Build seedbeds. Sex prefers sunny, warm and humid environment to cold, cold and drought. The requirements for soil are not strict, but fertile, moist and well-drained sandy loam is better. Choose a plot with high terrain and good drainage to make a seedbed with a length of 8 8- 10/0m, a width of1.5m and a depth of 0.15m, and level the bed surface. Build a small arch shed with thin bamboo poles, with a height of 1 m and a width of 1.8 m, which is the same length as the seedbed. Choose an insect-proof net with a width of 4m and fix it on a small arch shed, and then cover it with a silver-white shading net with a width of 4m and a shading rate of 70%. The garden soil and the confiscated decomposed organic fertilizer were dried in the sun, sieved, and made into nutrient soil according to the ratio of 4: 1. Every cubic meter of nutrient soil was added with1000g of calcium superphosphate and 500g of carbendazim, stirred evenly, put into a nutrient bowl with the specification of 8cm * 10cm, and placed neatly in the seedbed. The soil should be screened and disinfected. Simple disinfection methods are sun exposure, fumigation and high temperature treatment, aiming at killing bacteria or eggs in the soil.
Seeding and seedling raising Five-color peppers are propagated with seeds. The suitable temperature for growth is 25℃, and it cannot germinate below 10℃. Therefore, when the soil temperature is stable above 10 degrees Celsius, you can sow. If you use plastic film shed to keep warm, you can cultivate it all the year round, usually in March-April in spring. In the middle and late March, plastic film is used to raise seedlings, and the ground temperature is required to be stable above 65438 00℃; Summer sowing is from late April to early May. Soak the seeds in warm water to accelerate germination, and then sow.
Soak seeds to accelerate germination. Sun the seeds for 1-2 hours, soak them in water at 55-60℃ for 10 minutes, then soak them in warm water at 30℃ for 6-8 hours, wrap the seeds with warm cloth, and accelerate germination at 28-30℃. After more than 50% of the seeds are exposed, you can start sowing.
Sowing method. Before sowing, the seedbed should be watered with water alone, and after the water seeps out, sow a single seed. Seeds can be placed in a nutrient bowl, covered with 1.5cm soil, covered with a sunshade net, compacted around, and watered and moistened. If the temperature is low, arch the film. If the temperature is too high, peel off the film to avoid burning the bud. Keep the temperature in the shed at 30-35℃, and pay attention to moisturizing and rainproof.
Seedling management. After 2-3 days, after the seedlings grow completely, remove the plastic film, mix it with diclofenac and wheat bran to form poison bait, and spread it in and around the seedbed to prevent pests. Cover the small arch shed with plastic film before it rains to prevent the seedlings from getting wet. Pay attention to ventilation after emergence, spray 600 times of 72.2% Prick aqueous solution on the seedbed to prevent damping off, and the control net must be well pressed to prevent aphids and planthoppers from spreading virus diseases. When the temperature exceeds 35℃, spray water on the sunshade net to cool down. There are 3 true-leaf seedlings with a spacing of 4 cm. When the seedlings grow to 6 leaves, 1 heart, they can be planted.
Before soil preparation and transplanting, apply sufficient base fertilizer in the field. Combined with soil preparation, decomposed human and animal manure 1000 kg, calcium superphosphate or compound fertilizer 40 kg and urea 10 kg are applied per mu. Large and small seedlings are transplanted separately, with a width of 60 cm, a narrow row of 40 cm, a plant spacing of 35 cm, and a late planting of 25 cm in barren land.
In the early flowering stage of field management, urea 15 kg and manure were applied per mu. In July, 30 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer was applied to each acre to ensure that pepper plants did not prematurely age in June 5438+ 10. Before closing the garden, shallow hoeing, soil cultivation and bacon were combined to control pests, and broad-spectrum fungicides such as zineb and carbendazim were combined to control diseases, and spraying such as plant vitality and high-yield spirit was added to promote the healthy growth of pepper plants.
The sowing period of field cultivation is from March to May. Before transplanting, apply 65,438+0,000 kilograms of base fertilizer and 50 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer or compound fertilizer per mu. The row spacing of transplanted plants is 30 cm× 40-50 cm. Topdressing urea 10 kg per mu at the initial flowering stage, and spraying plant growth regulators such as Yemianbao and Fengchanling if possible.
Flood control and drainage field should be irrigated in time during high temperature and drought in the growing period, and drainage ditch should be dug in the rainy season to prevent leaves, flowers and fruits from falling due to waterlogging. Pest control can refer to general pepper control methods.
If potted, it is necessary to apply foot fertilizer, and the flowerpot should be light-colored or bamboo basket to highlight the shining beauty of pepper fruit. Pay attention to watering and moisturizing after planting. Generally, water it once a day on a sunny day. Don't soak the roots, or they will rot. When the seedlings grow to 20 cm high, coring will increase branches. Topdressing should not be too much to avoid too many branches and leaves. Five-color peppers like sunshine, and the direct sunlight time should be more than 4 hours every day, and indoors should be placed in front of the south window. If the light is too dim, the plants will not bloom. In order to make more flowers and fruits flourish, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied once in the early flowering period and once in September to ensure that 10 does not prematurely decline. During flowering, do not water too often to avoid falling flowers. Berry development and ripening. The pot soil should be kept moist, otherwise the fruit will be dry, yellow and dull. When the fruit is ripe, it will be picked, air-dried and stored, and the seeds will be taken out next year before sowing and planting. In order to control pests and diseases, it can be sprayed with omethoate 1000 times solution and sprayed again every ten days or so. To prevent and control anthrax, it can be sprayed with 800 times of special liquid for returning bacteria.
