Method for plan grape in greenhouse
1, variety selection
Select varieties with short dormancy period, high yield, good storability, short fruit development period, early maturity and strong adaptability.
2. Seedling planting mode
According to the different planting period, different specifications of seedlings or nutrition pot seedlings can be selected for planting. Generally, for greenhouses that are idle or ready to be built in winter, 1 annual cuttings or grafted seedlings can be used. The greenhouse where vegetables need to be stubbled in winter and spring can be planted from the middle and late May to the early June after the vegetables are harvested, and the nutritious pot seedlings can also achieve the effect of high yield in the next year.
The determination of plant spacing varies with varieties, site conditions, plastic methods and seedling resources.
2. 1 year planting system is also called preparatory seedling system. Generally, hedgerows are planted once a year, and after harvesting in the second year, a seedling is planted. The planting density is 0/000 ~ 2000 plants per 667m2/kloc. Is the line spacing 1m? 0.5m、 1m？ 0.6m、 1.5m？ 0.5m？ 0.5m、 1m？ 0.5m？ 0.4m and other different forms.
After the planting row spacing is determined, planting ditches can be excavated and single-row planting can be adopted. Generally, the depth and width of planting ditch are 0.5m, and the surface soil and bottom soil are excavated alternately, and then backfilled. When backfilling, pay attention to fill the surface soil first, then fill the bottom soil, and at the same time mix enough fully decomposed organic fertilizer, and finally add water to fill. If large and small rows are used for planting, the width of ditching is 60 ~ 80 cm. When planting, small holes are dug to plant seedlings. In the greenhouse where seedlings are planted with nutrient bags, only the nutrient bags need to be cut open and planted with soil, and the survival rate is close to 100%.
2.2 permanent planting once, year by year. Hedge modeling is also commonly used. The planting density is 333 ~ 556 plants per 667 square meters, and the spacing between plants is 1? 2m~0.8？ 1.5 meters.
3. Post-colonial management
Promoting the healthy growth of seedlings is the basis of realizing early fruit, high quality, high yield and high efficiency after the seedlings are planted and survived. In training, we should pay attention to the following points:
3. 1 Select the main vine in time and cultivate grapes in greenhouse once a year. Because of its high planting density, it is very different from the traditional pruning method, and the single dragon trunk pruning method is generally used. That is, only 1 main vine remains after planting. The setting principle of tendrils is to leave no top, no strength, no weakness, and all redundant auxiliary tips are thinned. Generally, 2 ~ 3 main vines are selected for permanent planting, and the principle of selection and retention is the same as that of planting once a year.
3.2 When the new shoots of main vines left by sectioned coring grow to 80cm, conduct coring for the first time 1 time. After coring, the top secondary branches are left to continue to grow, and the remaining secondary branches are left 1 leaf for coring, which fully promotes the development of main vines. When the length of the extension tip retained at the top is about 40cm, the second coring is carried out, and the treatment of the auxiliary tip is the same as above. And so on, for the third and fourth coring. After August, if the growth potential is still vigorous, 2 ~ 3 secondary buds can be left at the top to prolong the growth, and the secondary buds germinated at the lower part can be appropriately lengthened, leaving 4 ~ 6 leaves for coring. In a word, the purpose of subsection coring in summer is to promote the growth of trunk, promote the differentiation and fullness of winter buds, and lay the foundation for early fruit and high yield.
3.3 Tie the tendrils in time. When the main vine is removed and grows to about 30cm, it can be tied. Tie it every 30 ~ 40cm from now on. Remove the tendrils when binding. The setting of columns and steel wires depends on the specific situation of the shed.
3.4 Strengthen chemical fertilizer, water management and pest control to promote the growth and health of seedlings. Apply sufficient decomposed organic fertilizer before planting seedlings, generally 667 square meters and above 5000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer. After the seedlings survive, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to improve the quality of seedlings, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied in the later period (August and September), and at the same time, attention should be paid to spraying fertilizers on the leaves to promote the full maturity of branches and vines and the accumulation of stored nutrients. At the beginning of September, we began to dig ditches and apply decomposed organic fertilizer, which on the one hand cut off the roots and limited the length, on the other hand promoted the further differentiation of winter buds.
