Wang Xizhi (303-361), also known as "Wang Youjun", was also called "Wang Youjun" because he was a general of the Youjun army. Langxie

A native of Linyi County (now Linyi City, Shandong Province). An outstanding calligraphy artist in ancient China. He inherited Zhong Yao and Zhang Zhi, changed

the ancient method, created the modern style, and pushed the modern style calligraphy to the extreme of the beauty of literati calligraphy. He was revered as a generation of "calligraphy sages" by later generations.

Wang Xizhi descended from the Langye Wang family, his father Wang Kuang, and his mother's surname cannot be verified (according to the "Wang Family Genealogy" compiled by Wang Guodong during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty (now in the Beijing Library) , Xi's mother is from the Wei family in Anyi, Hedong. Because she is an orphan, she will not follow her for the time being). Langye

The Wang family moved from Langye to Linyi in the Western Han Dynasty. It was not until the Western Jin Dynasty that Xizhi's uncle, great-grandfather Wang Xiang and great-grandfather Wang Lan became a 'gentry'.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sima family's regime was threatened externally by Liu Yuan, a new force in the north. Internally, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" had just begun, and its vitality

was seriously damaged, and the political situation was in danger. Xi's father, Wang Kuang, proposed that Sima Rui, king of Langye, move to the south of the Yangtze River for self-preservation and development, and joined Xi's concubine Wang Dun and Wang Dao (also noted by Liu Xiao in "Shishuo Xinyu·Praise"). :'According to the genealogy of Wang Xizhi, Xizhi was Dun Cong

Father and son. "Jin Cong" Biography of Wang Xizhi (Book of Jin) assisted Sima Rui in crossing the river. Later, Wang Kuang led his troops to the north and was defeated.

His whereabouts are unknown. Wang Dao and Wang Dun supported Sima Rui on the throne and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It was famous for its time and was known as "the king and the horse, the world". It was located in the south of the Yangtze River with kings, Xie, Xi and Yu. The head of a large family. But after that, Wang Dun rebelled, Wang Daowan fell into twilight years, and the power of the Langxie Wang family gradually declined.

Wang Xizhi crossed the Yangtze River with his family at the age of five and settled in Wuyi Lane, Jianye (now Nanjing). Soon his father disappeared. Although he

lived in a famous family at a young age, he "had not received any training from the court, and was raised by his mother and brother, and he gradually became a concubine" ("Book of Jin·Biography of Wang Xizhi").

The special environment fostered his arrogant and aloof character, so that when he became an adult, Taiwei Xi Jian chose his son-in-law among the young men of the Wang family. Xi Jian admired it greatly and took her as his wife.

About the third year of Taining reign of Emperor Ming Dynasty (AD 325), Wang Xizhi started his career as a secretary, following the custom of aristocratic children becoming officials at that time.

He began his official career. In the 11th year of Yonghe (355), Wang Xizhi swore not to be an official. Wang Xizhi successively served as the governor of Linchuan, joined the army in the Zhengxi Shogunate, the governor of Jiangzhou, the general of the army guard, the general of the right army, and the internal history of Kuaiji. . During the Jin Dynasty, metaphysics flourished, and free talk became a common practice. Children of the gentry and officials at all levels were immersed in free talk, advocating romance, and did not take government affairs as their priority. Wang Xizhi

Proceeding from the principle of "serving the king and doing the right thing", he believed that "empty talk is a waste of affairs, and superficial writing hinders important matters" ("Book of Jin·Biography of Xie An"), no matter in the court

For Whether serving as an official or as an envoy, he always handled government affairs, diligently sought the privacy of the people, and deeply hated all kinds of bad government. When he was appointed as the general of the army, he conducted in-depth investigations and tried to correct the shortcomings in the camp. He issued the "Linhu Military Education" and proposed "equal public service."

While serving as internal historian of Kuaiji, he worked hard to implement policies of careful selection of officials and equalization of taxes and servitude in view of the corruption in official administration and the darkness of taxes and servitude.

During successive years of severe drought and people's livelihood difficulties, they decisively opened warehouses to provide disaster relief and save people from danger without waiting for orders from the court.

Wang Xizhi's "Qinggui Youjiancai" ("Book of Jin·Biography of Wang Xizhi"). The Eastern Jin Dynasty settled in the south of the Yangtze River, and the call to regain the northern land continued throughout the dynasty, and became a weight in the power struggle among political figures. Wang Xizhi had an insight into current affairs and had a clear understanding of the previous Northern Expeditions and the selection of generals. In the eighth year of Yonghe (352), Yin Hao asked Shangshu for the Northern Expedition in order to confront Huan Wen. Xizhi

Believing that this move was bound to fail, he wrote a letter to dissuade him wholeheartedly, but Yin Hao refused to listen, which led to a complete defeat. Xizhi was very sad.

In the eleventh year of Yonghe, the stubborn and arrogant Wang Xizhi could not bear all kinds of difficulties from his superior, Yangzhou Governor Wang Shu, so he led his son

and his daughter swore not to serve in front of her parents' tombs and retired from officialdom. . But while he was traveling in the mountains and forests, he still paid attention to the advancement and retreat of the courtiers and was deeply concerned about state affairs.

