunshine spacing, between the front and rear rows of houses, in order to ensure that the back row of houses can get the required sunshine within ten days. 12. Land for public buildings and public facilities: refers to the land occupied by various public buildings and public facilities in residential areas and the special land around them. 13. urban green space system planning: within the scope of urban land use, according to various garden green spaces with different functions, the garden green space will improve the microclimate, improve people's production and living conditions, and create a clean, hygienic and beautiful city. 14. Production green space refers to the production and scientific research base specially designed for urban greening. Including nurseries, flower beds, medicine beds, orchards belonging to the garden department and various woodlands. 15. Street garden: a small piece of green space that rests beside the main road of the city for a period of time, also called street rest green space or street garden. 16. Boulevard: As for the belt-shaped green space with parallel roads and a certain width, it is also called belt-shaped street rest green space. 17. Binhe Road: the road facing rivers, lakes, seas and other water bodies in the city. 18. Shelterbelt: a banded green space with multiple protective functions. 19. Urban park: an important part of urban garden green space and a type of urban public green space. 20. City Park: It is a municipal public green space serving the residents of the city, with a large area and the most complete activities and facilities. 2 1. District Park: Serving the residents of an administrative district, whose land is a part of urban public land, and there are green spaces with rich contents and perfect facilities in the courtyard. 22. Children's Park: refers to an independent children's park. 23. Botanical Garden: a comprehensive research institution suitable for plant science research and popularization, focusing on introduction, domestication and cultivation experiments, engaging in the collection, comparison, preservation and breeding of wild plant species resources at home and abroad, and expanding comprehensive applications in all aspects. Zoo: a public place for people to visit and rest, where all kinds of wild animals and fine varieties of livestock and poultry are raised, displayed and studied. 25. Scenery: The spatial environment dominated by natural scenery has developed into a recreational place, which can arouse people's aesthetic feeling. 26 bayonet calculation method: it belongs to a limit calculation method, that is, taking a limit factor in the scenic spot as the object. 27. Forest Park: an ecological country park with forest landscape as the main body and integrating other natural landscapes and human landscapes.

Answer 1. Generally, the drawings of urban master plan are: 1. Present situation of urban land use. Analysis of urban land use. Urban master plan. Planning of engineering facilities. Recent construction planning 6. Schematic diagram of suburban planning. According to the main nature of land, urban land can be divided into: 1 residential land, 2 public facilities land, 3 industrial land, 4 storage land, 5 external traffic land, 6 road square land, 7 municipal facilities land, 8 green land, 9 special land, 10 water surface land and other land. 3. The planning and layout of urban activity centers should consider the following factors: 1. The function of the city center is to serve the whole city, and the location should be moderate. 2. The location choice of the city center is suitable for the development of urban land, so that the distance can be combined. 3. The planning of urban center should proceed from the nature and present situation of the city to meet the economic requirements of construction. 4. The central planning of the city should consider the requirements of urban architectural art. 4. The functions of urban garden green space to protect the urban environment are: 1. Purify air, water and soil. Improve the urban microclimate. Reduce noise. Protect farmland. Soil and water conservation. Security protection. Detect environmental pollution. 5. Planning task of urban garden green space system: 1. Determine the principles of urban garden green space system planning. Choose and plan urban garden green space, and determine its location, nature, scope and area. According to the national economic plan, production and living standards and urban development scale, the development speed and level of urban garden green space construction are studied. Put forward the adjustment, enrichment, transformation and perfection of urban garden green space system.