As long as the weather is dry in the growing season, water should be watered at any time, and drainage should be paid attention to in the rainy season to prevent waterlogging.
Grape downy mildew is one of the most common diseases. Rainfall is easy to induce downy mildew and black pox, which can be controlled by alternately using bordeaux mixture and ethyl phosphate. Pay attention to the occurrence of red spider and prevent it as soon as possible. Ensuring that leaves are disease-free and insect-free is also the key to ensure high yield, high quality and high efficiency.
4. Back shed management
4. 1 Forced dormancy Generally, after the first frost, the temperature gradually drops, and the shed can be closed. In Qingdao, from the end of 10 to the beginning of 1 10, you can start to tidy up the shed and cover it with film. At the beginning of the shed, cover the grass during the day and close the vent to prevent the temperature in the shed from rising too fast; In order to make full use of the low temperature at night, the roof air inlet and front air inlet should be opened at the same time. Repetition of 15 ~ 20 days can promote grape plants to enter dormancy in advance and spend the natural dormancy period.
4.2 Prune in time and reasonably determine the amount of buds left.
1In late October, 165438+ started pruning grapes in the greenhouse. Results The pruning length of mother branches varied with varieties, shaping methods and planting density. The amount of grape buds left in winter cutting has great influence on yield, quality, maturity and plant growth and development. Insufficient bud retention, low yield in the second year and poor benefit; There are too many buds left, and the new buds are dense in the second year, and the light is poor, which leads to serious flower and fruit falling, which leads to a decline in benefits. It is generally determined that the ear, branch and pruning length are the basic points of pruning. Specifically, the winter buds of the 1 coring are well differentiated and full, which is a suitable pruning position.
4.3 After temperature management pruning in the shed 10 ~ 15 days, the temperature can be increased to promote germination. Generally, before heating, the ground should be watered, covered with plastic film, and then heated. The temperature in the shed should be gradually increased, which can be divided into five stages: 1, 15 ~ 18℃ during the day and 5 ~ 6℃ at night before germination; 2. From germination to flowering: 18 ~ 20℃ during the day and 6 ~ 7℃ at night; 3. The flowering temperature is slightly higher, 25 ~ 28℃ during the day and 8 ~10℃ at night; 4. From flowering to fruit expansion: 25 ~ 30℃ during the day and15 ~18℃ at night; 5. Fruit coloring to harvest: not higher than 30℃ during the day and lower than 15℃ at night, so as to widen the temperature difference between day and night and promote fruit coloring and sugar accumulation.
4.4 Humidity management in the shed
The relative humidity in the shed should be controlled above 90% from covering to germination, 60-70% from germination to flowering, 50-60% from flowering to fruit swelling, and 50% from fruit coloring to harvest. From greenhouse to harvest, soil moisture should be kept at 60 ~ 80% of the maximum field capacity. In different phenological periods, the water demand in germination and fruit expansion period is relatively large, which should be controlled within 70 ~ 80% of the maximum water capacity in the field. In the process of fruit growth and development, we should try to avoid excessive changes in soil water content and prevent fruit cracking.
4.5 Use lime nitrogen to break dormancy and promote the orderly germination of grapes. In the case of natural warming, grapes can begin to sprout in about 20 days. However, due to the different dormancy degree between varieties and plants, the germination is very irregular, and some plants even begin to germinate when the temperature rises for about 50 days. To this end, we used lime nitrogen to break dormancy and accelerate germination in an orderly manner, which was very successful. After the temperature rises in the greenhouse, a 20% aqueous solution of lime nitrogen (1kg lime nitrogen and 4kg hot water, constantly stirring, fully mixing for more than 2 hours, and adding an appropriate amount of spreading agent) can be prepared, dipped with a small brush, and evenly spread on the bud eyes of the fruiting mother branches, with the spreading length of 65438+ 0/3 of the vine, which should not be too long or too short. Too long, too many buds germinate, resulting in nutrient waste, too short, resulting in insufficient germination, and it is impossible to select high-quality fruit branches. After 20 days, the bud eyes coated with lime nitrogen can begin to sprout.
