First, the Northern Song Dynasty
The Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127) is a dynasty after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in the history of China, and nine emperors enjoyed 167. Together with the Southern Song Dynasty, it is also called Song. Because the royal family is surnamed Zhao, it is also called Zhao.
In the seventh year of Xiande (960), the generals of the later Zhou Dynasty launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, made Zhao Kuangyin emperor, established the Song Dynasty, made Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo its capital, and changed it to Stegosaurus. Later, the military power was released through a glass of wine, and the general power and financial power were concentrated in the central government, avoiding the chaotic situation of the separatist regime in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. ?
But it also led to the defeat of the Song Dynasty in the war with Liao, Xixia and Jin. In the first year of Jingkang (1 126), the disaster of Jingkang occurred, and the following year was destroyed by the state of Jin.
Second, major events
1, Yongxi Northern Expedition
The Northern Expedition in Yongxi refers to the historical event that Song Taizong sent 200,000 troops to cut Liao in three ways in 986 (the third year of Yongxi) to recover the sixteen states ceded by Shi Jingtang to Liao at the end of Jin Dynasty.
In the third year of Yongxi (986), Song Taizong took advantage of the establishment of a new monarch in Liao Dynasty and sent three armies to the Northern Expedition.
At first, the three-way army marched smoothly and recovered a lot of lost ground. However, with the defeat of the Northwest Route Army's Mi Xin New Town Campaign, and the defeat of Cao Bin, the Eastern Route Army, by Yelvxiuge, a famous Liao country, in Qigou Pass (now southwest of Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province), Song Taizong urgently ordered Song Jun's Third Route Army to retreat, and ordered the West Route Army under the command of Pan Mei and Yang Ye to escort the people.
Wang Shu, the supervisor of the army, and Pan Mei, the head coach, made mistakes in command, chickened out and withdrew first, which led to the siege of Yang Ye. Yang Ye fought alone and was finally wounded and captured. He fasted for three days and died heroically.
Yongxi Northern Expedition was the second strategic attack on Liao during the Song and Liao Wars. The success or failure of this strategic attack not only changed the situation of Song and Liao sides militarily, but also had a great influence on the internal affairs of Song Dynasty.
The failure of this war changed the strategic relationship between Song and Liao from offensive to defensive, thus making the relationship with Liao "finally depressed". Until the signing of the single source alliance, Song and Liao countries generally maintained a peaceful situation.
2. Luoyuan Alliance
Chán's deep alliance was an agreement reached between the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao State after twenty-five years of war.
1004 (the first year of Jingde, Song Zhenzong) In autumn, Xiao Taihou and Liao Shengzong led their troops south to the Song Dynasty. Some ministers advocated fleeing to the south from the enemy, and Song Zhenzong also wanted to flee to the south. At the urging of Prime Minister Kou Zhun, he went to the bidding state.
Song Jun held fast to the town behind Liao soldiers, and shot Xiao Tuolan, a general of Liao soldiers, at the entrance of Kuizhou (Puyang, Henan). Due to its own reasons, the Liao Dynasty secretly communicated with the Northern Song Dynasty court through the surrender of Wang Jizhong by Lao Liao.
Song Zhenzong also agreed to make peace and sent Cao Liyong to Liao Ying for negotiations. 1February (100565438+1October) signed a peace treaty with Liao: Liao and Song were brotherly countries, and Song gave Liao 65438+202,000 silver silks every year, with Baigou River as the boundary. Because Gezhou (Puyang, Henan) was also called Ge Yuan County in Song Dynasty, it was called "Ge Yuan League" in history.
After nearly a hundred years, there was no large-scale war in Song and Liao Dynasties. Courtesy is reciprocal, courtesy is reciprocal. Both sides did * * * as many as 380 times. There was a famine in the border areas of Liao dynasty, and people were sent to the border for disaster relief in Song dynasty. The news of Song Zhenzong's collapse came, and the Emperor Shengzong of Liao "gathered the ministers of Han Dynasty to mourn, and all the empresses wept."
3. East India and West Sacrifice
In the first year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu in the Northern Song Dynasty (1008), a vigorous "heavenly book" worship movement was launched nationwide and lasted for more than ten years.