In the political arena of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wang Xizhi could be described as a diligent, pragmatic and good official who was aware of the people's sentiments. However, in an era when the emperor was dim and the government was dark, and he was 'empty

talking about waste affairs', it was difficult for him to achieve anything. As a result, political achievements are not obvious. However, as an outstanding calligraphy artist,

he set a peak for Chinese calligraphy art that is difficult for future generations to reach.

Calligraphy is an art passed down from generation to generation by the Langxie Wang family. Wang Xizhi's father Wang Kuang, his uncle Wang Dun, Wang Dao, uncle

father Wang?ND447?, etc. all have book titles. Especially Wang?ND447?, versatile, "painting is the master of the Jin and Ming emperors, and writing is the military law of the right" (Wang Sengqian of the Southern Dynasties, "On the Book"). Wang Xizhi was influenced by his family studies and received guidance from famous masters such as Mrs. Ziwei and Wang ND447. Once enlightened, he never tired of it, practiced diligently, and showed a very high talent for calligraphy. He studied hard

Zhong Yao's "Declaration Form" given by Director Wang, from which he understood the true meaning of the art of calligraphy and laid a solid foundation for his future brilliant artistic achievements.

The era in which Wang Xizhi lived was a special era. 'The late Han, Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties were the most politically chaotic and socially painful eras in China. However, they were the most free, liberating, wise and passionate eras in spiritual history< /p>

An era. Therefore, it is also an era with the richest artistic spirit. '(Zong Baihua's "On "Shishuoxinyu" and

The Beauty of Jin People") During this period, new aesthetic concepts and standards were established based on the literati's personality consciousness.

p>

The simple and simple beauty has transformed into beauty and elegance. Various art forms, while requiring the expression of self-emotions, have begun to pursue the beauty of

forms. A large number of extremely talented and innovative writers and artists in various fields such as literature, calligraphy, and painting broke through the traditional barriers and believed that "paintings are my own paintings, and books are my own writings" (Tang Dynasty) The style of Zhang Yanyuan's "Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" established a new style and method and opened up a new realm of literature and art. Wang Xizhi is the most

outstanding representative in the field of calligraphy.

Before Wang Xizhi, the Chinese calligraphy style was inherited from the Han and Wei dynasties, and the modern cursive, running and regular script styles had been developed. However, the calligraphy style represented by Zhong Yao and Zhang Zhi , has not yet shed all its official meaning, is naive and simple. Wang Xizhi followed the development trend of calligraphy styles, introduced the aesthetic taste of the times, and carried out bold reforms based on the careful study of Zhong and Zhang calligraphy styles. Regular script changes from horizontal to vertical

The style is dignified and even. The running script is free from the official meaning, with grace on the side, charming and tight, skillful and dense, and the center and side of the strokes are used interchangeably. The pen is moved quickly and is easy to write, which enhances the artistry and practicality of calligraphy. . Cursive writing has changed Zhangcao's slow writing, multiple strokes, and inconsistent strokes into Jincao's free brushstrokes, coherent strokes, and reduced strokes without losing the shape of the characters. At this point,

the cursive, running and regular script styles have been finalized, and the development of Chinese calligraphy has been basically completed. Wang Xizhi not only completed the finalization of Chinese calligraphy style, but also completed a major transformation of Chinese calligraphy art.

Wang Xizhi is a master of calligraphy. Tang Zhanghuai's "Shuguan" (NF146) lists its official script (i.e. regular script),

running script, Zhangcao, Feibai and cursive script as divine products, and eighty of them are excellent products. The running script "Lanting Preface" is regarded as the best running script in the world, and the regular script "Le Yi Lun" and "Huang Ting Jing" are also respected as the best. Wang Xizhi's beautiful, elegant and free calligraphy style has fascinated countless calligraphers for more than a thousand years. Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty commented on his book as "The dragon leaps over the Tianmen, the tiger lies on the Phoenix Tower" (Liang Xiaoyan's "Comments on the Pros and Cons of Ancient and Modern Books"). Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty praised, "After careful study of ancient and modern times, and careful study of seal characters, Wang Xizhi's calligraphy is as perfect as Wang Yi's!"

("Book of Jin·Biography of Wang Xizhi")

Wang Xizhi's calligraphy It had a great influence on future generations. Famous calligraphers who copied his works or imitated his style of calligraphy include Chen Sui Zhiyong, Tang Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, Chu Suiliang, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Sun Guoting, Huai Su, Zhang Xu,

Yang Ningshi of the Five Dynasties, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, Cai Xiang of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Meng?NFDA2?, Xian Yushu, Ke Jiusi of the Yuan Dynasty,

Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhengming, Dong Qichang of the Ming Dynasty , Huang Daozhou, Wang Duo, Qing Liu Yong, etc. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Bao Shichen and Kang Youwei

advocated the Northern Monument, which for a time was competing with the Southern Monument. However, those who study stele also respect Wang Xizhi's "Two Kings" including Wang Xianzhi.

