Up to now, nearly 150 countries in the world have established social security systems. However, due to the differences in social system, economic strength and cultural background of countries around the world, the implementation time of social security system is long and short. Therefore, there are similarities and differences in policy orientation, system design, project number, specific standards and implementation methods of social security systems in various countries. From the analysis and synthesis of the main aspects of social security, the social security system in the world can be roughly divided into five modes: assistance, insurance, welfare, national security and self-help.
(1) Relief social security system
The rescue social security system means that the state ensures that every member of society can get help and get rid of poverty when encountering various unexpected accidents by establishing and perfecting relevant rules and regulations of social security. For those who are already poor, social security allowance is given to maintain their basic life. Its characteristics are: 1, and the government adopts corresponding legislation as the basis for implementing relief. Citizens are entitled to apply for and enjoy social assistance according to law, and there is no humiliating condition, which is different from charity's "charity" or "gift" and poverty relief in the early days of capitalism. 2. Social assistance expenses are included in the government's fiscal expenditure, and their funds come from state taxes, and individuals do not pay insurance premiums. 3. The target of assistance is citizens, abandoned babies, orphans, the disabled and the elderly who have fallen into poverty due to unemployment or natural and man-made disasters. 4. The standard of assistance is low, and it is limited to survival.
This kind of assistance social security system is a single or multiple assistance system implemented before and after industrialization. According to the standard of social security, it can only be said that it is in the primary stage, and it is a primary, immature and incomplete form of social security system. At present, this system is mainly implemented in some African countries with relatively slow development.
(2) A guaranteed social security system
The social security system based on insurance was implemented when industrialization achieved certain results and the economy had a solid foundation. Its goal is to provide citizens with a series of basic living guarantees, so that citizens can get economic compensation and protection when they are unemployed, old, disabled and have special expenses due to marriage, childbirth or death. It originated in Germany, followed by Western Europe, the United States and Japan.
This security system has the following characteristics: 1. The government has adopted legislation on social security as the basis for its implementation. This kind of insurance is compulsory. Individuals pay social security fees, business owners pay social security fees for employees, and governments allocate funds according to different standards. Citizens can only receive various social security allowances according to law after fulfilling their payment obligations and enjoying their rights. For citizens, it is the unity of rights and obligations. 3. The coverage of security is very large, including almost all members of society. 4. Many insurance items have solved people's worries about health, old age, illness, death, unemployment and disability to some extent. 5. Diversified sources of funds. It is conducive to the formation of a security fund and strengthening the economic backing of social security.
(3) Welfare social security system
Welfare social security system is a relatively comprehensive form of security under the conditions of relatively developed economy and improved material living standards of the whole society. Its goal is to "provide every citizen with all life and danger protection from birth to death, such as disease, disaster, old age, childbirth, death, widowhood, loneliness, independence and disability". This system originated from the welfare policy of the welfare state, which was initiated by Britain and then became popular in the Nordic countries.
The main features of welfare social security system are: 1. Social security policy is an important policy of the welfare state, which is implemented according to law and supervised by multi-level social security courts. 2. Emphasize the universality of welfare and the concepts of humanitarianism and human rights to serve all members of society. 3. Individuals do not pay or pay social security fees at a low standard, and welfare fees are basically borne by enterprises and the government. 4. The security items are complete, generally including all welfare guarantees from cradle to grave, and the standard is relatively high. 5, the purpose of security is not entirely to prevent and eliminate poverty, but to maintain a certain quality of life standards for members of society and strengthen personal safety. We should not only meet the social security needs of personnel, but also begin to pay attention to meeting people's social welfare needs.
(4) National social security system.
State-guaranteed social security system is a traditional social security system based on public ownership in socialist countries, which belongs to the nature of state security. Its purpose is to "fully meet the needs of the disabled, protect the health of workers and maintain their working ability". The state regards social security as one of the levers to solve the social and economic problems of workers. The former Soviet Union is the first and representative of this type. In 1990s, the labor insurance system was established with reference to this model.
The characteristics of this state-guaranteed social security system are as follows: 1. The National Constitution defines social security as a developing national system. Citizens' right to security is guaranteed by public ownership of the means of production, which is obtained by managing the whole national economy according to the national social and economic policies. 2. All social security expenditures are borne by the government and enterprises, and individuals do not pay security fees. The traditional idea is that the state has reserved and deducted social security fees in advance. 3. On the one hand, workers exert influence on social security through people's representative institutions, and on the other hand, trade unions from the grass-roots level to the Central Council all participate in the implementation of social security. 4. The object of protection is all citizens. According to the Constitution, anyone who has the ability to work must actively participate in social production and provide material security for all members of society who have no ability to work. Guaranteed economic sources are provided free of charge by public funds of the whole society.