Prevention: if the weather is hot, dry or rainy, the growth will be weak; If the weather is hot and dry, water it; If it is rainy, dig a ditch in the ground to prevent leaves, flowers and fruits from falling due to accumulated water. In order to control pests and diseases, it can be used in combination with pesticides of reference plants for symptomatic spraying.
Harvest: Generally, the fruits of five-color peppers planted in the open field began to mature in the middle and late August, so they should be harvested and mowed in time to increase income and improve economic benefits. Cut mature peppers can be put on the market or hung in a ventilated and dry place to be dried into dried peppers for eating or sold as commercial peppers.
A bunch of red, also known as western red and firecracker red, is native to Brazil in South America and belongs to Salvia in Labiatae. Common red string strains are: Biqiao series, Novice series, Sasha series, Prospect series and Victoria series. Colors are: scarlet, orange, lavender, purple, wine red, red and white, rose red, white, mixed color and so on.
Morphological characteristics and growth characteristics
A bunch of red flowers is an annual herbaceous flower with a plant height of 25 ~ 30cm. Solid and beautiful, clusters of inflorescences, bright red color, long flowering period, not easy to fade. Suitable for planting in outdoor flower beds and potted plants.
A bunch of red flowers like warm sunshine, the optimum growth temperature is 20℃ ~ 25℃, and they are resistant to high temperature. However, if the temperature is too high in midsummer, the growth and development will be weakened, and above 30℃, the growth will be slow and the flowers and plants will not perform well. Growth stopped above 35℃. Below 7℃, the leaves turn yellow and fall off, below 3℃, they will be frozen or stop growing. A bunch of red flowers don't like too much water, so watering should be controlled during management, that is, watering them thoroughly without doing it. I like phosphorus and potassium fertilizer during my growth.
type
It can be divided into sowing propagation and cutting propagation.
Sowing propagation
(1) Seed treatment: Before sowing, the seeds can be soaked in warm water at 25℃ ~ 30℃ for 6 ~ 8 hours, then the surface mucus is rubbed off with gauze, and then directly sown, and germinated and emerged in about 6 ~ 7 days; You can also accelerate germination before sowing, that is, wrap it with wet cloth after washing, put it in an environment of 20℃ ~ 25℃ to accelerate germination, wash it with warm water 2 ~ 3 times a day, and sow it after about 5 ~ 6 days.
(2) Seeding method: a. Plug seedling: add 150 ~ 200 g thiophanate methyl powder to each cubic meter of culture medium (about 20 bags), stir for 2 ~ 3 times to fully mix the medicine with the culture medium, then stir while spraying water, and adjust it until the culture medium expert can hold it into a ball and loosen it. After stacking for 8 ~ 10 hour, put it into a perforated tray and cover it with film when stacking. Put a seed in each hole, squeeze it gently by hand after sowing, so that the seed adheres to the culture medium, then spray it with a sprayer and cover it with newspaper or plastic film. Keep the newspaper moist for a long time and open it after the seeds germinate. B. Seedbed seedling raising: yellow mud, peat and perlite are mixed according to the ratio of 4: 2: 1 to prepare a seedling raising substrate. First, wet the seedbed with water, mix the seeds with fine sand at the ratio of 1: 4, and spread them evenly on the seedbed. After sowing, the seedbed is covered with a thin layer of plant ash, and the soil remains moist. At about 30℃ with sufficient sunlight. Sowing should be even, moist and warm. Uniformity means uniform sowing and uniform covering; Wetting means that the substrate and seedbed should be kept moist after sowing and before emergence; Warm means that the temperature can be kept at a relatively high temperature from sowing to emergence, and the quality of management at this stage will directly determine the emergence rate and seedling quality.
(3) Seedling management: After cotyledons grow, 3000 times of urea can be sprayed, which is easy to cause seedling blight, and 800 ~ 1000 times of solution such as dixone, thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim can be sprayed every 7 days. It can properly control water, promote root growth and prevent lodging.
During cuttage propagation, one-year-old healthy plants without diseases and insect pests are selected as the female parent, and new buds are cut from the female parent, and the cutting length is generally 2-3 knots. Then, the rooting agent "Root Sun" is mixed with yellow mud 400 times to make slurry, and the cuttings are dipped in the slurry. After treatment, they can be inserted into the nursery pond. The cutting medium can be directly coarse sand, the temperature is in the range of 25℃ ~ 28℃, and it can be transplanted into the pot after 8 ~ 10 days. The management of cutting seedlings is relatively convenient, and there is no need to fertilize the whole seedling stage, so it is only necessary to spray water once a day.