Dharma books. Since the Tang Dynasty, Wang Xizhi's calligraphy works have traveled eastward to Japan with the frequent cultural exchanges between China and Japan. They have had a profound impact on Japan's calligraphy style. They are still regarded as treasures and are studied and studied to this day. There is no end to it.

Wang Xizhi’s original calligraphy works have been lost or destroyed since the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, through the Southern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty. After wars, many of them were lost or destroyed.

In the early Tang Dynasty, due to the high price purchased by Emperor Taizong, the emperor obtained more than 2,000 pieces of paper, many of which were fake. Taizong even ordered some masters such as Feng Chengsu and others to copy copies of some masterpieces and distribute them to his favorites. Later, many authentic works were buried in Zhaoling, and some were stolen from the inner palace by the royal family and eventually lost. When Wen Tao of the Five Dynasties came to Zhaoling, all the Buddhist scriptures in the mausoleum were destroyed and abandoned. In the early Song Dynasty, a series of printed calligraphy appeared, such as "Chunhua Pavilion Calligraphy", "Daguan Calligraphy", etc., which mostly included calligraphy by Wang Xizhi and Wang Xian, and were either authentic or copied.

< p>It was originally carved on wood and stone, so it is impossible to examine it in detail. From the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were more posts. So far, there are about 30 copies written on silk and paper. Most of them are collected in museums and art galleries at home and abroad (mostly in Japan). Some are in private collections and have been passed down to generations.

There are many exquisite calligraphy works among them. The total number of stone rubbings (such as Jiwang Shu Shengjiao Preface and Dingwu Lanting) and woodcuts from Song, Ming and Qing dynasties are mixed. Due to the mixed authenticity, the total number is difficult to determine.

In the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Mu of the Jin Dynasty (361), Wang Xizhi passed away due to illness caused by long-term medicine. He was fifty-nine years old.

He was buried in Jinting ( Today it belongs to Shengzhou, Zhejiang). Zhuzi complied with his will and resigned from the imperial court's gift of "Doctor Jin Ziguanglu". Wang Xizhi

There are ten volumes of collected works, which were lost in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Pu in the Ming Dynasty and Yan Ke in the Qing Dynasty each had their own editions, but none of them is complete.

The first series of the Langye Famous Clan

During the Eastern Jin Dynasty when Wang Xizhi lived, the gentry (or aristocratic clan) based on the surnames of each county had already been formed and were in political power

Plays an important role in political and social life. Wang Xizhi belonged to the Wang clan of Langxie. During the Western Jin Dynasty, it was the largest clan in the Langye Kingdom (prefecture). After the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he became the first surname of Qiao (a large northern family living in the south of the Yangtze River).

According to the "New Book of Tang Dynasty: Genealogy Table of Prime Ministers": 'The Wang family comes from the surname Ji. Situ was called "Wang Family" by people at that time, because he was considered his surname. ’ From Zong Jing to the fifteenth generation, he was Wang Jian.

Wang Jian, his son Wang Bi, and his grandson Wangli were the generals of Qin for three generations. During the reign of Qin II, the heroes of Guandong rebelled against Qin. Wang Li and Zhang Han led troops to suppress it. They were defeated by Xiang Yu in Julu. Zhang Han surrendered and Wang Li was captured. At that time, Qin's laws were harsh, and Wang Li's two sons had no choice but to flee to avoid trouble. The eldest son Wang Yuan moved to Langye County, and his descendants were called the Langye Wang family. The second son Wang Wei moved to Taiyuan, and his descendants became the Wang family in Taiyuan. These two Wang families, from the Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, were the most prominent families with the Wang surname. Wang Yuan

It was passed down to the fourth generation as Wang Ji. Wang Ji moved from Langxie to Gaoyu to Nanrenli, the capital of Linyi in the same county, and his descendants called themselves Langxie Linyi people.

Wang Ji, courtesy name Ziyang, lived through the three dynasties of Emperor Zhao, Emperor Xuan, and Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty. He served as the governor of Yizhou and a doctor admonishing officials.

Wang Ji passed down the fourth generation to Wang Ren. Ren, courtesy name Shaoxuan, was a general of the Eastern Han Dynasty. "Book of Jin·Biography of Wang Xiang" states that he served as the governor of Qingzhou

. He gave birth to four sons: Yi, Rui, Dian and Rong (according to the "Linyi Wang Family Genealogy". The four sons of Wang Ren in the "Jin Ting Wang Family Genealogy" published in the 34th year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty are: Dian, Rong ,?NDE43?,yi). Rong gave birth to two sons: Xiang and Lan. Written by Wang Clan of Langxie

The "gentry" as a clan began with three people, Wang Xiang, Wang Lan and their brother Wang Xiong. In his later years, Wang Xiang became a Taibao and became a first-rank official.

This established the political and social status of the Langxie Wang family. However, after entering the Eastern Jin Dynasty, his descendants declined. From Wang Languan to Zongzhengqing, he was ranked third grade.

