Appearance: persimmon tree is a deciduous tree with many varieties. The leaves are oval or obovate, with fluff on the back and yellow-white flowers. Berries, oblate or conical, orange or yellow, are edible. Wood can be used to make utensils. Persimmon is a deciduous tree of Persimmon family, which originated in China. Its height can reach 15 meters. Its trunk stands upright and its crown is huge. Persimmons ripen in September and October.
Persimmon is native to China, with a wide range of cultivation and a long history. Persimmon trees are drought-tolerant and moisture-tolerant, bearing early fruits, high yield and long life. It is a tall deciduous tree with a height of 10 meter or more.
Persimmon trees can begin to bear fruit in 5 ~ 6 years after grafting, and enter the full fruit stage in 10 ~ 12 years, and the economic life can reach more than 100 years. Seedling trees bear fruit late and begin to bear fruit about 7 ~ 8 years after sowing. Persimmon has a wide crown and strong natural regeneration ability. Under general cultivation conditions, the fruiting life can reach more than 100 years, and under good management conditions, the tree age can reach more than 300 years.
The trunk branches of young persimmon trees grow vigorously, and the growth length and thickness of new shoots are relatively large, and secondary branches often appear; The top has obvious advantages, strong branching ability, small branching angle and strong tree potential; The crown is upright, the bedding is obvious, and the central trunk is thick; After beginning to bear fruit, the backbone branches gradually formed, the crown expanded rapidly, the branch opening angle gradually increased, the vegetative growth weakened and the reproductive growth enhanced; About 10 year, the crown basically formed, and the fruit yield increased year by year. Later, with the growth of tree age and the increase of fruit quantity, the big branches gradually bent, the lower branches under the crown and the tips of the big branches drooped, and the extended branches of the backbone branches had little difference from other new shoots in external morphology; Branchlets at the base of main branches began to wither and die, and the inner cavity gradually became empty, and the fruiting parts moved outward, resulting in the decrease of the growth of fruiting branches, short and weak, and the phenomenon of alternating fruiting appeared; At the same time, the big branches gradually droop, and the new branches can grow forward instead of the old ones. After several generations of circulation, persimmon trees gradually entered the aging period.
The regeneration intensity of persimmon trees is greater than that of other fruit trees, and the regeneration times are also more; Because the last branch of persimmon tree has a short life span, it is easy to age after fruiting, and the latent bud has a long life span, so it is easy to germinate and renew branches. Therefore, attention should be paid to renewal when persimmon trees are pruned, so as to maintain vigorous tree vigor and prolong the fruiting life.
The length of fruiting year of persimmon trees is related to variety characteristics, environmental conditions and management level. Under suitable environment and good management conditions, the life of persimmon trees can reach more than 300 years.
Persimmon trees cultivated all over the north are mostly on the edge of terraced fields, with extensive management and less pruning. In the case of laissez-faire, crowns are mostly semi-circular, round-headed, conical or eccentric. Due to the disordered and closed crown shape, dense branches crossing, poor ventilation and light transmission, poor tree length, low persimmon yield and poor quality.
Most persimmon trees cultivated in northern China are kiwifruit (soft jujube and black jujube) rootstocks, with shallow root distribution and main root groups distributed in 20 ~ 40 cm soil layer; The vertical root system of transplanted seedlings can reach 3 ~ 4 meters, with developed lateral branches, many fibrous roots and strong ability to sprout fine roots. Therefore, persimmon trees grafted with seedlings have strong drought resistance.
The strength of dryness and apical dominance related to persimmon modeling varies with varieties. Mopan persimmon, Niuxin persimmon, flint persimmon, mirror persimmon, lotus persimmon, etc. It is cultivated all over Shandong, with strong dryness, obvious top advantage, few branches and upright tree posture. For these varieties, attention should be paid to the opening angle of the main branches during plastic surgery to prevent the bad phenomenon of strong top and weak bottom. This kind of variety should adopt sparse layer of trunk; Other varieties, such as water persimmon, copper persimmon and Fugui persimmon, are suitable for natural happiness because of their weak dryness, unobvious top advantage, more branches and more open trees.
Young persimmon trees grow vigorously, and the annual growth of new shoots can reach 1 m; In addition to spring growth, summer and autumn often have two or three times the growth.
After young trees are planted, they generally begin to bear fruit in 5-6 years, 7-8-year-old trees enter the full fruit period, and 20-50-year-old trees reach the full fruit period. Later, with the growth of tree age, the tree vigor gradually weakened and the yield began to decline. Therefore, on the basis of strengthening the comprehensive management of soil, fertilizer and water, we should renew and rejuvenate in time.