Green space that needs to be controlled and reserved. 5. Prepare the plan of urban garden and green space system. 6. For important public green spaces, it is necessary to put forward schematic diagrams and planning schemes. 6. The factors that affect the index of urban garden green space are: 1. The second level of national economy. Urban Nature III. City size 4. Urban natural conditions. Topography, landform, geology and urban location. 7. Problems in the construction of garden green space in China: 1. The occupation of green space is very serious. 2. The urban environment is deteriorating. 3. The environment around the garden green space is seriously polluted. 4. The management level of garden green space is poor, and the capacity level of green space park is low. 8. The purpose of garden green space layout: 1. Meet the requirements of the city's residents for convenient culture, entertainment, rest and sightseeing. 2. Meet the safety requirements of urban life and production activities. 3. To meet the requirements of industrial production and health protection. 4. Meet the requirements of urban artistic appearance. 9. Basic principles of landscaping in factories and enterprises: 1. The greening of factories and enterprises should have their own style. 2. The greening of factories and enterprises should be fully reflected in production services and services for workers. 3. Reasonable layout and integration of the system. 4. Increase the green area and increase the green rate. 10. Attention should be paid to greening around the warehouses of factories and enterprises: 1. Transportation conditions and storage items should be considered to meet the use requirements and facilitate loading and unloading. 2. Tree species with less pests and diseases, straight trunk and high branching points should be selected. 3. Pay attention to fire prevention requirements, conifers and tree species with high oil content are not easy to plant. 1 1. Precautions for railway greening in factory area: 65438+. The minimum distance from the outer rail of the standard rail is 8m, and the distance from the light narrow rail is not less than 5m. Shrubs should be planted in the front row to prevent people from crossing the railway unorganized, and then trees should be planted. 2. At the intersection of railway and road, at least 20 meters of open space shall be reserved on each side, and plants higher than 1 meter shall not be planted in this area. 3. Leave a sight distance of at least 200 meters in the railway bend, and trees and shrubs that block the sight cannot be planted within this range. 4. In the yard for loading and unloading raw materials and finished products along the railway, the planting distance of trees should be increased to 7- 10 meter, and shrubs should not be planted to ensure loading and unloading operations. 12. Selection method of anti-pollution plants: 1. Investigation of plants in polluted areas. Comparative experiment of field cultivation in polluted areas 3. Artificial fumigation method 4. Leaf composition analysis method 5. Determine the PH value of leaves to determine the resistant components. Leaf steaming. 13. Selection condition of street trees: 1. Tree species that can adapt to the local growth environment, survive after transplantation, grow rapidly and be robust 2. Need extensive management. Tree species with low requirements on soil, moisture and fertilizer, pruning resistance and poor pest resistance; 3. The trunk should be straight and upright, with beautiful appearance, dense foliage and good shading effect; 4. Tree species that require early germination, early leaf spreading, late defoliation and orderly defoliation; 5. Tree species are required to have deep roots, no toxicity, no peculiar smell, no fruit drop, no flying hair and few tillers. 14. Greening requirements of main roads in expressway: 1. Buildings should be far away from the main roads in expressway and separated by narrow green belts. Don't plant trees on the green belt, lest the driver be dazzled and cause an accident. Generally speaking, the requirement of shading is not considered when driving on expressway. 2. In order to prevent noise and waste gas pollution from passing through the urban area, 20-30m safety belts should be set aside on both sides of the main road. Plant planting should be high outside and low inside, which not only plays a protective role, but also does not hinder driving sight. When expressway passes through the city center, you should transfer. This will completely separate you from pedestrians, and don't plant trees when greening. 4. Rest stops must be set above expressway 100KM. Generally, there is a rest stop about 50 kilometers for drivers and passengers to stop and rest. 15. Attention should be paid to green island: 1. The greening layout should obey the traffic function of the interchange, so that the driver can have enough safe sight. 2. The green land of Green Island is generally planted with open lawns. 3. Greening and maintenance of Green Island can consider sprinkler irrigation facilities. 16. The layout forms of residential buildings are as follows: 1. Determinant layout 2. Peripheral layout 3. Mixed layout 4. Freestyle layout 5. Courtyard layout 6. Three-point layout 18. The scale of residential area is affected by the following factors: 1. 2. For the convenience of residents, the economy and reasonable service radius of commercial, cultural, medical and other public service facilities in residential areas. Urban road traffic. Resident administration system. City size and natural terrain conditions. Nineteen. Principles of plant configuration and tree species selection in residential areas: 1. It is necessary to consider the needs of greening function, give priority to trees and flowers, and improve the greening coverage rate. Only in this way can good ecological and environmental benefits be brought into play. 2. The landscape of the four seasons and the effect of early general greening should be considered. 3. The planting forms of trees and flowers should be diversified. 4. The uniformity of plant materials has changed. 5. Excellent tree species with strong growth, extensive management and less pests and diseases should be selected for greening residential areas, and plants with economic value can be planted. 6. A variety of climbing plants should be planted, and various fences and low walls should be afforested on the building walls to improve the three-dimensional greening effect of residential areas. 7. It is forbidden to use poisonous and harmful plants in children and children's rest places. 20. Planning and design principles of comprehensive parks: 1. In line with the national principles and policies of landscaping. 2. Inherit and innovate the artistic tradition of gardening in China and create the unique garden style and characteristics in China. 3. According to the principle of urban garden green space system planning, set different contents to meet the needs of sightseeing activities.