Culture medium preparation
Mix yellow mud, sawdust and mushroom mud evenly according to the ratio of 6∶3∶ 1, and then pile them up for half a year.
Transplanted upper basin
Cutting seedlings can be transplanted into the pot when the root system grows to 5 ~ 7 mm If the seedlings are raised in a seedling tray, they should be transplanted into the pot when there are 2 ~ 3 pairs of true leaves, and they should be watered immediately to avoid direct sunlight. For example, in strong sunlight, the cuttings should be covered with shading net for 3 ~ 4 days after they are put into the pot. Plug seedlings don't need to be covered with sunshade net, because the root system of plug seedlings carries soil matrix. Select plastic surgery
After planting, pick the heart in time to promote branching, prevent internode elongation and stem thinning, control plant height and increase the number of flowers and seeds. Generally, the first coring is carried out when the seedlings have 4-5 true leaves. If the seedlings are used for cutting propagation, the core can be taken at 8- 10 true leaves, and when the buds grow to 3-4 true leaves, the terminal buds can be removed at the second core taking. It is advisable to leave only 2-3 nodes on the original basis for each coring, so as to promote the plants to be short, plump and dense. A bunch of red flowers can bloom many times during the growing period. Generally, when the temperature is 20℃ ~ 25℃ and the sunshine is short, the broken buds are removed, and the new branches grow 15 ~ 20 days before they can bloom again. Therefore, after a bouquet of red flowers is finished, it is necessary to cut off the residual flowers in time to reduce the consumption of nutrients and promote the re-flowering.
Water and fertilizer management
Water should be controlled, otherwise the yellow leaves will easily fall off, resulting in large and sparse branches and few flowers. There is a great demand for phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the growing period, so it is necessary to increase the amount of fertilization in time, mainly applying chicken manure, and applying less nitrogen fertilizer to meet its growth needs, and spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution every 10 day. In particular, after each bud removal, sufficient water should be poured, a week later, light fertilizer water should be applied, and appropriate phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied to promote the growth of new shoots and make flowers flourish.
Lighting adjustment
A bunch of red flowers is a positive plant, and its growth and flowering need sufficient sunshine. Adequate sunshine is also beneficial to prevent plants from growing white. However, in areas with strong sunlight, direct sunlight should be avoided, and proper shading and cooling should be taken on sunny days.
Temperature control
After potted, the temperature can be reduced to 65438 08℃, and it can be appropriately reduced before and after flowering to form a good plant type. Generally speaking, plants will not be frozen above 5℃, but can grow well at 10℃ ~ 30℃. If the temperature is above 35℃ in summer, most varieties are unbearable unless it is short or occasionally.
Flowering period control
In order to ensure that a bunch of red flowers can bloom on time in major festivals throughout the year, in addition to the above technical management, it is also necessary to determine the final coring time, so as to achieve accurate control of flowering period. Because a bunch of red flowers can bloom again if the water and fertilizer keep up after removing the residual flowers. The attached table shows the planting time and the last coring time of a bunch of safflower in Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, which can achieve the purpose of controlling the flowering period.
Eliminate pests and diseases
The main diseases are damping off, leaf spot, downy mildew and mosaic. (1) collapse can be prevented by antiviral alum 800 ~ 1000 times solution; (2) Leaf spot and downy mildew? 5% zineb wettable powder 0.2% solution spray; (3) Mosaic disease, also known as string red virus disease, is characterized by yellowing, wrinkling and atrophy of leaves, and the whole plant does not shrink until it dies. Because this disease is mostly caused by the spread of aphids, we should adopt the method of killing aphids to prevent diseases. Vig can be used when the leaves are seriously yellowed, that is, spraying 2000 ~ 3000 times of ferric EDTA 1 ~ 2 times a week.
Common pests include whiteflies, aphids and red spiders. (1) Sucking plant juice will make the leaves of Bemisia tabaci fade, curl and shrink, and it often becomes the transmission medium of various toxins, which can be sprayed with 0.0 1% banishu solution. If it is in a closed environment such as a greenhouse, the fumigation effect with fumigant "green beetle II" is better, and the greenhouse whitefly can be completely eliminated after 2 ~ 3 consecutive times. (2) Aphids usually concentrate on twigs, leaves and branchlets to suck juice, which makes the damaged parts of plants shrink and deform. Aphids also secrete honey dew to pollute plants and induce diseases such as sooty blotch, which can be sprayed with 600 ~ 800 times of Wanling liquid; (3) The spider mostly sucks the leaf juice in the leaf backstab, which often makes the leaves discolor or even curl. It can be sprayed with 0.0 1% dicofol solution.
At ordinary times, we should pay attention to strengthening the management of water and fertilizer, and prevent and control pests and diseases as soon as possible.
attached table
Planting time, holiday flowers, days from transplanting to flowering, final coring distance and holiday days.
101October 7th
New Year's Day 83 25
Plant in a 7-inch flowerpot.
February 2005 65438
75 25 kinds of 7-inch flowerpots were planted in May Day.
On July 20, the "Eleventh" 70
High temperature and low survival rate
7-inch flowerpots are planted on the first day of the tenth lunar month.
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