4.6 Management after germination After applying lime nitrogen to accelerate germination, many winter buds can germinate at the same time, and spare branches should be kept (for regeneration). For other buds, according to their panicle differentiation quality and planting density, 65,438+0 ~ 3 fruiting vines are reserved, so that they are evenly and reasonably distributed on the shelf surface, and the rest buds are all smoothed to reduce nutrient consumption. When the new shoots grow to 3 ~ 5 cm, they can be tied to the shelf. It should be noted that the new buds are tender at this time and should be prevented from breaking or falling off.
4.7 Reasonable Load The reasonable load of protected cultivation is related to the cultivated varieties, tree potential, tree age, soil, fertilizer and water management and other factors. The yield of grapes in the greenhouse is not too high. Generally, the yield per 667 square meters is 2000 ~ 2500 kg, with 3 ~ 4 ears per plant, and the average ear weight is 0.5 ~ 0.8 kg. Excessive inflorescences should be thinned as early as possible before flowering. General 1 strong branches leave 1 ear, weak branches leave no fruit. At the same time, the secondary spike and 1/3 spike tips should be removed. Prune the ear after the fruit is set, and cut off the seedless seeds caught in the ear.
5. Management after fruit harvesting
Post-harvest management of grapes directly affects the yield and economic benefits of the next year, so it is necessary to do a good job of management. For permanent cultivation, topdressing and watering should be done in time after fruit harvesting. Because grapes consume a lot of nutrients during the development period from germination to fruit maturity, after the fruit is harvested, the shed film is removed, which coincides with hot and dry weather. At this time, the tree vigor is weak and the nutritional level of the tree is low. It is necessary to provide sufficient fertilizer and water in time, promote root growth, increase nutrient accumulation, and prune and update fruiting branches in time. Branches grow in the original shed, leaves are aging, and the quality of bud eye differentiation is poor, so it can not be continuous in the second year. Therefore, 660 should be selected from the ground. Strengthen the management of new shoots, do a good job in pest control, pay special attention to the prevention and control of downy mildew, and prevent defoliation, which is conducive to high quality and high yield in the coming year. If the fruit is planted once a year, the plants in the shed should be moved out of the shed in time after the fruit is harvested, and the prepared seedlings should be planted after deep ploughing and fertilization in the shed.
6. Integrated pest management
There are relatively few pests and diseases under the condition of grape protected cultivation. Spraying branches and vines with 100 times of fumei zinc before sleeping in the shed; Spraying 40% carbendazim 800 times at the seedling stage to prevent the occurrence of ear shaft brown rot; Spraying 600 times thiophanate methyl at flowering stage to control gray mold; Spraying 600 times of chlorothalonil and mancozeb twice after fruit picking. Insect pests mainly control thrips and red spiders. Thrips generally occur after germination, and the spraying speed can reach 2000 times. Starscream occurs in April and May. When spraying fungicides, mix acaricides for comprehensive control.
Management method of grape planting in greenhouse
1, timely shed closure: according to the growth characteristics and climate characteristics of grapes, it is generally 65438+late February, and the shed will be closed after the grapes have passed the dormancy period. Plastic film should be transparent and drip-proof, and grass should be covered at night to keep warm.
2. Control the temperature and humidity in the shed: After the shed is buckled, the grapes can be unearthed and put on the shelf. After the grapes are unearthed, they should be watered enough and managed at low temperature in the first week. Put down the grass stalks during the day and keep high humidity. The temperature should be kept at 20-25℃ during the day, and the greenhouse temperature should be around 0 at night. 5℃。 Keep the humidity above 95%. When grapes enter the germination stage, the temperature in the greenhouse should be strictly controlled during the day to prevent them from causing branches? Blind? There is the phenomenon of irregular germination; Its suitable temperature is 22? 28℃, humidity about 85%. The daytime temperature should be controlled at 22? 28℃, about 65438 02℃ at night, to prevent excessive temperature, resulting in excessive growth of new shoots and poor differentiation and development of flower spikes and flower organs. Take out the draft reed at 9 am every day and put it down at 4 pm. Pay attention to fresh air. The relative temperature in flowering period is about 50%, and that in other growing periods is 55%. Between 60%.
