Without seeking fame and fortune, Hua Tuo was able to concentrate on studying medicine. The Biography of Hua Tuo in the Later Han Dynasty said that he was "proficient in the number of classics and the art of mending heaven", especially "proficient in prescriptions and medicines". People call him a "magic doctor". He once compiled his rich medical experience into a medical book called Qingnangjing, but it failed to be handed down. But it can't be said that his medical experience is completely lost. Because many of his successful students, such as Fan A, who is famous for acupuncture, wrote Materia Medica and Li Dangzhi, who wrote Materia Medica, all partially inherited his experience. As for Hua Tuo's "China Tibetan Scriptures", it is a work of Song people and published in his name. But it may also include some still popular contents in Hua Tuo's works.
Hua Tuo's genius lies in his ability to critically inherit the academic achievements of his predecessors and create new theories on the basis of summing up their experiences. China's medicine made brilliant achievements in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Bian Que's explanation of physiology and pathology was a great achievement. Hua Tuo's knowledge may have developed from Bian Que's theory. At the same time, Hua Tuo also made an in-depth study of Zhang Zhongjing's theory. When he read the tenth volume of Treatise on Febrile Diseases by Zhang Zhongjing, he said happily, "This book is really a living book", which shows that Zhang Zhongjing's theory has a great influence on Hua Tuo. Hua Tuo opened up a new world in a down-to-earth manner along the road pioneered by his predecessors. For example, at that time, he discovered the method of squeezing the heart in vitro and the method of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. There are many such examples. The most prominent thing is the invention of anesthesia-drinking hemp powder, and the creation of sports therapy "Wuqinxi".
Before Hua Tuo, some drugs with anesthetic properties were used as anesthetics. However, they are either used for war, assassination or manipulation, but they are not really used for surgery. Hua Tuo summarized his experience in this field and observed people's sleep state when they were drunk. He invented the anesthesia of taking hemp powder with wine, which was formally used in medicine, thus greatly improving the technology and curative effect of surgical operation and expanding the scope of surgical treatment. According to the research of Japanese surgeon Huagang Qingzhou, Mafeisan consists of one liter of Datura flower, four yuan each for Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae and Rhizoma Chuanxiong, and one yuan for fried Rhizoma Arisaematis. Since the introduction of anesthesia, Huatuo's surgery has become more complicated and more patients have been cured. When he was treating abdominal diseases that could not be cured by acupuncture and decoction, he told the patient to take leprosy powder with wine first, and when the patient lost consciousness after anesthesia, he asked the surgeon to cut open his abdomen and back and cut off the diseased part. If the disease is in the stomach and intestines, cut it open and wash it, then sew it up and apply ointment. The wound will be cured in four or five days, and it will be cured in a month or so. At that time, Hua Tuo was able to perform surgical operations such as tumor resection and gastrointestinal suture. Once, a patient was pushing a cart, bending his feet and shouting that he had a stomachache. Soon, the breathing was weak and the voice of pain gradually faded. Hua tuo pressed his pulse on his abdomen and concluded that the patient was suffering from intestinal carbuncle. Because of his dangerous condition, Hua Tuo immediately gave the patient "Ma Feisan" with wine and gave him a knife after anesthesia. After treatment, the patient recovered in about one month. His surgery has been highly praised by generations. Chen Jiamo's Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty quoted a poem from Tu Zan, a famous doctor in the past dynasties, as saying: "Wei set up a sore department to cure diseases by removing bones, which has many miraculous effects." It can be seen that the late Buddha Hua Tuo was a veritable "originator of surgery".
"Wuqinxi" is a set of medical gymnastics that can stretch muscles and joints all over the body. The action is to imitate the tiger flapping its forelimbs, the deer's head and neck stretching, the bear falling and standing, the ape's toes jumping vertically, the bird's wings spreading and so on. According to legend, when Hua Tuo was in Xuchang (county name, in Henan Province), he instructed many thin people to do this gymnastics in the open space every day. He said: "You can exercise regularly to get rid of diseases and benefit your feet and feet as a guide. If the body is unhappy, it will play the role of a bird, happy and sweaty. Because of the powder, I am light and hungry. "
In addition to systematically accepting ancient medical experience, Hua Tuo can also attach great importance to and use folk medical experience. He traveled widely all his life, collecting herbs everywhere and learning medical knowledge from the masses. While looking for medicine among the people, I also collected a lot of folk prescriptions, which are often used to treat diseases. Once, Hua Tuo met a patient with a blocked throat on the road. He can't eat anything, and he is being treated by bus. The patient groaned in pain. Hua Tuo went up to examine the patient carefully and said to him, "Those who sell cakes to the roadside want three or two cups of rice cakes, add half a bowl of sour vinegar and eat them." The patient did as he said, ate duckweed and vinegar, and immediately spit out a parasite like a snake, and the disease really recovered. The patient hung the bug by the car and went to Huatuo to thank him. Huatuo's children are playing in front of the door. As soon as he saw it, he said, "That must be the patient cured by my father." The patient walked into Hua Tuo's house and saw dozens of similar insects hanging on the wall. Hua tuo has cured many patients with this recipe.
