The plant has strong growth potential, strong bud eye germination, high branching rate and good flower bud differentiation. The average number of panicles per fruiting branch is 1.6, and the yield is good. Hedgehog cultivation (2.5 m× 1.2 m), the average yield per plant in the second year after planting is about 2.5 kg, and in the third year after planting, the average yield per plant is 6-7 kg, and the yield per mu is controlled above 1250 kg.
Strong resistance to black pox, weak resistance to gray mold and powdery mildew, general resistance to anthracnose, white rot and downy mildew, suitable for open cultivation and rain-proof cultivation in north and south areas. Mature fruits can be hung on trees for as long as 1 month, without changing taste or dropping seeds.
The key points of summer black grape cultivation techniques for shelter from rain are as follows.
(1) Science Park Building
Choose plots with convenient transportation, convenient irrigation and drainage and deep soil layer to build gardens, and weakly acidic to neutral sandy loam is suitable. Before planting, open the border with a width of 80 cm and a depth of 60 cm, and apply 100 kg of calcium superphosphate per mu. After mixing with soil, the furrows should be leveled, deep furrows should be opened, and high furrows should be planted. 165438+1From late October to next March, select strong seedlings (both grafted and self-rooted), and leave 2-3 full buds for short cutting before planting. After planting, water it and cover it with black plastic film to keep moisture and prevent weeds. The cultivation frame is divided into two types: hedge frame and flat shed frame. The planting density of a single rain shelter is (2.5 ~ 3.0) m× (0.8 ~ 1.2) m (double cross Y-shaped frame), and the planting density of multi-span rain shelter is 4.0 m× 1.0 m (wide flat frame
(2) Soil, fertilizer and water management
In the rainy areas in the south, the fruit growing season is from March to June, so it is very important to do a good job of ditching and drainage. It is necessary to build high ridges and deep ditches, which are gradually distributed from deep to shallow. Pay attention to timely irrigation in the summer drought season from July to August to prevent early defoliation. Weed control should be carried out in time during the growing season, with manual weeding as the main method and chemical control as the supplement. After defoliation every year, the whole garden should be deeply ploughed with base fertilizer in autumn.
Apply fertilizer scientifically according to the law of fertilizer demand for plant growth and development. 1 ~ 2-year-old young trees are fertilized about 10 times a year, and topdressing is frequently performed on the basis of sufficient base fertilizer. In the first year of planting, topdressing began when the new shoots germinated about 65,438+00 cm. Topdressing with 0.3% urea and 0.5% calcium superphosphate solution or decomposed manure and biogas slurry in April-May, topdressing with 0.3%-0.5% ternary compound fertilizer solution in June-August, and applying 4-5 kg fertilizer to each plant every 15 days. From the end of September to the early autumn of 10, the base fertilizer is mainly farm manure and organic fertilizer, with phosphate fertilizer.
Adult trees use fertilizer in key periods throughout the year, which is generally divided into five times. Germination fertilizer: about half a month before germination, 20 ~ 50 kg urea and 50 kg calcium superphosphate should be applied topdressing per mu of orchard. This kind of fertilization is mainly to promote the growth of new shoots, the development of new roots and good flowering. Fertilization before flowering: Before flowering 10 day, 20 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 25 kg of calcium superphosphate, 25 kg of potassium sulfate and 2 bags of medium and trace element fertilizer 1 ~ 2 were applied per mu, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate combined with trace element fertilizers such as boron and zinc were sprayed on the leaves. Fruit swelling fertilizer: 50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 50 kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu during the swelling period of young fruits after flowering, and applied twice every 2-3 weeks. Colored fertilizer: at the initial stage of fruit discoloration, 30 ~ 50 kilograms of potassium sulfate should be applied topdressing per mu to promote fruit color and sugar accumulation. Fertilization after harvest: After the fruit is harvested, in order to restore the tree vigor, apply 5 m3 farmyard manure, or 400-800kg commercial organic fertilizer, 3 bags of biological bacterial fertilizer1~, 25 kg ternary compound fertilizer and 50-100kg calcium superphosphate in time. Spraying pesticides and topdressing 0.2% ~ 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and special foliar fertilizer can be combined in the growth period.