3. Water and fertilizer management: after the grapes are unearthed, they should be backfilled with cold-proof soil, and 4-5 cubic meters of high-quality organic fertilizer and 75 kilograms of compound fertilizer should be applied per mu. After that, special fertilizers such as strip promotion, fruit expansion and coloring can be applied, and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements can also be sprayed on the leaves. Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used before flowering, and compound fertilizer is mainly used at flowering and young fruit stage. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, especially potassium fertilizer, is mainly applied from hard core stage to before fruit picking. In order to increase the yield, special attention should be paid to the supplement and spraying of boron. Watering is generally combined with fertilization. According to the soil moisture, water less and apply thin fertilizer, and it is forbidden to flood irrigation.
4, pest control:
(1) Thoroughly clean up before buckling the shed: generally, the pests and diseases of grapes in the greenhouse are light. The key to disease prevention is to clean and disinfect the garden during hibernation. After the grape leaves are defoliated, it is necessary to completely cut off the diseased branches and vines, scrape off the old bark that may carry bacteria, and remove the germs such as residual branches, rotten leaves, tendrils and rotten fruits that fall to the ground. Centralized incineration.
(2) timely prevention after the shed is buckled: after the grapes are unearthed, it is in the pilling stage. The whole plant should be sprayed with 1 times of 3-5 baume stone sulfur mixture and 0.5% sodium pentachlorophenol mixture, and the ground and telephone poles can be directly sprayed with 1% sodium pentachlorophenol for sterilization. This has a great effect on reducing the initial source of infection.
(3) Reasonable prevention and control in growth period: Due to the high air humidity in growth period, attention should be paid to the occurrence of gray old disease. Spray once or twice before and after flowering, 200 times the beam. Pay attention to the prevention and control of white rot and anthracnose in fruit coloring period. 500g of thiram mixed powder, 500 g of sulfur powder and 0/2kg of calcium carbonate/kloc can be applied on the ground, and the dosage per mu is about 2 kg. Can I also spray 75% chlorothalonil 400? 600 times solution, 50% carbendazim, 70% thiophanate-methyl 600-800 times solution control.
Grape planting method
First, posture
Grape is a perennial vine fruit tree, which needs to be shed to maintain a certain space and fruit shape and obtain a higher yield. Put it up in the first year, and you can't climb it smoothly. There are several common postures.
1. Hedge frame: The surface of the frame is vertical to the ground and looks like a fence wall. At present, the single-wall hedge frame is mostly used, and the frame height is more than 2 meters. Suitable for large-scale planting.
2. Inclined scaffolding: it is suitable for large-scale cultivation and can be divided into two types.
Large scaffolding: the row spacing is more than 6 meters, the horizontal column spacing is about 2 meters, and the horizontal direction is generally 4? 5 ranks.
Small scaffolding: the row spacing is less than 6 meters, and the construction method is the same as that of large scaffolding.
3. Large horizontal scaffolding
Suitable for garden cultivation. Planting grapes in the garden can not only increase income, but also beautify the environment, killing two birds with one stone.
Second, plastic surgery
The purpose of shaping is to make the branches and spikes distribute reasonably on the frame surface, make full use of space and improve the photosynthetic performance of leaves.
1. Multi-vine natural fan. Suitable for all kinds of scaffolding.
Many main vines are naturally fan-shaped, with a hole 3? 4 (6 hospitals at most? 7) Main vines, and then the main vines are divided into lateral vines, the distance between the same vines is about 2 meters, and each main vine is equipped with 14? 16 lateral tendrils are fan-shaped and distributed on the frame surface. Early stage (1? 5 years) pruning is mainly long, and after molding, it is mainly medium and short.
