The living environment of plants is soil, water, light and temperature. Potted flowers are no exception.
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Soil: Soil is an indispensable foundation for the survival of every plant, especially most potted flowers, which need soil rich in various minerals.
Generally speaking, there are three kinds of soil: acidic soil (PH less than 7), neutral soil (PH equal to 7) and alkaline soil (PH greater than 7). Most of the flowers in South China like acidic soil and neutral flowers, but few like alkaline soil. The soil PH value of potted flowers in South China is generally 5.5 to 6.5.
These flowers grow well.
This paper introduces several potted flower cultivation soils.
The cultivation soil of potted flowers should be loose, breathable, water-retaining, fertilizer-retaining and free from water accumulation. Natural potted soil includes: sandy red soil in mountainous areas where sandstone develops, humus soil in pond mud, peat soil (i.e. peat soil) and so on. The other two need to be artificially synthesized (i.e. mixed in proportion). For example, humus soil and sandy red soil are evenly mixed in the ratio of 2: 1, and the cultivated spring taro, turtle back bamboo, green radish, Hulk, Liriodendron, colorful bamboo banana and fruit taro (red and emerald color) are called hermaphroditic soil. Another example is: artificial bacterial waste (which must be crushed corn stalk or rice bran or soybean hull), pond mud or sand red, river sand or perlite, with a ratio of 3: 2: 1.
Proportion of mixed soil, cultivate Brazilian iron (Dracaena), all kinds of orchids, velvet, arrowroot and so on. It contains inorganic salts such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and other nutrients needed by flowers. It can be cultivated for a long time without topdressing and soil replacement, and it is an ideal indoor flower cultivation soil.
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Temperature and light: Different plants have different distributions at different altitudes, forming a suitable area (living environment) for each plant. Different living environments have different requirements for temperature, humidity and illumination time of flowers. Pseudo betel nut, banma, manlvrong, fortune tree, etc. Introduced from the tropics to the subtropics, it is suitable for indoor and outdoor cultivation in the tropics, and moved to the subtropics, with strong ultraviolet rays in summer and easy to burn; It is vulnerable to frost in winter, so it is impossible to overwinter in the wild, so it must be moved into a greenhouse or indoors.
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Water: Water is the lifeblood of plants, and each plant has different needs for water. For example: Orchidaceae, Theaceae, Gramineae, some plants in each family have similar water demand, but they are different from each other. Orchidaceae plants are negative flowers, and Theaceae plants are semi-negative. The water requirement of flowers in these two families is less than that in Gramineae. Gramineae flowers are mostly positive flowers, and the water requirements of different varieties in the family are different.
In central Yunnan, the water supply of flowers changes with the seasons: from late spring to early summer to late autumn and early winter, the temperature is high, the rainfall is abundant, the plants grow vigorously, and the water demand increases greatly, so you should choose to water them in the morning and evening to avoid scalding. Indoor flowers need to be watered once every 10 day because of high air humidity and low transpiration of indoor leaves. From the first time in first frost to the next spring (that is, the cold spring), the air was dry, the temperature was low, and the water temperature was relatively low. Try to choose a sunny afternoon for watering. Be especially careful when watering indoor foliage plants. The water temperature of indoor flowers must be between 25℃ and 38℃ before use.
Second, the reproduction of flowers.
Can be divided into sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
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Sexual reproduction; Seeds obtained through sexual (fertilization) processes are used to breed new individuals. In order to obtain excellent seeds, it is necessary to have excellent parents and reasonably store the seeds collected by excellent plants. Some must be on-demand. Such as: star anise, cymbidium, linden cypress, Ailanthus altissima, etc. Stored seeds must be kept in a cool, ventilated and dry room. Seeds of pine, Chinese fir, cypress and Gramineae can be stored for one year. The bulbs of bulbous flowers are limited to half a year, such as vanilla, lily, tuberose (herb) and gladiolus.
(2)
Asexual propagation: propagation by vegetative organs of plants, including cutting, rooting, layering, grafting, tissue culture, etc. And make it a new plant. Bougainvillea, all kinds of papaya begonia, cherry, five-color plum (3 kinds), oleander, rose, rose, juniper, boxwood, rose, gardenia, bamboo, crape myrtle, etc. The asexual reproduction of flower varieties will affect the survival rate due to seasonal changes. Bamboo, our special correspondent bougainvillea, oleander, winter jasmine, wisteria, crape myrtle, etc. The survival rate is higher in spring, the survival rate of Rosaceae and Salicaceae is higher from autumn to before standing, but the survival rate of bougainvillea is lower after autumn. In order to improve the survival rate, the following hormones can be used, namely: anthocyanin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, α-naphthylacetic acid, indolebutyric acid, ethyl acetate and growth retardants.