His descendants were prominent in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. As for the Wang Xiong line, they were as famous as the Xiang and Lan lines in the Western Jin Dynasty. Among them, Wang Hun, Wang Rong, and Wang Yan were once high-ranking officials, but soon their descendants declined and disappeared from the political arena ( Wang Xiong's distant ancestor, ancestor, and father are no longer known. It is only known that he was a brother of Wang Xiang and Wang Lan. He once served as the governor of Youzhou and was promoted to Situ. /p>

Zi?NFDB6?, Pingbei General?NFDB6?Zi Yan, a good talker, led hundreds of thousands of soldiers and horses of the Western Jin Dynasty to flee east from Luoyang.

On the way, they were surrounded and annihilated by Shi Le, and the entire army was wiped out. , he was also killed. Yandi Cheng, who was the governor of Jingzhou, was killed by Wang Dun).

Xiang and Lan's father, Wang Rong, was once appointed as a minister in the palace, but he refused. Wang Xiang was born in the second year of Zhongping (18th year) of Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty (18

Fifth year). His mother, Xue, died young, and his father married Zhu. Wang Xiang has been abused by his stepmother since he was a child, but he is a filial piety. "If your parents are ill and cannot take off their clothes, you must try the medicine yourself" ("Book of Jin·Biography of Wang Xiang"). There are many legends in this regard. "Jin

Yangqiu" mentioned: Zhu was ill and wanted to eat fresh fish. It was cold winter. 'Xiang undressed and cut off the ice to find it, and there would be a place where the ice would break.

< p>Fish out'. Xiao Guangji's "The Biography of Filial Sons" also records: Zhu wanted to eat the oriole, so he asked Wang Xiang to catch the oriole. When Wang Xiang was in trouble, the oriole came one after another.

Shortly after Wang Xiang became an adult, his father died. (According to "Book of Jin", Wang Xiang died in the fifth year of Taishi of Jin Dynasty (269) at the age of eighty-five. By inference, he should have been born in the second year of Hanzhongping ( 185). It is said that Wang Xiang died in the first year of Taiyuan (184). According to this, he was born in the first year of Zhongping (184) and Wang Lan died in the fourth year of Xianning in Jin Dynasty (184). 2078) at the age of seventy-three. According to reverse inference, he should have been born in the 11th year of Jian'an in the Han Dynasty (206), and Wang Xiang should be twenty years older than Wang Lan<. /p>

One or twenty-two years old. Even after Wang Lan was born, his father Wang Rong died and Wang Xiang was already an adult.)

There was war in his hometown (Han Dynasty). At the end of the war, Wang Xiang helped his mother and his brother to escape from Lujiang. This war should refer to Cao Cao's expedition in the 11th to 12th years of Jian'an (206-207). Guan Cheng, a pirate, entered a battle in the sea. Wang Xiang accompanied his stepmother and his younger brother Wang Lan to Zhu's hometown, Lujiang, and lived in seclusion farming for 20 years. This work has "lived in seclusion for more than thirty years" ("Book of Jin·Wang Xiang

Biography" for a long time). According to the "Collation Notes" of the punctuated version of "Book of Jin" written by Zhonghua Book Company, it is recognized as "Kaoyi"

Thirty should be regarded as twenty? It should be followed). During this time, his stepmother passed away, and he "lived in mourning and was exhausted, but then he rose up with the stick."

He was as filial to his biological mother as he was to his biological mother. During the early years of Wei Wendi Cao Pi and Huangchu (220-226), he was invited by Lu Qianzhi, the governor of Xuzhou, to serve as Biejia (the main staff member in government affairs). At that time, he was about forty years old. Years old (Lü Qian was the governor of Xuzhou during the early Huang period of Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi

.

In the seventh year of Emperor Huangchu's reign (220-226), if Wang Xiang had traveled to Xuzhou in the fifth year of Huangchu (224), he would have only been forty. At the age of sixty, it is said that he did not leave Xuzhou until he was young (sixty years old). ).

Lü Qian was once one of Cao Cao's most effective local officials. Cao Pi promoted him to the position of governor of Xuzhou and general of Jiweilu. Lu

Qian used Wang Xiang as his companion. Wang Xiang led his troops to conquer the "bandits" who resisted Cao Wei's rule in the territory, and fully utilized his political talents, with remarkable results

Remarkable results. Historical biographies praise the "great enlightenment" under his rule. There is also a folk song passed down: "Haiyi's health depends on Wang Xiang." If the country is not empty, don't take advantage of it. ’

Wang Xiang has everything going smoothly and his official career is prosperous. During the Cao Wei Dynasty, Wen Ling, Da Sinong, and Taichang were promoted to Si Kong, one of the three divisions.

They were then transferred to Taiwei and added to the rank of Shizhong. The titles were promoted from Marquis of Guannei and Marquis of Longevity Ting to Marquis of Suiling, with 1,600 households actually enfeoffed.

