Such sentences are called passive sentences. In classical Chinese, passive sentences are often expressed by "for ..." and "see ..." and their corresponding variant structures.
(a) "By ..." 1. "By ..." (Wu Ju) In a county far away, it will be merged by others. ("Battle of Red Cliffs") * "For ..." For ... for ... for.
(The Hongmen Banquet) 2. "Why ..." If you die, you will laugh at the world. Why? (Shang Qin) ② "See ... in ..."1."See ... in ..." (1) Afraid of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao. (Biography of Lian Lin) 2 Parents laugh at the generous family.
("Autumn Water") 2. "I see ..." If you want to give it to Qin, Qin Cheng may not get it, but he will only see arrogance. (Biography of Lianlin) 3. "Yu ..." Wang Huai was confused by Zheng Xiu and bullied by Yi Cheung.
(3) The verb itself is passive. This is an ideological passive sentence that needs to be judged according to the context.
For example, from this perspective, Wang's cover is very embarrassing. (2) Fu Shuo is raised between buildings, and glue is raised in fish and salt ... ("Mencius") (3) Pasturing is the punishment, and Handan is the county.
(4) In modern Chinese, "Bei" and "Bei" are often used to express passive relations, which are also found in classical Chinese, but rarely. For example: ① You are loyal and vilified, can you have no complaints? (2) I can't give the whole land of Wu, hundreds of thousands of people, to the people.
(Battle of Red Cliffs) Second, the ellipsis sentence (1) is divided into 1 by province. The subject ellipsis is that the wild snake in Yongzhou is black and white. (The Snake Catcher said) 2. Omitting the predicate means courage.
High spirits, then decline, three exhausted ... (Cao Gui Debate) 3. The omission of verb objects is to make great contributions to each other and to worship Shangqing. (Lian Po Lin Xiangru Biography) 4. Omission of prepositional objects-The objects of prepositions "Yu", "Yi" and "Wei" are often omitted.
(1) denier, guests come from outside, and sit and talk. (2) If Zheng Wu is good for you, dare to disturb the deacon.
(3) this person one by one. (Peach Blossom Garden) 5. Omission of Prepositions-Prepositions "Yu" and "Yi" are often omitted.
(1) Put a chicken in the belly of a fish and try again, and it will be as good as before. 6. Part-time language ellipsis ① The "Chen She family" of foreign generals [Fu Su] is not as good as it is now.
(2) According to the context (1). For example, there are different snakes in the wild in Yongzhou, some are black and some are white.
The old minister is ill and can't run away. He can't see for a long time. ② Hou Meng Province.
For example, Pei Gong said to Sean, "I'm going to join the army, and many people will enter." (3) Dialogue province.
For example, "Who is happier when one is with others?" Say, "Don't be with others." Third, verb inversion in order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes placed before the subject.
For example, (1) is embarrassing and you don't benefit! ("Gong Yu Yishan") It' s urgent to be in the public! 4. Preposition Object In modern Chinese, the object is often located behind the predicate as the object of the predicate. In classical Chinese, under certain conditions, objects often appear as prepositional objects before predicates.
There are three special cases: 1. In the negative sentence of prepositional object, when the negative adverbs are "no", "nothing", "Wei" and "nothing" and the object is a pronoun, the object usually comes first. For example: ① Don't worry about people who don't know themselves, but worry about people who don't know themselves.
(2) I didn't cheat and there was no danger. (3) There is no biography in later generations, and I have never heard of it.
(4) You know a hundred things and think you are yourself. (2) In interrogative sentences, the pronoun preposition is the object. When the interrogative pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition, the object is often placed in front of the verb or preposition. For example, ① Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" (The Hongmen Banquet) Wes, who are we going home with? Such interrogative pronouns generally include: Who, He, Dad, Hu, Evil, An and Yan.
3. Preposition objects marked by "Zhi" and "Shi". For example: (1) I know a hundred things and think I don't care about myself, so I call it also.
("Zhuangzi? Qiu Shui) Fujin, why do you hate it? ("The Candle Warns Teacher Qin") 3 Mercenaries Figure 4. Preposition "one" preposition object 1 cultivate one's morality day and night, and prosper the country with virtue 3. The whole stone is the bottom.