Third, the classification of potted flowers
At present, potted flowers in Yiliang can be roughly divided into three types according to their biological characteristics and the requirements of commercial production: positive flowers, negative flowers and neutral flowers.
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Positive flowers: generally can grow healthily under strong light, such as bougainvillea (bougainvillea) 10.
Other species: white orchid (osmanthus fragrans), osmanthus fragrans (3 species), lily (2 species), crab claw orchid, cactus (3 species), cactus, Milan, banana Michelia, Phoebe bournei (4 species), rose (10 species), rose (4 species), five-needle pine, etc. Magnolia grandiflora (3 species) German (2 species), Nandina domestica, Winter jasmine, Poinsettia, safflower, cypress (6 species), gardenia (2 species), geranium (5 species), Tenjikukatsura, Swallow chrysanthemum, Dianthus, Carnation, Dianthus (7 species), Bamboo (5 species) Yucca, Magnolia officinalis.
(2) Negative flowers: generally, they can grow and develop normally under the condition of low light with a shading degree of more than 50%, such as: spring taro, tortoise-backed bamboo, fake betel nut (only Yiliang), dragon blood tree (only Yiliang), fruit taro (red and emerald color), green radish, green velvet, mountain dragon, rich bamboo and bean green.
(3) Neutral flowers have little to do with light intensity, such as: tea plum (2 species), snow, beautiful autumn, winter coral, violet, rhododendron (except Belgian rhododendron), cycad (5 species), Impatiens balsamina, asparagus, how to wear grass on wheat, ivy (3 species) and Podocarpus, which are between positive flowers and negative flowers.
Fourth, the modeling of potted flowers.
Potted flowers can be divided into herbaceous flowers and woody flowers, and the modeling of herbaceous flowers can often be completed by pinching and cutting for 2-3 times. Woody flowers must be picked many times. Only by picking leaves, flowers, fruits, buds, buds, binding and modeling can plastic surgery be completed. Woody flower bonsai includes flower bonsai, fruit bonsai, landscape bonsai, rock bonsai and pile bonsai. Among them, it doesn't take a long time to see flowers and fruits in bonsai, and it can be completed in one to three years. The growth of landscape, rocks and deposits takes more than three years, and it takes decades to complete the whole modeling process.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Cultivation and management of potted flowers
Potted flowers can be divided into four types: open-field flowers, greenhouse flowers, promotion and suppression cultivation, and soilless cultivation. The first two types are commonly used.
(1) Management of flower cultivation in the open field: including land preparation, bed making, propagation, thinning, transplanting, irrigation, fertilization, intertillage weeding, shaping and pruning, overwintering and crop rotation.
Annual flowers: mostly tropical flowers or herbal flowers. Tropical flowers are not hardy and die as soon as they freeze. Two-year-old flowers are more hardy than annual flowers, and spring sowing is suitable. Biennial flowers degenerate quickly. In order to prevent the institutional and biological mixing of varieties, cover pine needles or sterilized grass after sowing and water them in time. Transplant the seedlings when they grow to 10cm, strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, and pick the heart, leaves, flowers and shapes in time.
Perennial flowers are buried deeply, grow vigorously, have strong adaptability and strong ability to resist adverse natural environment. Once planted, it can blossom and bear fruit for many years. I like loose soil rich in humus at seedling stage and acidic soil after the second year. Pay attention to water, fertilizer, intertillage weeding and other maintenance measures at seedling stage. After planting for one year, the plants will flourish and have many big flowers. It's best to topdress the new buds in spring, before and after flowering, and apply decomposed manure or compost around the plants after autumn.
The cultivation of bulbous flowers is mostly underground, so it is required to choose plots with good ventilation and good drainage for planting. The planting depth varies with the soil quality, the purpose and species of a plant, and is generally three times higher than that of the seed ball.
Aquatic flowers are mostly plants, and most of them are not cold-tolerant. They are planted in early summer in a way similar to perennial flowers.
(2) Cultivation and management of greenhouse flowers; Pot changing and medium-term management of greenhouse flowers are similar to ground flowers, and so is fertilization. Because the living environment in the greenhouse is inconsistent with the outside world, it is necessary to scientifically determine the watering times, watering time and watering amount. Generally, water it once every 3-4 days in spring and summer, and once every 2 days in autumn and winter1-. Pour it thoroughly every time.
(3) Promoting and inhibiting cultivation: This method can accelerate and prolong the flowering period, and provide a guarantee for the balanced production of flowers in four seasons and the supply of flowers in festivals.