And once enjoyed a special courtesy: when Wei Emperor Gao Guixiang was in power, he went to inspect Taixue. Wang Xiang was the third elder, facing

holding his staff to the south. Sitting there, the emperor faced north and asked him for advice. When the Wei and Jin Dynasties changed, Wang Xiang wisely protected himself and turned from an important minister of Cao Wei to the founding father of the Jin Dynasty. He was promoted to Taibao and granted the title of Duke of Suiling. Wang Xiang died in the fifth year of Taishi (2069), Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, at the age of eighty-five. "Book of Emperor Wu"

It is said that he died in April of the fourth year of Taishi. "The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: Lu Qian's Biography" quotes Wang Yin's "Book of Jin" as saying: "The fourth year of Taishi"

< p>Died'. This is from the original biography. Before his death, he made a will: "My husband's words and deeds can be restored, and he must be trusted; he who praises his good deeds is the most virtuous; he who makes a name for himself and shows his relatives is the most filial piety; brothers are happy, the clan is happy, and brothers are happy." The best thing to do is to give in when you are facing wealth:

These five are the foundation of success. ’ ("Book of Jin·Biography of Wang Xiang") He taught his descendants the five principles of faith, virtue, filial piety, brotherhood and surrender, but did not mention the 'loyalty' that the feudal dynasty valued most. His descendants and Wang Lan's descendants acted in accordance with this will, and there were always people in Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen who could adapt to the situation, serve in the new dynasty, and maintain their status as nobles for three hundred years. for a long time. Among the five sons of Xiang, Wang Xia, Wang Lie, and Wang Fen died early. Wang Zhao served as the prefect of Shiping, and Wang Fu served as the prefect of Shangluo.

Wang Lan's reputation is not as good as Wang Xiang's. After Wang Xiang was appointed Xuzhou Biejia, he was called by the county to be an official, but his promotion was not fast. He once served as

Situ Xicao, governor of Qinghe, doctor of Taizhong, and doctor of Guanglu. Died in Xianning four years (278 years). Lan has six sons:

Cai, Ji, Hui, Zheng, Yan and Chen. Wang Cai, whose courtesy name was Shichu, served as commander of the Fu army. It is said that he served as Sima of the Zhenjun army and was granted the title of

His father was Qiu Zi. Wang Ji, courtesy name Shixian, served as an official in charge of writing and serving as the censor. Wang Hui's courtesy name was Shihe, and he served as an official until he served as the censor. Wang Zhengzishi

Ze, that is, Wang Xi's grandfather, served as Shang Shulang, and was a minor official with four hundred stones. The fifth son, Wang Yan, has the highest official position. During the reign of Emperor Hui, King Sima Lun of Zhao usurped the throne. King Sima NB545 of Qi and others launched an army to attack. Yanshi was the governor of Yanzhou, subordinate to King Sima Ying of Chengdu

and served as a vanguard. A great victory over Wen County, and he and Lu Zhi and others were named the founding princes (see the "Book of Jin·Chengdu Wang Ying Biography").

According to the order of the five people who were awarded the same title, Wang Yan should be a feudal prince, with land and food. The number of households in the town cannot be determined. According to "Wang Lan Biography", Wang Yan's last official position was Zhonghujun). According to the "Wang Family Genealogy" (the twenty-sixth family tree appended to "Shishuo Xinyu" by Sixian Lectures), the Langye Wang family genealogy was mentioned in later classical Chinese and by Wang Leng and Wang Kan. "Wang's Genealogy" also refers to this genealogy),

He has no descendants. Wang Lan's sixth son, Chen, whose courtesy name was Shiwei, served as an official to the state's son and offered wine to him, but he died early. Chen's eldest son, Wang Leng (Wang Leng,

Sometimes written as Wang?NB179? in "Book of Jin", it should be regarded as Leng.), was the prefect of Yuzhang during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was appointed to the court

Brother Wang Dun was killed. The second son, Wang Kan, became an official in the history of Wu Dynasty. In the "Wang Family Genealogy", there is no record of their descendants. Descendants of Wang Cai,

Wang Ji, Wang Hui, and Wang Zheng played a great role in the founding and consolidation of neutrality in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and thus enjoyed endless success.

The second series flourished in Jiangzuo

Before Wang Xizhi was born and in his childhood, there were three people in the Wang family who determined the fate of the whole family, namely

< p>Wang Kuang (the eldest son of Wang Zheng), Wang Dao (the eldest son of Wang Cai) and Wang Dun (the second son of Wang Ji).

Wang Kuang, Wang Xizhi’s father, his birth year is unknown. "Quan Jin Wen" Wang Kuang's short biography states that he "was a servant of Emperor Hui and became the governor of Danyang". The servants served the emperor directly, 'be prepared to ask questions and make up for the mistakes'. When the emperor leaves the palace, he will be escorted by the official attendants

bearing the imperial seal to accompany him, and then escorted by the other three attendants. The title of Attendant is another honorary promotion. Wang Kuang should have been promoted several times before getting this position.