Hua Tuo is famous for his successful scholarship and rapid improvement in medical skills. Cao Cao, a fellow countryman, often suffers from head wind disease and has seen many doctors, but it has no effect. I heard that Hua Tuo's medical skill was brilliant, so I invited him to treat him. Hua tuo only gave him an injection, and the headache went away. Cao Cao was afraid that his illness would recur, so he forced Hua Tuo to stay in Xuchang as his own doctor for his own use. Hua Tuo is noble-minded, does not advocate utility, and does not want to be such a servant. Coupled with "homesickness", he said that he would go back to his hometown to find a prescription and never come back. Cao Cao wrote several times to ask him to come back and sent local officials to urge him. Hua tuo also said that his wife was seriously ill and refused to come back. Cao Cao was furious and sent someone to Hua Tuo's hometown to investigate. He said to the sender, "If Hua Tuo's wife is really ill, give Adzuki 40 hugs and give her a holiday limit. If she cheats, she will be arrested and punished. " Soon, Hua Tuo was arrested in Xuchang, and Cao Cao still asked him to treat the disease. After the diagnosis, Hua Tuo said, "The Prime Minister's illness is very serious, and acupuncture can't work. I think it's better to use hemp boiling powder for you, and then cut open your head for surgery, so as to remove the root cause. " Hearing this, Cao Cao flew into a rage and pointed at Hua Tuo. "Can a person still live with his head cut off?" He thought Hua Tuo was going to kill him, so he put Hua Tuo in prison and prepared to kill him. One of Cao Cao's counselors pleaded: "If the recipe is practical, people's lives will be threatened, so it is best to increase the total loss." . Cao Cao did not listen and said, "Don't worry, when there is no such evil in the world?" I can't believe I killed this doctor who made great contributions to medicine. On his deathbed, Hua Tuo handed the medical books compiled in prison to the prison leader, saying, "This can be a living person.". Unexpectedly, the jailer dared not accept it. Hua tuo had to bite the bullet and set fire to it.
It has been 1700 years since Hua Tuo was killed, but people will always miss him. There is Huatuo Memorial Tomb in Xuzhou, Jiangsu; There is a Huazu Temple in Peixian County. A couplet expresses the author's feelings and summarizes Hua Tuo's life:
"The doctor caesarean section, I don't open the door. Who knows that the prison officer is mediocre, which leads to the burning of the suicide note;
It is a shame for a gentleman to lead an honest and clean life, but it is a pity for Mitchell to write music, which will make him hate things and vilify future generations. "
Hua Tuo is also an expert who can treat diseases with psychotherapy. Once, a satrap asked him to see a doctor. Hua tuo thought that after his great anger, his illness would be cured. So he accepted a lot of property without giving him a good doctor. He soon abandoned him and left a letter to scold him. The satrap is furious and makes people chase him. His son knew the truth and quietly stopped the pursuer. Under extreme resentment, the satrap vomited a few liters of black blood and soon recovered.
According to Hua Tuo's medical records, he once treated Chen Deng, the magistrate of Guangling. At that time, Chen Deng was flushed and upset. A subordinate said that Hua Tuo was here. Later, he ordered Hua Tuo to be treated. Hua tuo first asked him to prepare a dozen washbasins, and then as a result of his diagnosis and treatment, Chen Deng spat out dozens of pots of red-headed worms, prescribed medicine for him, and told him the address (Hua tuo's family) when he left. Chen Deng was 36 years old that year. As a result, Chen Deng's old illness recurred three years later, so he sent someone to look for it according to the address. However, Hua Tuo's medicine boy told Ambassador Chen Deng that Hua Tuo had not come back from the mountain to collect medicine, and he didn't know when he would come back. As a result, Chen Deng died of this disease at the age of 39. Actually, Hua Tuo.