2. What symbols are used in classical Chinese to mark different sentence patterns? The following markers are used to mark different sentence patterns in classical Chinese. The detailed judgment methods and marks are as follows: What are the sentence patterns in classical Chinese that are different from those in modern Chinese? There are several types, such as judgment sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence, inverted sentence (special sentence) and fixed structure. Judgment sentences and passive sentences should be mastered from the structural characteristics, ellipsis sentences should be related to the context to infer the omitted part, inversion sentences should master the rules of preposition object, attribute postposition, verb inversion and adverbial postposition, and fixed sentences should remember their own idioms. General sentence pattern 1. ) Zhao Zhiliang will also be a general. At the end of the sentence, it is judged that Xu Gong in the north of the city is also a handsome man of Qi. (3) Judge "four people, the youngest of Luling, the father of Changle, the father of the Jade Emperor's Anping and the father of An Chun" (4) Use the verb "or" for "or". Not for profit (2) You are a big family (5) Adverbs such as "namely", "nai", "ze", "ben", "sincerity" and "su" are used to express positive judgment, and the tone is strengthened, and "no" is used to express negative judgment (1). (2) This is the autumn when sincerity is at stake. (3) Liang Jiang is a dangerous autumn for Chu. Bear's paw is what I want, too ⑧ Give it to non-literati painters. (6) Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly. For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world." (Battle of Red Cliffs) The word "yes" that appears before the predicate in the sentence of "special reminder" is generally not a judgment word, but a demonstrative pronoun. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese in the pre-Qin period, but it was used more and more frequently after the Han Dynasty. Secondly, the so-called passivity in passive sentences means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior represented by the verb, not the active and implementer. There is a sign (1) that smiles at the world with "Wei" or "Wei …". "(... laughed at by the world)" (giant) is far away from the county seat and will be merged by others. ("Zi" (2) Can you complain about being slandered by negative and loyal people by using "Bei"? "(loyalty is vilified by others, can you not dislike it? (3) Use "see" or "see ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. This situation refers to passive sentences that are not verbalized. For example, "Jingzhou people attached symbols, forcing soldiers to listen to orders." (Zi Tongzhi Jian) The "forcing soldiers" here means "being forced by the military situation". "Attention" and "seeing" have special usages and tables. Putting it before the verb means that the action is biased to one side, which is a polite expression of "how to look at yourself", such as "forgive me" in modern Chinese, which will be explained in detail later. 3. The subject of the ellipsis sentence (1) omits the wild snake in Yongzhou, and the snake is black and white ... (2) The predicate is omitted. All three drums have been used up. (3) The omission of the verb object is as great as merit, and worship (referring to Lin Xiangru) is a noble person. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (4) Ellipsis of prepositional object is what this person said and heard (5) Ellipsis of preposition. The generals fought in Hebei and the ministers fought in Henan. Interrogative modal particles (Hu, Zhu, Zai, Yi, Ye, etc. ) and interrogative adverbs (qi, du, qi, etc. ). Sometimes you don't need interrogative words. In addition, there are some idioms to express rhetorical questions. There are no examples here. Special sentence patterns The following examples are used to translate and explain several special sentence patterns in ancient Chinese that are different from those in modern Chinese. You are too clever. (2) You can worry about other people's difficulties. (The new thief saves Zhao) Translation: "Where can I be anxious about the difficulties of others? "Second, the pronoun preposition object in the negative sentence of preposition object: subject+negative word' no, no, mo, no, fu'+object' Yu, Wu, Er, Zi, Zhi, it is'+verb (1) Three years old, I don't care (say ② People don't agree with my translation: "But people at that time didn't recognize him". (3) Qin people can't help feeling sorry for themselves. 4 don't be unconfident. There is no such thing as "I can't be the king of the world" (Qi Huan Jin Dynasty Story). There is also an idiom: "I don't lie to you, you don't lie to me." Second, the whole sentence must be negative, that is, there must be negative adverbs such as "bu, Wei, Wu (nothing)" or indefinite pronouns's "Mo". Pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words. In the' 2' question, the pronoun preposition object (1) is placed before the verb. The format is: subject and ten objects' who, Hu, He,. (1) Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" .
3. How to distinguish the subject, predicate and object of classical Chinese? The order of Chinese grammatical components in sentences is relatively fixed, and has not changed much since ancient times.