Make full use of the terrain, organically organize all parts of the park, and fully reflect local characteristics and styles. 5. Planning and design should be practical, and feasible phased construction plans and management measures should be formulated. 2 1. Conditions for determining the scale of zoo land: 1. Ensure that there is enough animal cage area, including animal activity site, feed stacking site and land area for tourists to visit. 2. There should be green space with appropriate distance between various animal exhibition areas. 3. The development plan of the zoo should have enough reserved land. 4. There should be enough space for tourists to have activities and rest, and provide land for service organizations. 5. Manage the feed production base in the area. 22. Key points of scenic spot planning: 1. Scenic spot planning should fully highlight the natural beauty and have a distinct personality. 2. Pay attention to the design of tourism environment. 3. Function is an important part of scenic spot planning. 4. Deal with the relationship between scenic spots and scenery. Twenty-three The green space in the convalescent area is divided into: 1. Public green space and special-purpose construction land in scenic spots.

Discussion 1. Layout type of the mall: 1. The shopping mall in the middle of the road is an up-and-down lane with a certain width of green belt in the middle, which is relatively common and is mainly used for pedestrians and nearby residents to have a temporary rest. This type is mostly used when the traffic volume is small and there are not too many entrances and exits. 2. The shopping mall located on one side of the road is located on one side of the road, which reduces the intersection between pedestrians and cars. On the road with frequent traffic, 3. The avenues on both sides of the road are connected with the sidewalks, so nearby residents can reach the vagina without crossing the road, which is quiet and convenient to use. This kind of avenue occupies too much land and is rarely used at present. 2. The following problems should be paid attention to in the design of Garden Avenue: 1. Sidewalk roads must be designed according to specific conditions, but there are at least 1 sidewalk roads when the avenue is 8 meters wide, and more than two sidewalks should be set when it is more than 8 meters wide. 2. Between the driveway and the avenue green belt, there should be a green barrier composed of dense resumes and tall trees, which is generally arranged in the form of high outside and low inside. 3. You can also consider a small children's playground and sit on architectural sketches such as flower beds, fountains and flower stands. 4. The boulevard can be set in sections with a length of 70- 100 meters, and the layout of each section should have its own characteristics, but it can also be set in special circumstances, such as the entrance of a large building. At the same time, at the entrances and exits at both ends of the avenue, you can widen the footpath or set up a Little Square. However, there should not be too many sections, otherwise it will affect the internal quiet. 5. The plant configuration in shopping mall design should win with colorful plants, and the proportion should be appropriate. The hot weather in the south requires more shade evergreen trees, which can cover a larger area; In the north, deciduous trees should occupy a larger area. 6. When the width of the avenue is more than 8m, the natural layout can be considered; Less than 8 meters, should be arranged in accordance with the provisions. 3. Attention should be paid to the overall layout of Riverside Avenue in the green belt: 1. For the greening of Binhe Road, a pedestrian lane is generally set near the water surface, and it is best to be as close to the water surface as possible, because pedestrians are used to walking by the water. 2. If there is considerable scenery, it can be properly designed as a Little Square or a platform protruding from the water for tourists to overlook and take photos. 3. It can be set as platform 1-2 according to the terrain of binjiang road. Step contact can make tourists close to the water and make them feel intimate. If the surface of the river is open, when boating and swimming are possible, more tourists can be accommodated in the form of gardens or parks. Generally, trees can be planted in rows along Binjiang Avenue, with railings on the shore and seats for tourists to rest. For example, the avenue is wide and can be naturally arranged, such as lawns, flower beds, trees, simple garden sketches, sculptures, seats and original lights. 6. The planning form of Binjiang Avenue depends on the influence of topography. If the terrain is undulating, the river bank can be naturally arranged, and combined with functional requirements. For example, if the terrain is flat, the coastline is neat and parallel to the driveway, it can be arranged regularly. Problems needing attention in highway greening: 1. Highway greening determines the width of green belt and the planting position of trees according to the highway grade and pavement width. 2. expressway intersection should have enough sight distance. When encountering structures such as bridges and culverts, trees shall not be planted within 5 meters. 3. If the route is very long, you can plant another tree every 2-3 kilometers, which can make the road greening not too monotonous, increase the scenery changes on the road, ensure the driving safety and prevent the spread of pests and diseases. In addition, in the selection of tree species for highway greening, attention should be paid to the collocation of tree species, evergreen trees and deciduous trees, and fast-growing trees and slow-growing trees. 