Hua Tuo also advocates guided health preservation. He created the "Five Animals Play", imitating the shapes, movements and demeanor of five animals to stretch the bones and muscles and dredge the meridians. Five birds, namely tiger, deer, bear, ape and bird, can make hands and feet flexible and blood vessels unobstructed, and can also prevent and treat diseases. His student Upp Sang uses this method to keep fit. When he was 90 years old, he was still hearing and seeing, and his teeth were clenched.
Cao Cao has a headache, and every attack is very painful. He heard that Hua Tuo's medical skill was superb, so he called him and stayed with him. Every time he got sick, Hua Tuo used acupuncture at his Shu point, and his headache was cured immediately. However, Hua Tuo was concerned about the people and didn't want to wait on princes and nobles. He said that his wife had called in sick and hadn't been back to the DPRK for a long time. Cao Cao was furious and sent someone to trace it. When he found out that his wife was innocent, he put Hua Tuo in his cell and executed him. Before his execution, Hua Tuo took out a book and gave it to the jailer, saying, "This book can be used to save people." The jailer didn't dare to accept it, and Hua tuo didn't insist, so he burned the book. After Hua Tuo was executed, Cao Cao's head wind disease became more and more serious and painful in the absence of medical treatment. But he still resented Hua Tuo, saying that Hua Tuo could eradicate his disease, but he didn't cure it once, so as to support himself. Even if we don't kill him, he won't cure himself. It was not until his beloved son Cang Shu died that he sighed, "I regret killing Hua Tuo, otherwise my child would not have died."
Hua Tuo is one of the few outstanding surgeons in the medical history of China. Good at anesthesia, acupuncture and chest surgery. The surgical method is not the mainstream treatment method of traditional Chinese medicine based on the culture of "respecting Confucianism". Under the Confucian thought of "the strength of the body is what parents receive", surgery has not developed on a large scale in Chinese medicine. Some medical historians have verified that the treatment methods used by Hua Tuo were recorded in Indian medicine, and the main medicine "Datura flower" in Ma Fei San he used was also produced in India, so they suggested that Hua Tuo had traveled all over the Central Plains all his life, probably from India. Although this statement can't be tested, it also has certain reference value.
At the same time, we should also realize that Chinese medicine surgery does not exist, and it has reached a fairly high level as far back as the Han Dynasty. However, with the passage of time and the continuous progress of TCM theory and practice, most diseases can be cured by acupuncture, drugs and other treatments, and these painful and serious injuries and meridian breaks are gradually replaced by more "civilized" and "simple" internal treatment methods. On the contrary, this is actually a civilization created by culture. The special cultural atmosphere in China has created a special research method of TCM. Under this condition, Chinese medicine has also made great progress. Many other medical problems that can only be solved by surgery can also achieve the same effect through internal treatment. We have to admit that it is beyond science, and its theory is subtle and far-reaching. At the same time, this is also the fundamental reason why Chinese medicine has always been superior to other medicine with its theory.
Dr. Hua tuo
Ma feisan
Hua tuo is no stranger to people. Everyone knows that he is a doctor who can cure all diseases. In China's famous historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there is a story about Hua Tuo scraping bones for Guan Yu, a famous Shu country. In fact, Hua Tuo's contribution to mankind goes far beyond this. His original ideas in medicine are more than 65,438+0,000 years ahead of those in the West.
Huatuo was born in China at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, more than 700 years ago/kloc-0. He is from Peiguoqiao County (now Hao County, Anhui Province). He loves medicine and has studied medicine since he was a child. He is determined to be a doctor who solves problems for others. He was once recommended to be an official, but he politely refused. He picked up the medicine cabinet and traveled around to treat people. Thanks to his excellent medical skills, he soon became a famous local figure.
