There are many ways to stop bleeding during operation, and the methods are as follows:

1. Mechanical hemostasis

(1) compression hemostasis is to compress the bleeding site with gauze or foam plastic to clear the blood in the operating department, determine the tissue, bleeding route and bleeding point, and take hemostasis measures. When capillary oozes blood and small blood vessels bleed, if the body's coagulation function is normal, the bleeding can stop automatically after a short period of compression. In order to improve the effect of compression hemostasis, warm physiological saline, 1% ~ 2% ephedrine, 0. 1% epinephrine and 2% calcium chloride solution can be used as compression hemostasis. When stopping bleeding, it must be pressed, not wiped, so as not to damage the tissue or make the thrombus fall off.

(2) Clamping hemostasis Use the front end of hemostatic forceps to clamp the broken end of the blood vessel, and the clamping direction should be perpendicular to the blood vessel as far as possible, with less clamping tissue, and large-area clamping should be avoided.

(3) Twist the clamp to stop bleeding. Clamp the broken end of the blood vessel with hemostatic forceps, screw hemostatic forceps for 1 ~ 2 weeks, gently remove the clamp, and then close the broken end to stop bleeding. If the torsion clamp cannot stop the bleeding, it should be ligated. This method is suitable for small blood vessel bleeding.

(4) Clamp ligation is a commonly used and reliable basic hemostasis method, which is mostly used for hemostasis of obvious and large vascular bleeding.

(5) Stab forceps to stop bleeding. Hemostatic forceps was used to clamp the broken end of the deep blood vessel in the wound, and hemostatic forceps remained in the wound for 24 ~ 48h. To prevent hemostatic forceps from moving, a hemostatic forceps handle ring fixed with a bandage can be tied to the livestock. Internal clamp hemostasis is mostly used for massive hemorrhage of internal spermatic artery after castration in domestic animals.

(6) Packing to stop bleeding This method is to tightly pack the bleeding mouth or anatomical cavity with sterile gauze in the case of deep blood vessel bleeding, so as to compress the blood vessel broken end and stop bleeding. When filling gauze, the injured mouth must be filled so that there is enough pressure to compress the broken end of the blood vessel. Hemostatic dressing is usually taken out after 12 ~ 48h.

2. Electrocoagulation and cauterization to stop bleeding

(1) Electrocoagulation hemostasis uses high-frequency current to coagulate tissue to stop bleeding. The usage method is to clamp the broken end of the blood vessel with hemostatic forceps, lift it up gently, dry the blood, and contact the electrocoagulation device with hemostatic forceps until it smokes locally. The electrocoagulation time should not be too long, otherwise the burn range is too large, which will affect the wound healing. Do not use electrocoagulation to stop bleeding in hollow organs, near large blood vessels and skin to avoid tissue necrosis and complications.

The advantage of electrocoagulation hemostasis is that it can stop bleeding quickly without leaving any thread in the tissue, but the hemostasis effect is not completely reliable, and the coagulated tissue is easy to fall off and bleed again. Therefore, ligation should still be used to stop bleeding for larger blood vessels to avoid secondary bleeding.

(2) cauterization hemostasis method is to cauterize the broken end of blood vessel with electrocautery or soldering iron to stop bleeding. Its disadvantage is that there are many damaged tissues, which are often used by veterinarians to stop bleeding after diffuse bleeding, lamb tail cutting and some excision operations. When cautery is used to stop bleeding, the resistance wire or soldering iron should be burned slightly red to achieve the purpose of stopping bleeding, but it should not be overheated to avoid excessive carbonization of the tissue and the broken end of the blood vessel cannot be firmly blocked. When cauterizing, the soldering iron will be quickly removed by pressing it gently at the bleeding place, otherwise the tissue will stick to the soldering iron, and removing the soldering iron will tear off the tissue.