For example, the subject is before the predicate, the object is after the verb, and the modifier is before the modifier, which is consistent from ancient times to modern times. However, there are also a few special word orders in ancient Chinese before the pre-Qin period, which have been imitated by scholars in previous dynasties.
The most special thing is that the object should be placed before the verb under certain conditions: 1. Taking pronouns as objects, such as "I am really incompetent who dares to complain", should be "I am really incompetent who dares to complain" in modern Chinese order; 2. Pronouns in negative sentences are objects, such as "My neighbor didn't kiss me", which should be translated into modern Chinese as "My neighbor didn't kiss me"; 3. Emphasize the object and refer to it with pronouns, such as "only you ask", which should be translated into "only you ask" in modern Chinese, in which "Shi" is the object "you", which refers to many things and emphasizes "you".
4. How to distinguish the subject, predicate and object in classical Chinese is the same as that in modern Chinese, such as "I deeply hate" (I am the subject, hate is the predicate, it is the object, and deep is the adverb of degree).
The trouble is that the ancients often omitted the subject, so they must add it in translation.
What is more tangled is that there are inverted sentences, which need to be restored to normal sentence patterns. For example, "Wan Li goes to Rongji and the mountain is flying" (the last sentence should be Mulan's army flying, omitting the subject and putting the object "Guanshan" in front).
Another example is "you don't know how to appreciate" (the subject is your ignorance, the predicate is your ignorance, and the normal structure is your ignorance. The translation is that you are too smart, even in modern Chinese, but the literal translation shall prevail)
5. How to judge the sentence patterns of classical Chinese in senior high school? What are the signs? There are seven more important sentence patterns, most of which are marked with key function words. Detailed classification and examples can be found in professional reference materials to learn ~
1, sentence
Common signs: ... also ...
2. Passive sentences
Common signs: by ...
3. Elliptic sentences
The pronoun "zhi" as the object is often omitted.
4. Predicate preposition
Common signs: the predicate comes before the subject.
5. Preposition object
Common signs: the object comes before the predicate.
6. Attributive postposition
Common signs: Attribute is placed after the head word.
7. Adverbial Postposition
Common signs: adverbials are placed after predicates.
8. Other sentence patterns
What is a question, why is it a rhetorical question, what is a guess, what is a comparison and what is a juxtaposition.
6. What are the common special sentence patterns in classical Chinese? Examples of Special Sentences in Classical Chinese There are four kinds of special sentences in classical Chinese that are common in junior middle schools: judgment sentences, ellipsis sentences, passive sentences and inversion sentences. First, a judgment sentence expresses the affirmation or negation of objective things and constitutes the relationship between judgment and judgment, which is called a judgment sentence. They are usually composed of the following ways: 1. Judgment sentences expressed by function words with certain sentence patterns, such as "zhe" and "ye". (l) Chen, a native of Yangcheng, is also fighting for her husband. (2) Debate, (3) Surrounding Chu Mountains and Zuiweng Pavilion, (4) Being north of the city, the beauty of Qi is also beautiful. Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi. 2. With the help of words such as "Nai", "Yes", "Wei", "Ze" and "Ben". (1) Fu Su's Chen She family is the founder; (2) Alice is a middleman; (3) Xiang Yan is the Chen She family of General Chu; (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower; (5) This is an example of Zhen Liang's death. Using nouns or noun phrases as predicates to express judgments is also a form of judgment sentences in classical Chinese. (1) Seven Classics and Four Libraries, Book Borrowing by Emperor Huang Sheng (2) Book Borrowing by a Rich Family, Book Borrowing by Huang Sheng (2) Elliptic Sentences Some sentences omit some components of the sentence in a certain language environment. This kind of sentence is called ellipsis. In ancient Chinese, common ellipsis sentences have the following forms: 1. Subject ellipsis (1) The wild snake in Yongzhou, [snake] is black and white, "The Snake Catcher said" (2) [The man in the Peach Blossom Spring] saw the fisherman, but was shocked by the Peach Blossom Spring. Predicate ellipsis (2) Li is the head of the family. 