4. Highway greening should be combined with farmland protection forest and canal protection dike forest as far as possible, so that one forest can be used for multiple purposes and less cultivated land can be occupied. 5. Requirements for railway greening: 1. When planting trees on both sides of the railway, leave the outer rail of the railway at least 10 meter, and when planting shrubs, leave the railway track for 6 meters. 2. Trees can't be planted on railway slopes. Herbs or shrubs can be used for slope protection to prevent soil erosion and ensure traffic safety. 3. When the railway passes through urban areas or residential areas, if possible, a wider area should be set aside for planting trees and shrubs. According to the center of expressway, trees and shrubs that block the view should not be planted within 400 meters. 5. Trees should not be planted within the inner diameter of railway bend150m, and lawns and shrubs can be planted. 6. It is not suitable to plant trees within the range of locomotive signal light1200m, but small shrubs and herbaceous flowers can be planted. 6. Basic requirements for road system layout in residential areas: 1. The internal roads in residential areas mainly serve residential areas. The road system of residential area is graded according to the functional requirements, so as to be clear at a glance. It can be divided into main roads, secondary roads, branches and paths; Or residential areas, communities, residential groups and front roads. 2. The road system layout should make full use of and combine with the terrain to make it conform to the terrain and reduce the project and investment. 3. The road system should have clear functions. In order to ensure the quiet of residential areas and the safety of residents, transit traffic cannot cross residential areas. 4. It is necessary to shorten the distance to the destination and form a smooth and convenient road network with the shortest journey, which is convenient for residents to commute and live. 7. The function of greening in residential areas: 1. Protect the environment and improve the microclimate. Beautify the living environment. Create good outdoor environmental conditions and enrich residents' lives. Get good ornamental, functional and economic benefits. Disaster prevention and avoidance. 8. The land selection conditions for the comprehensive park are as follows: 1. In line with the nature and scale determined in the urban green space system planning, it should be comprehensively considered in combination with the favorable topography, rivers and lakes, convenient transportation and residential land planning. 2. Choose a slope that is not easy to be used for engineering construction and agricultural production, and the terrain is undulating. As a park construction, it should be transformed according to local conditions. It is beneficial to enrich the landscape planning requirements of the park. 3. Giving full play to the role of urban water system is conducive to improving microclimate, increasing park landscape and meeting the needs of water activities and ground drainage in parks. 4. Choose ancient and famous trees and natural conditions rich in vegetation, such as scenery, rocks, water bodies, caves, etc., which are suitable for establishing parks.

It can also be rebuilt on the basis of forest land or flower garden, so that the investment is less and the effect is quick. 5. Choosing the original garden buildings, historical sites, revolutionary sites, human history and other places that can be used to build the park green space not only enriches the content of the park, but also plays a favorable role in protecting the national cultural heritage. 6. When choosing the garden site, the possibility of development should be considered. ; Set aside surplus land for proper development. 9. Park planning and design process: 1. Understand the land use situation of the park, the approval documents for land acquisition and investment in the founding of the People's Republic of China, construction conditions, technical force, manpower, construction machinery and building materials supply, etc. , and conduct investigation and analysis. 2. Understand the position of park land in urban planning. 3. Collect the history, present situation and natural data of park land. 4. Analyze the landscape utilization inside and outside the park land. 5. Carry out the overall planning and layout of the park. 6. According to the requirements of the design task, consider the vertical factors to determine its scale. 7. After approval, carry out detailed design of the whole park in winter, including planting design. 8. Local details: technical design, architectural design, construction drawing, budget and text description of Yuanling Project. 10. Detailed design includes: 1. Design of main and auxiliary entrances and exits and dedicated entrances and exits II. Design of various functional areas. Detailed design of various garden roads in the park. Preliminary design scheme of various garden buildings. Design of various pipelines. Surface drainage design. Design of Earth Mountain and Rocky Mountain. Water body design. Types, locations and planting forms of garden plants. XI。 Contents of plant planting design in the park: 1. 2. Location, variety, specification and quantity of tree planting, cultivation form and tree species combination. Location, scope, specifications, quantity and combination form of creeping, aquatic and flower arrangement of woody flowers. Location, range, slope and species of grassland. Requirements, modeling and natural formula of garden plants. The growing period of garden plants.