But Emperor Hui Sima Zhong was an idiot. His wife Jia Nanfeng (known as Empress Jia in history) was sexually abused. Ministers Jia Mo, Pei?NFDB7?, and Zhang Hua discussed the abolition of the empress and made her Xie Shufei. Empress Jia used a trick to depose the prince born to Concubine Xie Shu and sent people to kill him.

After King Sima Lun of Zhao used this as an excuse to abolish Jia, he specialized in government affairs, which aroused the dissatisfaction of many kings with the same surname. From then on, the famous "Eight Kings Rebellion" began.

In the first month of the second year of Yongkang (301), Sima Lun deposed Emperor Hui and established himself as emperor, changing the Yuan Dynasty to "Jianshi". Respect Sima Zhong as the Supreme Emperor. In April, Sima Lun was defeated and was killed by Sima NB545, King of Qi, Sima Ying, King of Chengdu, and others. Sima Zhong

was welcomed back to the palace and became emperor again, and his title was changed to "Yongning".

Wang Kuang had been by the emperor's side for a long time and was deeply aware of the dangers of the ascendant power struggle in the imperial court, so he actively sought foreign posts.

In December of the first year of Yongning, the three sons of Sima NB545, the powerful king of Qi, were granted the title of king: Bing Wei'an

Le Wang, Ying Wang Jiyang, Chao became the king of Huainan. As usual, the kingdom was governed by the internal history, and Wang Kuang was appointed as the internal history of Jiyang. "Jin Pingbei General Qian Xiu collected four volumes"

There is a long note at the bottom, and other works are attached. The last sentence is "Jiyang Neishi Wang Kuang collected five volumes, recorded one volume, and died". Ji

Only Sima Ying, the son of Sima NB545, was granted the title of king in Yang. He was the king for only one year, so Wang Kuang became the king of Ji.

The time of Yang Neishi It can be tested. However, there are two doubts about this record: According to the style of "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi",

Whenever there is a collection of poems and essays, it is written as the author's last official position. For example, Wang Kuang should write the internal history of Huainan rather than the internal history of Ji. Therefore, it is suspected that the word "Ji Yang" is wrong here. Among the three sons of Sima NB545, Bing is the king of Le'an. ,?Chao is the king of Huainan. Le'an and Huainan are both county names, so they are county kings, and Jiyang is a county, so Sima Ying should not be named the county king alone. p>Since it is an isolated evidence and there are doubts, I am entitled to use this information and explain it as above).

After Sima NB545 took power, he was arrogant and autocratic, appointed cronies, and overhauled the mansion, which aroused dissatisfaction between the government and the opposition. NB545?, the Hejian king stationed in Chang'an, denounced Sima NB545 in the name of himself and Sima Ying, and requested

Changsha, who was appointed hussar general in Luoyang. Wang Sima? NFDB6? captured Sima on the spot? NB545?. Sima NFDB6 used this to send troops to capture the palace, and supported the emperor to attack Sima NB545. After three days of fighting, Sima NB545 was defeated and beheaded outside Changhemen. The three sons Sima Ying, Sima Bing and Sima Chao were deposed from the throne and imprisoned in Jin Yong. Wang Kuang

The post of Jiyang Internal History was naturally dismissed.

In the following paragraphs, the historical record of Wang Kuang is a small blank. In the second year of Yongxing (305), he had already served as the prefect of Danyang in Yangzhou.

According to "Jin Shu·Huidi Ji", in August of the second year of Yongxing (305), 'Cao Wu, the governor of Yangzhou, killed Zhu

Jian, the prefect of Danyang'. In the twelfth month of the month, "Right General Chen Min raised his troops and rebelled. He named himself Duke of Chu, pretended that he had been ordered to do so, and went from Mianhan to welcome the emperor; he drove away Liu Ji, the governor of Yangzhou, and Wang Kuang, the prefect of Danyang." It can be seen that Wang Kuang was appointed as the prefect of Danyang around August of this year (305) or later, and was expelled by Chen Min four months later (Volume 8 of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" In February of the second year of Emperor Yongjia's reign in the 16th year of Emperor Huai's reign, "Minzi led more than 10,000 people to attack Zhuo". Under the sentence "Zhengyi Gu Danyang and Zhou Anfeng'er", Hu Sansheng noted: "Minyi Gu Rong" As the prefect of Danyang. 'After knowing that Wang Kuang gave up the post of prefect of Danyang, Chen Min ordered Gu Rong to take his place.

During the court dispute, Sima Xi kidnapped the emperor and took him to Chang'an. Sima Yue, the king of Donghai in Guandong, raised an army against Sima Yi. Sima Rui, king of Langye, was appointed by Sima Yue as General Pingdong, supervising the military affairs of Xuzhou and staying in Xiapi. Wang Dao, who once served as Sima Yue

Joined the army, defected to Sima Rui and served as Pingdong Sima. Sima Yue defeated Sima Yu, sent people to welcome the emperor back from Chang'an to Luoyang, and later poisoned him to death, and made the emperor's younger brother Sima Chi the emperor. In the first year of Yongjia (3rd to 7th year), Sima Yue, the Taifu, assisted the government. The "Eight Kings Rebellion" has come to an end. Its sequelae are the emergence of several centers of turmoil in the north that have declared war and separatist rule.