Once on the road, Hua Tuo saw a group of people around the roadside. Looking closer, it turned out that a driver fell to the ground. I saw the driver's face sallow, his feet curled up, his hands clutching his stomach, and he kept making unbearable painful sounds. When Hua Tuo saw this, he immediately put down the medicine box and squatted on the ground to examine the patient. After a while, Hua Tuo turned to the onlookers and said, "He has intestinal carbuncle (appendicitis). If he is treated early, acupuncture will do. " "Is he hopeless now?" People around you asked eagerly. Hua tuo smiled and shook his head and said, "Don't worry, don't worry, this ailment is nothing." However, I need to take out his intestines for treatment. "I heard that caesarean section, some people stretched out their tongues in fear, and some people could not help but gasp. Because they can't imagine how painful caesarean section will be. Hua tuo calmly took out a pack of powder and asked someone to bring some wine for the patient to take. Soon, the patient quieted down, and after a while, the patient fell asleep. Hua tuo had the driver carried to a nearby house, cut the driver's stomach with a scalpel, took out the patient's intestines, cut off the festering part, sewed it up, and coated it with Shengji ointment. After all this work was finished, the patient woke up, opened his eyes and was surprised to find that his stomach no longer hurt. Knowing what had just happened, he gratefully took Hua Tuo's hand and repeatedly said, "You saved my life. I really don't know how to thank you. You are really a fairy! "Warren was asked what he gave the patient before the operation, so that he had no pain during the whole operation. Hua tuo smiled and took out some powder from the box and said, "that's all." It's called leprosy powder. Eat it, no matter what surgery you do, you won't feel pain. " A young man asked loudly, "which fairy gave it to you?" Hua tuo smiled and pointed to everyone and said to himself, "when it comes to immortals, there are many." I did it according to the villagers' tips and summed it up myself. "
A few days later, the driver recovered completely and appeared on the road like everyone else. The news of Hua Tuo's superb medical skills spread like wildfire, and the magical effect of "Leprosy Powder" spread to thousands of households under the name of Hua Tuo.
Mafeisan is a very effective anesthetic made by Huatuo. If this medicine is taken with wine, the effect is better, and it can play the role of general anesthesia. However, the anesthetic used in modern medicine is only 100 years old. A long time ago, Europeans shocked patients by bloodletting and then operated. This method is very dangerous. If there is too much blood, the patient will never wake up. Even if there is no danger, the patient loses a lot of blood before the operation, and his body is extremely weak, so it is very difficult to recover. 1842, the Frenchman heckman began to use carbon dioxide as an anesthetic, but it can only be used on animals, not people. Two years later, Colton Harvey, an American, used nitrous oxide as an anesthetic, and the effect was not very good. It was not until 1848 that Moreton, an American, began to use ether as an anesthetic. Today, western medicine still uses this medicine. Hua Tuo, an imperial doctor in China, operated on patients with Mafeisan, at least earlier than in the west 1600 years. But unfortunately, the party lost. Fortunately, a history book recorded this miracle. It is recorded in the Chinese historical document "The History of the Later Han Dynasty": "If the disease occurs inside, acupuncture and medicine can't reach it, so take the hemp boiling powder with wine first, that is, you won't feel drunk, and you will break your stomach and cut it up." It can be seen that the invention and use of leprosy powder is a miracle in the history of world medicine.
Five animal exercises
Ancient people, because of underdeveloped science, mistakenly thought that "life and death are life, wealth is in the sky" and that people can only resign themselves to fate. Hua tuo didn't believe this. He believes that people can give full play to their positive role, improve health and resist diseases. He was in favor of ancient China.
The idea of "prevention before illness" emphasizes prevention.
One day, he said to Upp, a student, "Do you know the truth that' home hinges are not stupid, running water does not rot'? People get sick because qi and blood are not circulating. If people exercise regularly and let the blood flow smoothly, they can strengthen their physique and reduce diseases. "
Hua tuo pays great attention to exercising himself. Every morning he moves in the yard, and then he reads books or treats others. Whenever he sits for a long time, he stops his work, stretches his arms, lifts his legs and feet, and suddenly feels refreshed. He believes that human life lies not in the sky, but in sports. He has been trying to find a way to make people live longer.
One day, Hua Tuo saw the eagle soaring in the sky, and its open wings drove its body to fly freely in the air. From this, he thought of deer on the grassland, tigers on the mountain, apes and bears in the forest. They are strong and have their own characteristics. If we can learn from their strengths and use them for our own advantage, can't we live freely on the earth like them? From then on, Hua Tuo devoted himself to studying the sports characteristics of these five animals, and then created a set of medical gymnastics called "Five Birds Play" according to the principles of acupoints and veins in medical books. Wuqinxi requires people to imitate tigers, deer, bears, apes and birds to make various actions to promote blood circulation, so that all joints and muscles can be stretched, thus achieving the purpose of strengthening the body and preventing diseases.
Hua Tuo's "Five-Animal Show" was very popular with people and soon became popular in Xuchang area. Many people are weak, because they insist on doing the "five-bird play", and their physique has been obviously enhanced. There is a person who has a bad appetite and often has diarrhea. Because of the "wuqinxi", it was completely cured in three months without medication. Hua Tuo's student, Upp, insisted on exercising in this way and lived to be over 90 years old, but he was still "sharp-eyed and hard-toothed".