(5) Self-service social security system
Self-service social security system refers to a form of security with self-help as the core and promoting economic development as the purpose. Its characteristic is that the government does not provide subsidies, and the expenses are shared by employers and employees except public welfare and cultural facilities. This system is mainly implemented in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and other countries, and has achieved remarkable results in Singapore and other countries.
The development of social security in the world shows that due to the differences in social basic systems and national conditions, the social security mechanism and security level are obviously different, which makes its impact on savings and consumption different. Generally, countries take the proportion of social security expenditure to national income (or gross national product) as an indicator of the scale of social security expenditure in each country. According to this index, Japan is 13.8%, Sweden is 49.0%, France is 34.9%, Germany is 29.7%, Britain is 24.5%, and America is 18.0% (both 199 1 year).
Obviously, Japan has the lowest social security payment scale, followed by the United States, while Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland have relatively high payment scales. According to the scale of social security payment and its different effects on economic development, we divide the main developed countries into two categories: one is the low-security countries represented by the United States and Japan; The other is a country with high security and welfare represented by Britain and Sweden.
America and Japan: Social Security as a "Stabilizer"
The correlation between social security and consumption in the United States and Japan is not clear.
Compared with some developed countries in Europe, the degree of social security in the United States and Japan is not high, but the consumption level and savings rate are completely different. From the international comparison, the United States is a typical low savings rate country, and Japan is a typical high savings rate country with oriental colors. Relevant data show that during the period of US-Japan 1970- 1994, the proportion of personal savings in disposable income in Japan was higher than that in the United States 15-20 percentage points; The proportion of personal consumption in GDP in the United States is about 10 percentage point higher than that in Japan and about 5 percentage points higher than the world average. It can be seen that although the United States and Japan are both countries with low social security levels, their savings rates and consumption levels are completely different.
It is generally believed that the high consumption behavior of American residents is mainly manifested as: (1) the long-term huge fiscal deficit of the US government; (2) Consumer credit is very developed in the United States; (3) Since 1980s, the American stock market has developed rapidly, and the wealth effect has led to an obvious increase in consumer demand and a decrease in savings. It can be seen that the high consumption in the United States has little to do with social security.
Japan's high savings rate is mainly manifested in the following aspects: (1) Japanese people have a tradition of saving frugally in the East; (2) Japanese residents have a strong motivation to save for education; (3) Japan's sustained and rapid economic development makes the wage income of residents increase rapidly; (4) The low level of social security does not rule out the existence of old-age savings motivation. From this perspective, Japan's high savings rate seems to have a certain positive correlation with social security, but it is not obvious.
The Influence of Implementing Social Security on Economic Growth
Although the impact of social security in the United States and Japan on the savings rate and consumption is not obvious, the implementation of social security system in the United States and Japan, as world economic powers, has indeed played a "stabilizer" role in their economic development.
(1) has played a positive role in alleviating economic crisis, coordinating social contradictions and promoting social stability. By adopting appropriate social security measures, the United States and Japan partially offset the decline in the ability to pay caused by a large number of unemployment caused by the economic recession, and played a positive role in safeguarding the basic national income, certain consumer demand and social stability.
(2) Social security regulates macroeconomic operation through national income redistribution and increases effective social demand. For example, most social welfare expenditures in the United States enter low-income families in the form of government transfer payments. Under the influence of high marginal consumption of poor families or individuals, more than 90% of these transfer payments have formed social purchasing power, which has kept the American economy in a state of high effective demand. At the same time, institutionalized transfer payment and progressive income tax together constitute an "automatic stabilizer" in American economic life, which plays a role in spontaneously regulating prosperity in the macroeconomic process.
(3) The government's social welfare expenditure makes up for the shortage of personal and family spending on labor training and training to a certain extent, and plays a positive role in cultivating and developing domestic human capital.
medical treatment
The continuous improvement of Singapore's health level mainly benefits from the reduction of infectious diseases, the improvement of people's living standards, good health services and strict health inspection measures. Both the government and private institutions provide a wide range of health care services, such as prevention, medical treatment and rehabilitation. The government subsidizes their health care services to ensure that everyone can use these services.
There are 5 government hospitals, 6 reorganized government hospitals, 65,438+00 private hospitals, 65,438+03 government polyclinics, 65,438+00 outpatient clinics, 65,438+03 maternal and child clinics, and 1 800 private doctors. Permanent residents can also use medical and dental equipment provided by government hospitals and polyclinics, and charge citizens.
polyclinic
Government polyclinics provide comprehensive health care services for the whole family. These clinics are located in the main housing development bureau in the city center and residential areas. The clinic's services are very convenient for the public, including maternal and child health care, immunization, inspection of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, physical examination of the elderly, X-ray examination and dental treatment.