(4) Soilless culture: including hydroponics, substrate culture and other soilless culture methods.
(5) Fertilization of flowers: flowers absorb a lot of nutrients from the cultivated soil to meet their own needs. Mainly nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), boron (B), manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr). The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P and K) in soil are far from meeting the needs of flowers and trees, and must be supplemented by regular fertilization. There is much rain in the south, and calcium and magnesium (Ca and Mg) are easy to be lost, so it needs to be supplemented appropriately. Fertilization should be timely, appropriate and less diligent. Blue plants generally do not need fertilization. Potted flowers placed indoors (two pots in central Yunnan) are fertilized with 10-30 compound fertilizers each time. When applying fertilizer, it is not advisable to put the fertilizer on the base, so as not to burn the roots and is not conducive to absorption. Fertilizer should be applied to the edge of the basin, and it should not be dissolved in water as far as possible, so as not to scatter on the leaves and burn them. Apply 1-2 times a month in spring and summer, and apply 1 time a month in autumn and winter or not. Due to the large outdoor temperature difference, sufficient heat in spring and summer, sufficient water supply, vigorous growth, loss of fertility due to rainfall and loss of minerals, it is necessary to continuously supplement fertilizers and minerals. Usually apply it once a week in spring and summer. According to the specifications of pots and the size of plants, the amount of fertilizer applied to pots over seven inches and pots over four feet can be increased to 65,438+00-20. The fertilization amount of potted flowers with specifications below two feet should be reduced appropriately, with 4-5 flowers per pot.
Six, potted flower pest control
The principle of flower pest control is "prevention first, comprehensive management", which should be: 1, and strengthen quarantine: when introducing flowers, be careful not to bring back harmful organisms and pathogens, which is a big problem in flower production at present and must be paid enough attention by business departments, flower farmers and flower lovers. 2. Protect natural enemies: such as ladybug, aphid Jifeng, aphid -4, scarlet, etc. And all kinds of spiders and toads, frogs and beneficial birds and plants on the ground are under protection. 3. Light trapping: 24 pairs of black lights can be used to trap and kill some phototactic pests. 4. Heat treatment: If there are root mites harmful to bulbs such as Narcissus, Tulip and Tangchang, the bulbs can be treated with hot water and soaked in 44℃ water for 4 hours or 45℃ hot water for 3 hours to kill all the root mites. 5, artificial capture: this method can be used for family flowers. 6. Drug control: Common underground pests mainly include grubs (white clay silkworms); Control methods: ① Spraying 50% phoxim EC 65,438+0,500 times in rhizosphere, and the mortality rate can reach 65,438+0,000%; 98.3% can also be achieved with 2000 times of liquid. (2) When 50% phoxim EC is used to irrigate roots, the death rate can reach 1500-2000 times; 2500 times the solution can also reach 92. 5%.
Method of killing ants: 70% mirex powder is directly sprinkled on the surface of rhizosphere soil with ant colonies, or scattered around ant nests and ant passages, or spread as bait. In addition, spraying powders such as lindane, chlordane and heptachlor on the soil surface with active ant colonies also has good effects.
Prevention and control methods of snails and slugs: ① Spray tea seed cake water (bubble: 1: 15) or soaked tea seed cake crumbs around the rhizosphere of damaged flowers; ② Spraying 8% Miwoling granules on the surface of rhizosphere soil. The effective method of controlling earthworm with mirex is to use chlordane, heptachlor and carbaryl powder (per square meter 1- 1.5g) or tea seed cake water (blisters 1∶ 15).
Control method of Ma Lu (Hemiptera): Use 25% carbaryl or 25% diazinon, and add 500 times of water to the soil surface inside and outside the basin.
The main species of leaf-eating pests and their control methods: ① Using parasitic bee protectors to protect natural enemies. In the emergence stage (from late May to mid-June), black light was used to trap and kill adults; (2) Before the larvae disperse, spray 50% chlorfenapyr or 50% phoxim 800- 1000 times or 10-20% pyrethroid 1000-2000 times each; ③ The effect of spraying Br emulsion containing 1000 billion/ton spores with 500 times aqueous solution is also limited. The composition is polyacetal, and the effect is very good.
The control methods of moths (also known as marsupials) are as follows: ① protecting and using umbrella skirts of dominant natural enemies to chase flies; ② Trapping and killing male adults with black light; BBt spore ml made of Br emulsion or Br emulsion or Br-NPV microbial mixture contains 5- 10.7NPV particles 1× 10.6, and the effect is good. ③ Spraying 50% phoxim 1000 times is effective.