As early as 1700 years ago, Hua Tuo was able to combine prevention with treatment and put exercise first, which was a great contribution to human health. His thought of "life lies in exercise" still has a positive guiding role in human health care.
Ignore powerful people
Hua Tuo lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, with autocratic eunuchs and political corruption. Due to years of war, the reorganization of the government and the tax on farmers have been increasing, and the lives of working people have been miserable. Hua tuo was very sympathetic to the people's misfortune, and he vowed to contribute everything to relieve the people's suffering.
Huatuo has been practicing medicine among the people for many years and has established deep feelings with the working people. Whenever he meets a patient, he will treat him warmly and never pay.
Once, Hua Tuo treated a boatman and was diagnosed with spleen rot. He gave the boatman homemade hemp powder, cut open his stomach, cut off the festering part, sewed up the wound and gave him some medicine. The patient recovered after about a month.
On another occasion, he met a patient with a blocked throat on the road. The patient can't eat anything, but groan, which is very painful. Hua tuo didn't say anything after reading it. He came to a roadside shop and asked the shopkeeper for a bowl of vinegar and garlic. After he mixed it, he poured it to the patient. Soon, a long bug spit out from the patient's mouth, and the patient immediately recovered. The patient's whole family is very grateful to Hua Tuo, and we want to thank him again. After Hua Tuo repeatedly declined, he hurried forward without looking back.
Hua tuo treats people very carefully. He paid attention to the characteristics of the disease according to the different conditions of patients, and achieved the right medicine, with remarkable results. Once, two patients came to see a doctor, and both of them had a headache and a fever. After checking their conditions one by one, Warren prescribed them two completely different drugs. He asked one patient to take laxatives and another patient to take divergent drugs. Two people don't understand. Hua tuo patiently said to them, "although you all have headaches and fever, the causes are different." One is eating too much; The other is a cold caused by exogenous cold. So your medicine is different! "This reassured the patient. They took the medicine according to Hua Tuo's request and all recovered the next day.
There is a man named Chen Shushan in Dongyang. His two-year-old son is ill. When Hua Tuo heard about it, he arrived overnight. It turned out that Chen Shushan's son was suffering from dysentery and his life was dying. Fortunately, Hua Tuo arrived in time and saved his life.
Hua tuo treats people regardless of cost, is not afraid of long-distance love, and works tirelessly. The broad masses of working people love him very much and affectionately call him a folk doctor.
At that time, Cao Cao, who relied on the emperor as a vassal, dominated the Central Plains. One day, he had a splitting headache and sent for Hua Tuo. After Hua Tuo came, after careful diagnosis, it was confirmed that it was migraine. He took out the silver needle and stuck only a few needles in Cao Cao's head, and the headache stopped immediately. When Cao Cao saw that Hua Tuo really had a good medical skill, he wanted to keep him with him and promised him a high official and generous salary. However, Hua Tuo refused Cao Cao's request. He doesn't want to stay in Xuchang and enjoy his old age. He wants to alleviate the suffering of people all over the world. In order to get away, he lied that his wife was ill. This method really worked. Cao Cao asked him to go home and take care of his wife, and asked her to return immediately after she fell ill. Who knows that Hua Tuo has left and will not return for many days. It turned out that he was thinking about his hometown and his patients. After leaving Cao Cao, he traveled around and practiced medicine for the people.
Cao Cao refused to give up and angrily sent someone to catch Hua Tuo. At this point, Cao Cao's headache recurred, so he sent Hua Tuo to see him. Hua tuo was worried about his patient and asked Cao Cao to let him go back immediately after he was cured. Cao Cao disagreed. Hua tuo refused to give Cao Cao acupuncture in a rage, and Cao Cao threatened to die. Hua tuo is fearless and has no hesitation. Cao Cao had no choice but to put him on death row. Knowing that he was in born to die, Hua Tuo entrusted someone to bring a pen and inkstone, wrote several books, and gave them to the jailer the day before the execution, asking him to pass on these valuable experiences, so as to save the people from pain and anxiety. Who knew that the jailer was too timid to accept Hua Tuo's medical books? Helpless, Hua tuo had to throw these materials into the fire with tears in his eyes. The next day, Cao Cao sent someone to kill Hua Tuo. A generation of famous doctors passed away in this way.
Hua Tuo's murder is a great loss to the medical profession in China. Although he did not leave any monographs, his students, such as Upp and Li Dangzhi, partly inherited Hua Tuo's experience and knowledge, and compiled medical books such as Upp Materia Medica and Materia Medica Classic, which played a positive role in the medical development of the motherland.