Patients who seek medical treatment for the first time must bring their ID cards. /kloc-Children under 0/2 years old must bring birth certificates. After the patient completes the registration procedure, the outpatient staff will issue him a medical card and the number of the queue.
7 yuan, an adult over 65 years old, 5 yuan, a student under 8 years old,/kloc-0; The cost of medicine is calculated separately, ranging from one yuan to four yuan a week; You also need to pay for exposure and blood tests, but the cost is very low. The clinic is open from 8: 00 a.m. to 8: 00 p.m. on Mondays, from 2: 00 p.m. to 4: 30 p.m. and from 8: 00 a.m. to noon on Saturdays 1 2: 30 p.m.
Government hospital
In the outpatient service of government hospitals, doctors in general clinics and private doctors can write letters of introduction to introduce patients to experts in government hospitals. The initial visit fee for patients is from 40 yuan to 50 yuan, and the follow-up visit fee is from 20 yuan to 30 yuan.
The hospitalization fee depends on the level of the ward. The daily cost of "C" ward is RMB yuan, and that of "A 1" ward is RMB yuan. In addition, other services such as laboratory examination, X-ray examination and surgery are also charged separately.
Private clinics and hospitals
The consulting fee of general private practitioners starts from 12 yuan, depending on the nature of treatment, while the fees of private specialists, such as plastic surgeons or gynecologists, are higher, starting from 50 yuan; Private hospitals and reorganized government hospitals charge more than government hospitals, and the charges of each hospital are different. The charge for a four-person ward starts from 120 yuan and the charge for a single ward starts from 335 yuan per day.
Health care plan for the elderly
In order to ensure that the elderly can get medical care near their homes, the government has set up health care centers for the elderly in various residential areas. At present, there are six centers for the elderly in each district. The services of these centers include rehabilitation treatment, regular physical examination and courses for family members to take care of the elderly. The charge is about five yuan to five yuan a day; Parents of permanent residents who hold long-term visit cards and settle in Singapore can also participate in these health care programs.
family doctor
There are several private clinics in all residential areas, which are open from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm, and some clinics are also open from 9:00 am to 12:00 on weekends; In order to get better medical care for family members, it is best to find a clinic doctor near home to be a family doctor.
social welfare
Central provident fund
The Central Provident Fund (CPF) was established in 1955 to provide economic and living security for those who have retired and lost their ability to work. The Central Provident Fund is a comprehensive social savings guarantee plan, which aims to protect people's health care needs, retirement needs, housing subsidies and education insurance.
According to the provisions of the provident fund, employers and employees need to pay the provident fund together, while holders of employment permits and work permits do not need to pay the provident fund. For Singapore citizens under the age of 55 and permanent resident employees who have lived for more than two years, employees pay 20% per month, and employers have to pay 65,438+02%. 3% for permanent resident employees in the first year, 5% for employers, 9% for employees in the second year and15% for employers; Then pay the provident fund according to the normal contribution rate; The government has gradually planned to restore the employer's contribution rate to the original level of 20%.
Provident fund account
Provident fund accounts are divided into ordinary accounts, health savings accounts and special accounts:
1) The savings in the general account can be used to buy the housing industry, such as the new buildings and private houses of the Housing Development Bureau, as well as insurance, such as home insurance and home insurance. Members can also invest their deposits in recognized stocks, bonds, unit trusts, fund management and gold. The deposits in the general account can also be used to pay for children's tuition fees or their own higher education fees, and can also be used to pay for all full-time degrees and diplomas of six local higher education institutions.
2) Health savings account: the savings in the health savings account can be used for hospitalization expenses of members, spouses, children, parents and grandparents, whose grandparents must be Singapore citizens or permanent residents; In addition, provident fund members can also use the deposits in this account to make payments; The premium of "health insurance double insurance plan"; This insurance scheme is to ensure that members are able to cope with huge medical expenses when they are seriously ill and need long-term hospitalization or treatment;
3) Special account: the deposit in the special account will be kept in the account for retirement, pension and emergency needs.
Provident fund interest rate
Under normal circumstances, the savings interest rate of provident fund depositors is in line with the market interest rate, but under the protection of provident fund laws, provident fund depositors are guaranteed to get at least 2.5 deposit interest rate, and longer savings plans can also get higher interest rates.
provident fund extraction
Depositors can withdraw their deposits from the provident fund account after reaching the age of 55. However, according to the law, the minimum deposit must still be kept in the account as the basic guarantee for them in their old age. In addition to people aged 55, if they leave Singapore permanently or are permanently disabled and mentally disordered, they can also withdraw their deposits from the provident fund. On the other hand, if members continue to work after the age of 55, they can withdraw their deposits every three years, that is, at the age of 58, 6/kloc-0 or 64.
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