Leave a hidden danger of the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty.

In the first year of Yongxing (304), Liu Yuan, the leader of the Xiongnu tribe, claimed to be the King of Han, with the reign name "Yuanxi", and captured Taiyuan, the Xu family, and the Bingzhou area. Tunliu, Zhangzi, Zhongdu, and Liu Kun, the governor of Bingzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty, repeatedly competed for various counties. In the first year of Yongjia,

Wang Mi from Donglai rebelled against the Jin Dynasty and was active in Qingzhou and Xuzhou. Grand Tutor Sima Yue conquered Qingzhou Governor Wang Dun as Zhongshu Supervisor. Wang Dun unexpectedly abandoned the princess and fled ("Book of Jin·Biography of Wang Shu": "Jidun was Qingzhou, and Shu went to Yan. At that time, Dun was recruited as secretary

Shu Jian, Due to the danger of the enemy, he returned to Luoyang with Qingqi and abandoned the princess. "Wang Dun's Biography" writes: "In the early years of Yongjia, he was appointed as Zhongshu. When the world was in chaos, Dun learned that he had hundreds of maids serving as princess. The remaining people were distributed to the soldiers, the gold and silver treasures were scattered among the people, and the bicycles were returned to Luo. 'According to the year 307 of the first year of Yongjia, although the world was in chaos, we traveled from Qingzhou to Xuzhou via Langye, and then to Luoyang. The road is open.

Wang Dun abandoned the princess and rode away on his bicycle. The reason is unknown. He did not mention the princess again and seemed to have died. ), return home

home.

In the midst of the chaos, Sima Rui, king of Langxie, decided to move south and was appointed General Anton, commander of the Yangzhou and Jiangnan armies. Those who crossed the river from Rui reached hundreds of tribes. Later, Sima Rui ascended the throne and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which continued the Jin Dynasty for more than a hundred years. Wang Kuang played an important role in Sima Rui's decision to move south. "Book of Jin

Biography of Wang Xizhi" records: "When Emperor Yuan was crossing the river, Kuang was the first to propose it." 'Yu Lin' by Pei Qi from Jin Dynasty (according to Lu Xun's "A Brief History of Chinese Novels"), Pei Qi wrote "Yu Lin" in 362, the second year after Wang Xizhi's death.

Xi’s sons Ningzhi, Huizhi, Caozhi and Xianzhi are all still alive, as are his wife Xi Xuan and his brother-in-law Xi?NC924?, as well as several of Wang Dao’s sons

Their sons are also alive. The information should be authentic. Moreover, among the information about Wang Kuang, this note is the only one written by Wang Kuang with the courtesy name Shihong (?

ND447? The courtesy name is Shijiang, Bin is the courtesy name Shiru), which also shows how valuable the information is. Pei Qi's "Yu Lin" was not published later, but this entry was recorded in Volume 184 of "Taiping Yulan"). There is a very specific record of this matter: "The general, the prime minister and others." At this time

Closing your account is a way to make a living. When Wang Kuangshi arrived, no one was allowed to do it outdoors. Kuang Nai picked at the wall and peeped at it and said: "The world is in chaos. What do you want to do? The general wants to sue the officials." He suddenly accepted it and established a policy on the left side of the Yangtze River. 'Here, the general refers to Wang Dun. He was appointed as the general in his later years. Although he later opened coffins and slaughtered the corpses due to rebellion, the literature (especially in novels) used to call him

He was appointed as the general, and at the same time, he called Wang Dao the prime minister.

In September of the first year of Yongjia, Langxie King Sima Rui and the major families who followed him across the river arrived in Jianye and began to reorganize the Andong General's Mansion. The military mansion accommodated some famous families from the south of the Yangtze River, such as He Xun as the domestic history of Wu, Gu Rong as the Sima, Ji Zhan

as the military sacrificial wine, Zhou?NFDB8? as the genus of Cangcao, etc., but also It accommodated some descendants of famous families from the north and the south, such as Hedong

Pei? (Pei?, "Book of Jin Pei Kai Biography" is written as Pei Shao. Therefore, the article is quoted from "Three Kingdoms", so it is from "Three Kingdoms" 》Pei?). Pei Songzhi's annotation in the "Three Kingdoms·Pei Qian Biography" quoted from "The Praise of the Dukes of Jin": "(Pei) Kang Zichun... inferior quality...