Prevention and control methods of moths: ① trapping and killing adults with black light at the emergence stage, trapping and collecting mature larvae in the trunk of woody flowers-sokcho, and then killing them; (2) Spraying 50% chlorfenapyr or 50% phoxim 1000 times or 1000-2000 times.
Main species and control of piercing-sucking mouthparts pests;
Control methods of Myzus persicae and Myzus gossypii: ① Apply yellow plastic plate to absorb powder in heavy oil field. (2) Protect natural enemies, including parasitic wasps, predatory aphids and ladybugs, as well as pathogenic aphids, molds and other microorganisms. ③ Drug control: a. Plant medicine: 3% natural pyrethrin, 25% Derris extract and 40% tobacco extract sulfate can be released into 800- 1200 times solution, with good effect and high safety; B pyrethroids, such as deltamethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, pyrethroids, etc. Most of the effective content is 20%, and 2000-3000 times of water can be added, which has a quick knock-down effect but is easy to produce resistance; C, 40% acephate EC (HPP) 1000 times solution, 40% omethoate, good internal absorption and conductivity, 2000 times solution spraying, 50- 100 times solution coating stem.
Control methods of Ceroplastes rubra: ① Spraying 40% omethoate or 50% fenitrothion, 50% monocrotophos 65,438+0,000 times or 20% pyrethroid 65,438+0,500-2,000 times during the incubation period, and spraying 65,438 times every sunny day from early June. (2) Protect natural enemies, ladybug red lip and ladybug Mongolia (for the medicine of mealybug, the control method is also referred to).
The main species of drill string pests and their prevention and control: the prevention and control methods of longicorn beetles: ① Adults often climb from the crown to the trunk at noon on sunny days to mate and lay eggs, which is easy to catch. ② Because the cavity is not deep, it is generally in cortex and shoots. If you find tooth decay, you can pick it with a knife. (3) release the dominant natural enemy swollen eye peak. ④ The bottom of the trunk should be painted white (ratio: lime sulfur iodine 10: 1 salt and water).
Prevention and control methods of wood moth: ① trapping and killing adults with black light. (2) Cut and collect the branches broken by the wind and burn them in time. (3) instilling a mixture of fenitrothion and omethoate into the cavities.
The main types of plant infectious diseases are:
1, damping-off disease: Also known as damping-off disease, it mainly harms seedlings of various plants. Control methods: ① Disinfect seeds with 0.3% thiram. ② At the initial stage of the disease, try spraying 50% clonidine 500 times solution, or 75% chlorothalonil 800 times solution, 1-2 times, or spraying 60% carbendazim 500 times solution twice a week, with an interval of 3-4 days each time, so as to inhibit its spread.
2. Bacterial blight (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum): Control methods: ① Mix the soil with 70% pentachloronitrobenzene. ② Soil replacement. ③ Rotation for more than 4 years. ④ Add 0.7 kg of Hartz into 50 kg of culture soil for pot culture. ⑤ Proper ventilation to avoid over-dense cultivation.
3. Control methods of powdery mildew: ① increase the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer for disease-resistant varieties. ② Spraying 25% triadimefon wettable powder 2000 times, or 20% triadimefon emulsion 4000 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times and dixone 1000 times at the initial stage of the disease.
4. Downy mildew: prevention and control methods. Spraying 50% zineb 600 times solution, 20% metalaxyl 400 times solution and 50% chlorpyrifos 4000 times solution at the initial stage of the disease all have effects.
5. Rust prevention and control methods: ① selecting female parent plants; ② Spraying 40% triadimefon 4000 times or 20% triadimefon 2000 times; Or spray with 20% triadimefon emulsifiable concentrate 2000 times; Or use 1000 times of 20% Chianling EC for control.
6. Control method of gray mold: spray 80% zineb 500 times solution, 1% Bordeaux solution, 50% nitramine 1000 times solution or 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution every 0/0 day for 2-3 times.
7. Prevention and control methods of anthrax: ① Strengthening environmental sanitation and maintenance management; ② When the disease occurs, the diseased branches can be cut off and the pests burned, and then the Bordeaux mixture of 1: 100 can be sprayed to prevent the spread, or 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 500 times of 50% Bupleurum wettable powder can be sprayed every 10-65433 for 3-4 times.
8. Control methods of leaf spot disease: ① selecting resistant varieties; ② 75% chlorothalonil, 50% tolson zinc, and 50% diclofenac can be sprayed with 500 times of any concentrated solution, about 10 day/time.
9. Control methods of Fusarium wilt: ① Rotation; (2) loose sand is selected for digging in sunny days; ③ Soak bulbs in 500 times of 50% carbendazim solution for half an hour before planting, and then mix them with 50% thiram powder for planting.