1. What is the origin of autumn pear?
Qiuyue pear is produced in Japan and is a hybrid pear variety introduced from Japan. Mainly planted in northern China and Jiaodong area.
Second, the characteristics of Qiuyue pear
Autumn pears are oblate and generally grow in bags. After ripening, the skin is yellow and there are spots on the surface, but the taste is far better than other pears. The flesh of Qiuyue pear is white and bright, like sheep fat, and its sweetness can reach 16 (usually the sweetness of watermelon is 1 1 to 12). The water content of Qiuyue pear is super high, reaching more than 80%, and it can even be squeezed directly by hand to make the most natural pear juice. There are usually pears.
Three, autumn pear cultivation techniques
1. scientific landscape architecture
Choose plots with irrigation conditions and fertile soil to build gardens. When you build a garden, you should choose big seedlings and strong seedlings. When planting, decide whether to dig planting holes according to soil conditions. It is necessary to dig planting holes in hilly areas, remove gravel, miscellaneous soil and backfill soil. Plain sandy loam, there is no need to dig holes for planting.
2. Planting density
The plant spacing in general fertile plain was 1m×4m or 2m×4m in the early stage, and then changed to 2m×4m or 4m×4m；; Late stage (8-9 years later). 0.75m×4m or 1m×3m should be adopted in the early stage of hilly and mountainous areas, and it should be changed to 1.5m×4 m or 2m×3m in the later stage. The varieties of pollination trees can be selected from varieties with high economic value such as Nanshui and Xishui, and the allocation ratio of pollination trees is 7-8: 1.
3. Flower and fruit management
Key technology In the inflorescence separation period (usually in early April in Jiaodong area), in order to save nutrition and increase fruit size, the whole inflorescence should be thinned at a certain distance. In actual production, in order to improve work efficiency, 1 inflorescence is generally left at a distance of about 25cm, and the rest are all thinned out. Artificial pollination with mixed pollen can obviously increase the number of fruits. Pollination begins when the pear blossoms reach 25%, and the effect is better after 9: 00 am when the weather is sunny, breezy or windless. The 1-2 flower at the base of inflorescence was selected for pollination. When fruit is thinned artificially, firstly, there are fruit thinning pests, poor fertilization, abnormal shape, fallen leaves all over the ground, fruit facing the sky and fruit drooping. Although the upright fruit "Chaotian Fruit" grows well in the young fruit period, it is easy to cause the fruit diameter to bend and make the fruit shape incorrect in the fruit expansion period. Therefore, those young fruits that are lateral to the bearing branches should be left behind. Try not to leave the "drooping fruit" of the young fruit growing downward. According to our observation, the calyx of the fruit is downward and the fruit is obviously smaller. Bagging began on the 45th day after flowering. Double-layer bag with gray outside and black inside is preferred, and the specification is generally 165mm× 198mm. Wet mouth treatment should be done before bagging, and the bag mouth should be tightly tied to prevent pests such as pear psylla, mealybug and Tenebrio molitor from entering the bag.
4. Fertilizer and water management
Qiuyue pear belongs to sand pear, which has strict requirements on fertilizer and water, and likes big fat water. The principle of fertilization should be based on organic fertilizer and supplemented by chemical fertilizer. Generally, before freezing, 4-6-year-old trees should be applied with granular organic fertilizer 150-200kg and NPK compound fertilizer 100- 150kg per mu. In order to improve fruit quality and prevent physiological diseases, borax 150g (not every year, but every other year), calcium nitrate 200g, crushed peanut shell (or rice husk) 1- 1.5kg, and EM bacteria fermentation broth 100 times were applied to each tree soil. Shallow fertilization is advocated, and it is generally appropriate to use 10-20cm under the soil. Topdressing should be in early August, that is, the late stage of fruit growth, with available nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer. Generally, foliar fertilizer should be sprayed 4-5 times a year/kloc-0.
Step 5: plastic trimming
Suitable tree shapes are small crown sparse layer shape and Japanese and Korean scaffolding shape. Don't be too rigid when modeling, and take the principle of suitable trees and branches as the principle. The extension branches of the middle trunk should be heavier and shorter, and the length of the cut is generally 50-60 cm to prevent the upper part from being too strong. Because the branches of Qiuyue pear are upright and hard, attention should be paid to pulling the branches and opening them as soon as possible in the young tree period (July-August). The pruning of young trees is mainly based on light cutting and long release; Especially the extension branches of the main branches should be lightly cut, and the length of the cut is generally 70~80cm. Autumn pears mainly bear short fruit branches. Therefore, the method of cutting first and then shrinking should be adopted in the culture of fruiting branches, that is, the middle and long branches should be lightly cut first and short cut, and then the branches should be shrunk to the place where there are branches after the flower buds are formed. Don't cut short small branches easily to avoid excessive pruning. The developing branches that are not reserved as main branches in the hole should be released slowly, and the auxiliary branches should be cultivated to bear fruit as soon as possible. After entering the fruiting period, the overgrown auxiliary branches should be retracted in time according to the specific situation to prevent them from destroying the tree structure. Because the branches on the back grow too vigorously, they are generally thinned. When pruning in summer, the upper branches, long branches and competitive branches should be properly thinned to maintain the growth advantages of the main branches and extended branches.