3. The object ellipsis (left) Ambassador [Fu Su] will send soldiers to the Chen She family. (2) The fisherman will go home. (4) Preposition ellipsis (L) Chen She Family [2] Wu Lingren. Narrative sentences in which the subject and predicate are in a passive relationship are called passive sentences. Generally speaking, there are the following forms: L. Passivity is expressed by "for ………" and "for". (1) was printed as a trap for the pack to follow, (2) was offered to the village at the beginning of the week, and (3) his childhood interest was swallowed up by two worms. Infantry are mostly users. The rabbit in Home (2) cannot be recovered, while Waiting for the Rabbit (3) in Song Dynasty uses "Yu" to express passivity. (1) is only humiliated by a slave's hand. (2) Worship Wu Zong's "Le Gong Luo Cheng". Therefore, in the translation of classical Chinese, it is sometimes necessary to make appropriate adjustments. Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese usually have the following forms: 1. Verb inversion (1) is very bad. You don't like Yugong Mountain (2). Sadly, the world is also sad. 2. Preposition object A. What's wrong with pushing the object with the auxiliary word "zhi"? Put it before a verb or preposition. 3. "Zhe" is often used as a marker after the attribute, and it is placed before the noun in translation. (1) People who cover the peach pit and narrow it call it "the story of the nuclear ship" (2) "Ma Shuo" who traveled all the way from the horse to eat or eat all the millet stones (3) and then took the lead in taking on three husbands. Translation should come before predicate. (1) Bone-throwing Wolf (2) Fighting with a long spoon; Cao Gui Debate (3) Sacrificing four special sentence patterns in classical Chinese above Chen She family, which are often encountered in junior high school classical Chinese learning. Mastering the usage of these special sentence patterns is of great help to improve our reading ability of classical Chinese. The passive sentence of special sentence pattern in classical Chinese is called passive. That is to say, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior indicated by the verb, not the active and implementer. If you use "for" to express passive "death, death, the whole world is laughing", will you complain? ... laughed at by the whole world) and "being" to express passive "loyalty" and slander? " (loyalty is vilified by others, can you not resent it? In classical Chinese, the subjects of passive sentences are passive and patient (…… cheated in vain) and passive "subject to others" (subject to others) and "intolerable distance". "(can't be tolerated by neighbors). In ancient Chinese, the subjects of passive sentences are passive and patient, not active and agent. That is, with the help of some passive verbs, the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called passive sentences with ideas. Marked passive sentences generally have the following forms: the preposition "Yu" is used after the verb to indicate passivity, and "Yu" plays the role of guiding the initiative. For example, "Therefore, I am confused about Zheng Xiu. The foreign bully is Zhang Yi." ("Historical Records". Biographies of Qu Yuan) The actions of "confusing" and "bullying" here were issued after "Yu" with Zhang Yi. Sometimes, the preposition "Yu" or verb is preceded by "Bei" to form the form of "Bei". Yu, "said. I am afraid that I will be bullied by the king. I'm afraid I will be wronged by the king. (ditto) I was violently attacked by the king. (Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia) There is a special usage of Jian, which is very similar to the passive form of Jian, such as "Is Ji Jun honest or angry". "(such as" forgive me "in modern Chinese. Use "Wei" and "Wei". Cable "to express passivity. For example, "(the giant) will be merged by others in a distant county." Zi Tong Zhi Jian uses "Bei" to express passivity. For example, "Yu Jude remembers that Duke Zhou was arrested and Ding Mao looked forward to March.
7. How to judge the sentence patterns of classical Chinese, such as object postposition? Thank you. Hehe, curiosity is understandable, but special sentence patterns have no object postposition. It is a prepositional object. It doesn't matter. Don't worry.
The so-called special sentence pattern is relative to modern Chinese, so if you want to understand it, you need to know some knowledge of modern Chinese, and you need to know the position of the grammatical components of the subject-predicate object complement. Take the prepositional object as an example, such as "self-confidence" in Zou Ji's satirizing coachable, the king of Qi, in which "self" is the object component. In modern Chinese, this sentence means: "Zou Ji doesn't believe in himself." But in classical Chinese, this kind of sentence puts the object "zi" before the predicate "heart", so it is a special grammatical phenomenon compared with modern Chinese grammar, called prepositional object.
Of course, there are many special sentence patterns, such as attributive postposition, ellipsis, passive sentence and so on. The reason is the same. Don't worry, you will conquer it, I believe you!