2. Natural fan shape. Suitable for hedgerow cultivation. There is usually a main vine 3? Five, the fan-shaped distribution of the frame surface. Evenly arrange side vines on the main vines, properly select the fruiting mother vines on the main vines and side vines, and carry out long, medium and short mixed pruning.
3. Dulong trunk and Shuanglong trunk are extremely short and slightly plastic.
3. Gan Long is simple in shaping, easy to master, stable in yield, neat in ear and grain, and suitable for various racks. It is characterized in that there are no lateral vines, and the fruit vines are directly planted on the main vines. The main vine spacing is 50 cm, resulting in vine spacing 15? 20 centimeters.
4. Multi-main rattan fan. It is different from the natural fan with many main vines in that there is no auxiliary vine. The distance between main vines is 50 cm, resulting in the distance between mother branches 15? 20 cm, 7 per meter? 10 fruiting vines, at a rate of 14 2 per meter? Trim 20 new cuttings with long, medium and short mixture. Suitable for small scaffolding.
Third, pruning
Grape pruning can be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning. Pruning in winter is completed from the first ten days of 165438+ 10 to the last ten days of 165438+ 10, and pruning in summer refers to pruning in the growing period.
1. Winter scissors. The purpose is to cut off pests and diseases, immature vines and renew weak vines, adjust plant load, improve fruit quality and prolong economic life. There are three methods of pruning in winter, namely thinning, short cutting and regeneration, which are generally carried out simultaneously on the same plant.
(1) refinement. Removing vines with different bases can inhibit the former, promote the latter, improve landscape conditions and improve fruit quality. Be careful not to remove the opposite tendrils at the same time, and don't make the wound too close, so as not to hinder the transport of nutrients and cause the decline of yield and quality.
(2) Take shortcuts. According to the pruning length, it is divided into long, medium and short (extremely short) pruning. Cut it short and leave it 8? Section 12, abbreviated as 4? Section 7, shortcut 1? Section 3. Because of the different fruiting habits of different varieties, the methods adopted are also different. Longan is located at 5? In section 9, the new vines sprouting from the basal buds often have no spikes, so the pruning is mainly long (medium). Most of the new vines germinate from the bud eyes of different parts of Rose fragrance and Kyoho, and have fruit ears. They are often pruned with long, medium and short pruning, or short and extremely short pruning.
Longer pruning is easy to choose the best bud fruit; The cutting length is beneficial to the expansion of the frame surface, and the output can be obtained in advance; The main vine is slender, which is conducive to burying the soil to prevent cold. But if the management level is not improved, the load will be too heavy, which will affect the quality. Short pruning is beneficial to nutrient concentration, good fruit quality, easy to update and easy to master technology. But it is difficult to bury branches in thick soil to keep out the cold, and it is also difficult to update big branches.
Therefore, winter pruning should be based on variety characteristics, site conditions and management level to decide which method to adopt.
(3) Updating and pruning the mother vine. In order to prevent the load-bearing part from rising, resulting in baldness at the lower part, the mother vine should be constantly updated. The method is that after the fruiting mother vines germinate in spring, the new ones with good lower parts are selected as the fruiting mother vines for cultivation in the next year, and they are taken back during cutting in winter. However, due to the influence of the top advantage, the lower vines are weak and difficult to renew. The solutions are as follows: firstly, properly prune the newly updated vines in winter, and secondly, keep the newly updated vines and leave less fruits in summer that year.
(4) Residual amount of fruiting mother vines in winter. According to 1 fruiting vine, two fruiting vines were produced, with each fruiting vine bearing 1 ear, with an average of 0.7 kg per ear. If you produce 7 kilograms of fruit per square meter, there will be 5 fruiting vines per square meter.
Another way is to press per square meter 14? If 20 new shoots are counted, the result should be 7? 10.
In short, if the frame is high, the scenery is good, and the water and fertilizer are sufficient, you can leave more fruiting vines, and vice versa.
(5) Problems that should be paid attention to when shearing wool in winter. 1. The distance between the cutting mouth and the cutting mouth bud is not less than 2 cm; The second is to leave 1 cm pile when cutting vines from the base; The third is to update the big branches with a hand saw; The fourth is to try to make the big wound not on the same side.