(3) Flower and fruit management
Summer black variety has strong trees and big leaves, so it should be controlled in time to promote fruit setting. Picking buds before flowering, leaving 2 ~ 3 leaves on the top secondary branch for repeated coring, and erasing other secondary branches in time; Or spraying 500 mg/L chlormequat chloride 1 time before flowering and 2 weeks after flowering, respectively, the effect of shoot control is better. Before flowering 1 week, take off the secondary spike and pinch off the spike tip.
The target yield is controlled at 1000 ~ 2000 kg/mu. Take the double cross Y-frame cultivation as an example, tie a new shoot every 16 ~ 22 cm, with 2000 ~ 5000 ears per mu and 70 ~ 80 fruits per ear, remove the second ear at the upper part of the ear axis (or cut 5 ~ 6 fruits), leave 20 ~ 22 spikelets per ear and 5 ~ 6 fruits per upper spikelet. When thinning fruits, all the fruits in the inner chamber are thinned to prevent the internal fruits from squeezing each other and causing the fruits to crack; The outer layer of the fruit should be properly preserved, and the ear will be dense and cylindrical after the fruit expands, which will improve the transportation performance of the fruit.
Xiahei is a triploid variety with small fruit grains under natural conditions. In production, hormone treatment is often needed to promote fruit expansion and improve fruit commercialization. Conventional treatment of gibberellin, pyramidine and other hormones is effective, but due to the influence of climate, plant growth potential, management level and other factors, it is easy to cause inconsistent treatment results. All localities should combine their own conditions of orchards, conduct experiments first, and then determine the best concentration ratio. Fruit thinning after swelling treatment, spray protection and bagging in time after fruit thinning.
(4) Pruning
Pruning includes growth pruning (summer pruning) and dormancy pruning (winter pruning). The former mainly includes measures such as sprouting, thinning and fixing branches, core removal of main and secondary shoots, selection and retention of secondary shoots, and tendrils wiping. Reasonable arrangement of leaf curtain structure can achieve the purposes of controlling shoot and keeping fruit, promoting flower bud differentiation, reducing pests and diseases, promoting coloring, improving quality and stabilizing yield. Pruning in winter should be carried out from defoliation to bleeding in spring, from the end of June to the next year, and early pruning in winter. Young trees and flourishing trees should be properly cut long and lightly, and 5 ~ 8 full buds should be cut off from each vine; Adult trees and medium branches should be pruned properly, with 4 ~ 5 robust and full buds per vine, and weak branches should be drained or pruned to update 1 ~ 2 buds.
(5) Disease control
According to the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive treatment", in winter, focusing on clearing the garden, spraying 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture before grape germination (pilling period) to disinfect the trunk, ground and pole. Drug control should be carried out in time before rain, after rain and at the beginning of the growing season. In the early growth stage, 800 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 8000 times of 40% Fuxing EC and 800 times of 80% Sheng Da (M-45) wettable powder can be used to prevent and control black pox. 50% ZK WP 1500 times solution, 50% chlorpheniramine WP 1000 times solution or 40% ZK WP 1500 times solution+600 times solution of 80% spray wettable powder can be selected for the control of gray mold. From young fruit stage to mature stage, 10% and 15% wettable powder 2000 times were applied to control white rot. 25% triadimefon wettable powder 1500 times solution and 25% myclobutanil wettable powder 2000 times solution can be selected for powdery mildew control. The main chemicals for controlling anthracnose are carbofuran, carbofuran and so on. The prevention and treatment of downy mildew is mainly based on copper preparations such as Kebao, essence and Bordeaux mixture, and combined with therapeutic agents such as dimethomorph, Anke manganese zinc and metalaxyl. At the same time, Shimei fruit dew, Kebao plant eugenics and high-efficiency calcium can be added before flowering and in the young fruit stage respectively to promote coloring and early maturity and reduce the occurrence of fruit shrinkage.