8. How to judge the sentence patterns of classical Chinese and the marker words used for judgment (be more detailed, preferably with examples)? What are the sentence patterns in classical Chinese that are different from those in modern Chinese? There are several types, such as judgment sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence, inverted sentence (special sentence) and fixed structure. Judgment sentences and passive sentences should be mastered from the structural characteristics, ellipsis sentences should be related to the context to infer the omitted part, inversion sentences should master the rules of preposition object, attribute postposition, verb inversion and adverbial postposition, and fixed sentences should remember their own idioms. General sentence pattern 1. ) Zhao Zhiliang will also be a general. At the end of the sentence, the judge Xu Gong in the north of the city is also a beauty of Qi. There are four judges, Lu Ling Xiao, Changle, Changle and the Jade Emperor Anping and An. 4. Use the verb Zuo or An. Not for profit (2) You are a big family (5) Adverbs such as "namely", "nai", "ze", "ben", "sincerity" and "su" are used to express positive judgment, and the tone is strengthened, and "no" is used to express negative judgment (1). (2) This is the autumn when sincerity is at stake. (3) Liang Jiang is a dangerous autumn for Chu. Bear's paw is what I want, too ⑧ Give it to non-literati painters. (6) Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly. For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world." (Battle of Red Cliffs) The word "yes" that appears before the predicate in the sentence of "special reminder" is generally not a judgment word, but a demonstrative pronoun. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese in the pre-Qin period, but it was used more and more frequently after the Han Dynasty. Secondly, the so-called passivity in passive sentences means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior represented by the verb, not the active and implementer. There is a sign (1) that smiles at the world with "Wei" or "Wei …". "(... laughed at by the world)" (Giant) is far away from the county seat and will be merged by others. ("Zi" (2) Can you complain about being slandered by negative and loyal people by using "Bei"? "(loyalty is vilified by others, can you not dislike it? (3) Use "see" or "see ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. This situation refers to passive sentences that are not verbalized. For example, "Jingzhou people attached symbols, forcing soldiers to listen to orders." (Zi Tongzhi Jian) The "forcing soldiers" here means "being forced by the military situation". "Attention" and "seeing" have special usages and tables. Putting it before the verb means that the action is biased to one side, which is a polite expression of "how to look at yourself", such as "forgive me" in modern Chinese, which will be explained in detail later. 3. The subject of the ellipsis sentence (1) omits the wild snake in Yongzhou, and the snake is black and white ... (2) The predicate is omitted. All three drums have been used up. (3) The omission of the verb object is as great as merit, and worship (referring to Lin Xiangru) is a noble person. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (4) Ellipsis of prepositional object is what this person said and heard (5) Ellipsis of preposition. The generals fought in Hebei and the ministers fought in Henan. Interrogative modal particles (Hu, Zhu, Zai, Yi, Ye, etc. ) and interrogative adverbs (qi, du, qi, etc. ). Sometimes you don't need interrogative words. In addition, there are some idioms to express rhetorical questions. There are no examples here. Special sentence patterns The following examples are used to translate and explain several special sentence patterns in ancient Chinese that are different from those in modern Chinese. You are too clever. (2) You can worry about other people's difficulties. (The new thief saves Zhao) Translation: "Where can I be anxious about the difficulties of others? "Second, the pronoun preposition object in the negative sentence of preposition object: subject+negative word' no, no, mo, no, fu'+object' Yu, Wu, Er, Zi, Zhi, it is'+verb (1) Three years old, I don't care (say ② People don't agree with my translation: "But people at that time didn't recognize him". (3) Qin people can't help feeling sorry for themselves. 4 don't be unconfident. There is no such thing as "I can't be the king of the world" (Qi Huan Jin Dynasty Story). There is also an idiom: "I don't lie to you, you don't lie to me." Second, the whole sentence must be negative, that is, there must be negative adverbs such as "bu, Wei, Wu (nothing)" or indefinite pronouns's "Mo". Pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words. In the' 2' question, the pronoun preposition object (1) is placed before the verb. The format is: subject and ten objects' who, Hu, He,. (1) Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" Sean asked justice, "What did the king bring when he came?"? ""(2) Ask the woman what she thinks? Translation: "Ask your daughter what she is thinking?" .