Terminalia chebula Also known as Hulile, Xiqingguo and Malai (Dai language). Deciduous trees of Juniperaceae. Location: Lincang, Dehong and Baoshan in Yunnan Province. Guangdong, Guangxi and Xishuangbanna, Yunnan are all cultivated. Foreign products are produced in India, Malaysia, Myanmar and other countries. Mature fruit (terminalia chebula) and young fruit (orange) are used as medicine. The fruit contains terminal element, terminal acid, myristic acid, prototerminal acid, gallic acid, shikimic acid, dehydroshikimic acid, quinic acid, sennoside A, amino acids and sugars. Pharmacological tests show that Chebula decoction has antibacterial effect on Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, diphtheria and other bacteria. The extract can inactivate influenza. Clinically used for lobar pneumonia and bacillary dysentery. Terminal element has papaverine-like spasmolytic effect on smooth muscle; Sennoside A, like rhubarb, has the function of diarrhea first and then convergence; It also has anthelmintic effect. Terminalia chebula tastes bitter, astringent and warm. It has the function of astringing intestine and astringing lung. For chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, proctoptosis, bloody stool, leucorrhea, chronic cough, chronic laryngitis and hoarseness. Fructus Canarii Immaturus has the functions of clearing away heat, promoting fluid production and detoxicating.
I. Morphological characteristics
The height of the tree is10-30m-30m, and the young branches are rusty. Simple leaves alternate or subopposite, petiole with 2(-4) glands; The leaves are oval or oval, 7-15cm long and 4-8.5cm wide. When I was young, my back was covered with rust-colored fuzz, and the old leaves were hairless, densely covered with fine nodules, whole or microwave-like. Axillary or terminal spikes form panicles; Flowers small, bisexual, yellow, calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed, triangular, with yellowish brown fur inside; Petals missing; Stamens10; Ovary cylindrical, hairy, long and thick style. The drupe is oval or ovoid, with a length of 2.5-4.5 cm and a width of 1.9-2.3 cm, and is slightly pentagonal when dry (Figure 15-26).
Figure 15—26 Morphological diagram of terminalia chebula
1. Fruit branch 2. Flowers 3. Perianth cut to show the appearance of stamens.
Second, biological characteristics.
Biological characteristics of (1) seeds
The life span of terminalia chebula seeds covered with hard stone is longer than that of other seeds of southern medicine, and the germination rate has not decreased obviously after one year of ventilation storage. Some seeds are poorly developed, so the germination rate of sowing with stones is only 56%, while the germination rate of good seeds without stones can reach 86%, which makes them germinate faster. Without peeling, the germination rate was only 2.5%, and tannin stained the soil. When the ten-day average temperature of sowing date is 15.2- 15.8℃, the initial stage of germination is 33 days after sowing and the peak stage of germination is 39 days. Under the conditions of 18 and 2-20.6℃, the initial germination period was 17 days and the peak germination period was 28 days. At 24.7℃, the initial germination period was 13 days and the peak germination period was 16 days. Germination in the open field is faster than that in the shade shed.
(2) Growth and development and its requirements for environmental conditions
Terminalia chebula seedlings grow faster. Extensive management, annual seedlings as high as1m. Two-year-old budding tree, with an average plant height of 3.8m, a height of 50cm above the ground and a stem circumference of 13cm. Seedling trees bear fruit 3-6 years after planting, some trees only bear fruit 10 years, and budding trees can bear fruit 2-3 years earlier. Longevity, Guangxi has more than 100 years of mother trees. Jinghong, Yunnan, the annual average temperature is 2 1.8℃, the monthly average minimum temperature is 15.7℃, and the leaves fall in October (monthly average temperature 15.7℃), and new buds germinate in late March (the average temperature in ten days is 22℃). New leaves germinate in April, and buds begin to appear in late April. Flowering and fruiting in May-July, fruit ripening in mid-June, 65438+ 10 to the following year. In Nanning, Guangxi, the annual average temperature is 265,438 0.6℃, and the monthly average minimum temperature is 65,438 0.2.8℃. Leaves begin to fall every month, and new leaves sprout and bloom at the same time in April-May of the following year. It blooms again in July-September, and the fruit matures in September-March of the following year.