Song Zhenzong, accompanied by a captain Pang Dayi, sealed Mount Tai in the east. In four years, he arrived in Fenyin (now Wanrong County, Shanxi Province) with a grand ceremony, and arrived after the sacrifice. Amnesty was a sensation.
The Northern Song Dynasty ended the Five Dynasties Rebellion and opened a new period of feudal society in China. This is not only a grand ceremony to prove the legitimacy, rationality and authority of the imperial power of Zhao and Song, but also an ideological movement to integrate and adjust the political order of the ruling class, strengthen ideology and build spiritual beliefs.
Song Zhenzong traveled east to Mount Tai to seal the Zen land, and fortunately Qufu offered sacrifices to Confucius; In the west, people went to the altar in the shade to worship the afterlife, and went to zhenyuan county, Bozhou (now Luyi County, Henan Province) to worship the Taiqing Palace, worship Taoism and worship God, and build temples. There are many complaints among the people.
Celebrate the calendar and discuss it.
Celebrating the calendar and negotiating peace is the "Song-Xia Peace Talks" in A.D. 1044. Yuan Hao of Xixia became a vassal of the Northern Song Dynasty, but the Northern Song Dynasty gave Xixia silk15,000 horses, 72,000 taels of silver and 30,000 Jin of tea every year. In the Northern Song Dynasty, he paid the annual currency and became a "monarch" to protect one side's "national peace and security".
After the Li Qing peace talks were reached, Yuan Hao sent envoys to the Song Dynasty many times, demanding that the Song Dynasty open its border areas. In the fifth year of Li Qing, the Song government decided to set up two kiosks in Anping, namely, Baoan Army (now Zhidan, Shaanxi Province) and Zhenrongjun (now Guyuan, Ningxia), to resume trade between the two sides.
However, Yuan Hao still claimed to be the emperor in China and exercised monarchical power. He didn't want to receive the envoys of the Song Dynasty with a guest ceremony in front of the people of Xia State and expose his vassal status to the Song Dynasty. He refused to accept all the envoys sent by the Song Dynasty, placed them in Yizhou (now Jingbian East, Shaanxi Province) and refused to let them go to Xingqing House, the capital of Xia State.
Step 5 celebrate the new deal
Li Qing's new policy refers to the reform carried out during the period of China, Song Renzong and Li Qing (104 1- 1048). During the period of Song Renzong, the bureaucracy was huge, the administrative efficiency was low, and the people lived in poverty. Liao and Xixia threatened the northern and northwest frontiers, and the social crisis became more and more serious.
In the third year of Li Qing (1043), Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi, Han Qi and Du Yan were in power at the same time, while Ouyang Xiu, Cai Xiang, Wang Su and Yu Jin were all admonishers.
Fan Zhongyan put forward the 10 reform idea centered on rectifying the official management, such as "openly appealing to the people, suppressing fluky psychology, paying tribute carefully, selecting officials, sharing the common land equally, cultivating agriculture and mulberry, repairing military equipment, reducing corvee, promoting good faith and giving heavy orders".
Obviously, most of its measures are aimed at bureaucracy, aiming at limiting redundant staff, improving efficiency and saving money. Ouyang Xiu and others have also talked about things. Renzong adopted most of the opinions and implemented the New Deal.
The imperial edict to Zhongshu, Privy Council and Privy Council all chose different ways to dispatch envoys and raise some prisons; It is stipulated that officials must assess their achievements on time and rise and fall according to their achievements. It is stipulated that except for the eldest son, the rest of the descendants must be at least 15 years old, and the younger brother and nephew must be at least 20 years old to get the favor. The favor background must pass a certain examination to get the official position.
It also stipulates the number of local official fields. Li Qing four years (1044), the imperial examination law has changed. In addition, imperial edicts were issued to reduce corvee, abolish and merge counties, and reduce corvee.
Because the New Deal violated the interests of aristocratic bureaucrats, it was blocked by them. At the beginning of the following year (1045), Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi, Ouyang Xiu and others were expelled from the court one after another, and various reforms were abolished. Although this reform failed, it started Wang Anshi's political reform.
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