...second time?, there is hope for weapons." Emperor Yuan of Jin Dynasty was General Anton, and he was the long history. Wang Kuang, the servant, wrote to Sima Yue: "Pei? Here, although he is not doing anything, he has a great sense of knowledge, and everyone here respects him greatly." ’ From Wang Kuang’s introduction to the new recruits of the Andong Military Mansion to Sima Yue, it can be seen that he participated in the organizational work of the military government. Around the beginning of the second year of Yongjia (308), Wang Kuang was appointed as the internal history officer of Huainan. After the first year of Yuankang (291) of Emperor Hui, there were eleven counties in Yangzhou, nine of which were in the south of the Yangtze River, and only two counties, Huainan and Lujiang, were in the north of the Yangtze River. Sima Rui was in charge of the military affairs in Yangzhou's south of the Yangtze River. He also wanted to control the key points in the north of the Yangtze River to block the south of the Yangtze River, so he wanted to show his crony Wang Kuang to take control of the troops and horses in Huainan County and distribute it to the Zhendong General Zhou who was stationed in Huainan. Fu's military power.

In the third year of Yongjia (309), Wang Mi and Liu Cong of Liu Yuan of the Han Dynasty attacked Huguan. Huguan is one of the limited areas that Bingzhou is still in the hands of the Eastern Jin Dynasty

Based on the comparison of the military strength of the Han and Jin Dynasties, it is difficult to hold it. But Sima Yue, who controlled the government, sent troops to rescue Huguan. He put down the troops of Yanzhou and Xuzhou, which were closer to Huguan, and sent Wang Kuang to lead his troops.

In April, Wang Kuang led generals Shi Rong and Cao Chao and led 30,000 troops across the river, preparing to march straight in. General Shi Rong had combat experience. He advised Wang Kuang: Hu soldiers are surrounding Huguan. The road to Huguan Mountain is high and dangerous. If you can reach Huguan, it will only be beneficial in a battle.

Victory, otherwise we will not be able to retreat; if Hu soldiers set up an ambush on the road, our path is unclear, and we are alone in going deep, so we are afraid of suffering a loss.

It is better to retreat to Henan, rely on the defense of the river, see the situation clearly, and then make plans. Wang Kuang did not listen, but scolded Shi Rong for being cowardly and blocked the troops from advancing. As a result, the army was ambushed and surrounded by Liu Cong's troops in Changping, south of Huguan. This is the place where Qin general Bai

surrounded Zhao Kuo with 400,000 troops during the Warring States Period. Wang Kuang rushed to meet the enemy. As a result, the entire army was defeated, and Shi Rong and Cao Chao died in battle.

Wang Kuang's whereabouts are unknown (according to the information seen today, except for the "Bi Zhen Tu" written by Yang Xin, there are no public or private historical materials that record Wang Kuang's deeds after the failure of Shangdang's aid to the north. It can be logically inferred that, "Book of Jin" only records that two generals, Shi and Cao, died in the battle. Obviously, Wang Kuang did not die in the battle and did not escape. If the man is missing now and he was not given a gift at the time, his death will be known later. ,? Also?

There should be officials, but the literature only records his last official position in the internal history of Huainan. "Book of Jin" does not establish a biography for him, which seems to be due to

Sima Rui deliberately concealed the matter, or the relevant material was deleted from the "Genealogy of the Wang Family", and even Xizhi's "Grave Oath" did not say why or when his father died, so it became Suspicious case. ).

From then on, in all the major events of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he never appeared again. In the second year, Huainan Internal History had been replaced by Pei Shuo.

After that, Wang Dao and Wang Dun used both literature and military skills to help Sima Rui gain a foothold first in Yangzhou, and then in Jingzhou and Jiangzhou.

In the fifth year of Yongjia (311), Liu Yao of the Huns captured Luoyang and captured Sima Chi, Emperor Huai of Jin Dynasty. In the sixth year, Sima Ye was established as the prince and built a bank in Chang'an. In April of the following year (313), Sima Ye was proclaimed emperor and the name was changed to "Jianxing".

Because the troops were few and weak and unable to control the south of the Yangtze River, Sima Rui was appointed as the left prime minister and general governor to oversee the military affairs in eastern Shaanxi.

In the third year of Jianxing (315), Sima Rui was appointed prime minister and governor-general to oversee all military affairs at home and abroad. In September of this year, Liu Yao

attacked Chang'an and Sima Ye surrendered. Sima NC62C, King of Xiyang, Wang Dao and others persuaded Sima Rui to take the throne as emperor. Sima Rui was inconvenient to call him emperor because Sima Ye was still alive, so he was only called King of Jin. However, he granted amnesty, changed the title of emperor, and granted him the title of homage. Hundreds of officials, just like the emperor of a dynasty

ascended the throne. Wang Dao was appointed as a hussar general, in charge of the military affairs at home and abroad, and as the supervisor of the Central Secretary, and recorded the secretarial affairs. Wang Dun was appointed as the general

Jun, Jiangzhou Mu.

In December of the first year of Jianwu (317), Liu Cong killed Sima Ye. In March of the following year (318), Sima Rui became the emperor.

The throne was granted, he was granted amnesty, the Yuan Dynasty was changed to "Taixing", and the civil and military positions were increased to the second level. Director Wang and Wang Dun had made great contributions in supporting Sima Rui to the throne, and were highly favored by Sima Rui. Even when he ascended the imperial bed, Director Wang was asked to sit with him. At this time, the Wang family was in great prosperity and became the largest family in Jiangzuo. It was known as "the king and his horse rule the world".