Terminalia chebula has strong adaptability. Yunnan and western Yunnan are mostly born on hillsides and roadsides. Drought resistance, sun resistance, high temperature resistance and frost resistance. The northern part of China is about 24 north latitude in the west of Yunnan Province, and most of it is produced between 950- 1850 m above sea level. It is the main producing area of terminalia chebula in China. For example, in Zhenkang, Lincang, the annual average temperature is 18.9℃, the monthly average minimum temperature is 1 1.8℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is -2. 1- 1.9℃. Hainan Island in the south, such as Xinglong in Wanning County, is located at18 44' north latitude and 36.3m above sea level, with an annual average temperature of 26℃, a monthly average minimum temperature of 18.9-20.4℃, a monthly average maximum temperature of 24-25℃ and an extreme maximum temperature of 39℃. Terminally distributed terminally distributed terminally distributed terminally distributed terminally distributed terminally distributed terminally distributed terminally distributed terminally. The rainfall in the main producing areas of China is about 1000- 1500mm. The requirements for soil are not strict, but it is best to be loose and fertile and need good drainage.
Third, cultivation techniques.
(1) land selection and preparation
Terminalia chebula is thick, which can be used for afforestation in barren hills or planted in gardens, fields, villages, roadsides and gaps in front of and behind houses. It is required to choose a place with sufficient sunshine and good drainage. For example, seedling trees are planted in pieces of 5x5m, and budding trees are dug in rows of 4x4m. The pit is 60cm wide and 50cm deep, and sufficient organic fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer.
(2) Breeding methods
1. Seed propagation This method is used to cultivate rootstocks and graft the same rootstocks. Harvest ripe fruits, remove the pulp and dry them in the sun or in the shade. The temperature rose in March, and the 1000-grain weight was 2169.0g sow. Before sowing, gently break the core-shell with a small hammer and take out the seed kernel; When the quantity is large, you can also sow with shells. First, accelerate germination in the open sand. After 10-20 days, it can be transplanted to the seedbed in batches with the row spacing of 20× 15cm. When the seedling height is 20 cm, use dilute human excrement to topdress. Weed frequently in rainy season and pay attention to drainage.
2. Bud grafting propagation
When the seedlings are off the ground 10-20 cm and the stem diameter is above 1cm, they can germinate in the rainy season and the bark is easy to peel. Choose strong, high-quality and high-yield mother trees with buds. Buding method refers to the method of nux vomica. This method can dwarf the crown of the tree, which is beneficial to fruit picking, and can bear fruit early and maintain the excellent characteristics of the mother plant.
You can also dig out the seedlings from the roots and carry out root tillering propagation.
(3) Planting
Generally, seedlings are raised in the first year, and when it rains in the second year and the bark is easy to peel off, bud grafting is carried out in the nursery. When the grafted buds germinate (the germination time should not be longer than 1cm), the grafted buds should be dug up and planted in time. It can also be planted in the first year and germinated in the ground in the second year. If seedlings are used for planting, they should be carried out when the growth of new leaves is stable, or before germination in the defoliation period in spring, not when new buds germinate.
(4) Site management
Pay attention to the protection of grafted seedlings, and knock off the budding branches on the rootstock at any time to ensure the healthy growth of grafted seedlings. Dwarf crops, such as soybeans, peanuts and sweet potatoes, can be planted among small trees without shading. It not only increases income, but also strengthens soil management, which is beneficial to the growth of terminalia chebula. Through topping, pruning and shaping, the crown grows evenly and horizontally, achieving dwarfing, which is beneficial to fruit picking and consciously cultivating dwarfing varieties.
(5) Pests and their control
The codling moth is a new record in China. Larvae damages the leaves of medicinal plants such as terminalia chebula, ebony, Prunus tomentosa and Quirrell, leaving only veins. In severe cases, the leaves will be eaten up. There are four generations a year in Hainan Island, and the second generation of adults is over summer. The occurrence period of each generation is February-March, March-April,10-165438+10, and 65438+February to February of the following year. Eureka worm It is an important natural enemy of larvae and plays an important role in controlling the second generation population, so attention should be paid to protection and utilization. Prevention and control methods: clear the garden and dispose of garbage; Spraying 800-fold solution of 90% trichlorfon, 40% dimethoate EC 1000-fold solution or 5% carbaryl powder in June and mid-June respectively.
Third, harvesting and processing.
The harvest season varies with the climatic conditions in different places. Generally, mature fruits are harvested in autumn, winter and spring, and dried in the sun for 5-6 days, which is the traditional Chinese medicine terminalia chebula. The peel contains tannin, so please turn it gently when it is dry, so as not to damage the peel, prevent it from blackening and reduce the quality. In June and July, young fruits with index finger thickness, fragile chewing core and no lignification are picked, scalded in boiling water for 2-3 minutes (or without scalding in boiling water), and dried or dried in the sun, that is, the west olive. After drying, the packaging device is stored in a dry place.
At the initial stage of production, a single plant can harvest 20-30 kilograms of fresh fruit; After 9- 10 years, each plant can harvest100-150kg; /kloc-after 0/5 years, each plant can harvest 300-400 kg. The output of each fresh fruit is as high as 500 kg. After drying every 100kg fresh fruit, 50-60 kg dried fruit can be obtained.