2. Summer scissors. Pruning in summer is mainly to adjust the relationship between growth and fruiting, remove useless buds and new buds, sparse excessive inflorescences, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, make branches fully developed, and improve yield and quality.
(1) Smear buds and thin branches. When the new size is less than 10 cm, it is called budding, and when it is greater than 10 cm, it is called thinning. Principle: Wipe off all the buds below 40 cm from the ground, leaving no double vines, weak ones and strong ones, straight ones and flat ones, and long ones and fruiting ones.
(2) Sparse the spike, and pinch the secondary spike and spike tip. While wiping buds and thinning branches, thinning weak branches and multi-branch inflorescences, leaving two ears for strong branches and one ear for weak branches. For varieties with serious years and low fruit setting rate, such as Rose Fragrant and Kyoho, the 1/4 of secondary panicle and main panicle can be pinched off. 1/5.
(3) the new one is a little heart-warming. Before the flower 3? Picking seeds for 5 days can concentrate nutrients, improve fruit setting rate and improve ventilation and light transmission conditions. Leave 3 at the top of the flower? Take the core of 4 leaves (3 leaves for inflorescence 1 and 4 leaves for inflorescence 2). The more you stay in Harrison, the lower the fruit setting rate. Longan has a high fruit setting rate, can you leave 5? Seven leaves. No flowers 10? 12 leaves are cored.
(4) The deputy is a little worried. After the new one is picked, the sprouted accessory beard is picked several times. Leave once 1? Two leaves were repeatedly cored. Erase all the flowers at once, and leave them every time you spend too much 1? Two leaves were repeatedly cored. The number of leaves left depends on the landscape conditions of the surface and the new number.
(5) Tie the vines. When the grapes grow to 30 cm, tie the vines again every 15 days and remove the tendrils. Do it again in early July. Tie the vines with pig leg buckles.
(6) autumn scissors. Grape branches and vines do not form terminal buds, but grow at the right temperature. In order to reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption, autumn pruning should be carried out immediately after harvest. The principle is: cut whatever you want in winter; The second is to prepare the top of the fruiting mother vine and the tender part of the main side vine.
Four, water and fertilizer management
(1) water. Don't water the flowers in spring, water them as soon as they fall. Every 10? Water every 15 days. Water can be stopped in rainy season and watered in autumn drought. Water frozen water once before winter and 7 or 8 times throughout the year.
(2) fat. Base fertilizer (coarse fertilizer) per mu 10000 kg, applied after the autumn and before the shelf. There are three ways: one is a disk. In the tree tray, the soil rises from the distance of 30 cm from the trunk, from the depth of about 15 cm to the periphery of 30 cm. 40 cm deep, fertilizing, and evenly mixing the soil to the original height; The second type is ditch-shaped. Open 40 outer tree trays? 50 cm deep ditch, 30 cm wide, covered with soil after fertilization; The third is the combination of groove and disk.
The application of base fertilizer will not take effect until the following spring after autumn. If it is too late to apply, it must be applied in early spring and April. Base fertilizer should also be applied once from late July to early August, with 10 per plant? 15 kg human feces is good for fruit size and quality.
Topdressing A few times. The first time was in early May, which was a new and slightly faster period, each plant was 1. 2 Jin. The second time is from the end of May to the beginning of June, that is, before flowering, and the amount of topdressing is the same as last time. The third time is in the middle and late June after fruit setting. It is best to chase compound fertilizer. In the middle and late July, if there is no base fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be applied to improve fruit quality.
Topdressing outside the roots. Spray 0. 1 before flowering? 0.2% borax; Spray 0.3 in the young fruit period? 0. 1% urea; Spraying 1% calcium superphosphate or 1? 2% plant ash solution.
Guess you are interested in:
1. A greenhouse grape planting method
2. The income from growing grapes in greenhouse
3. Greenhouse grape planting method
4. A greenhouse grape planting method
5. The method of cultivating grapes in greenhouse
6. Grape planting method in plastic greenhouse