The basic components of CNC machine tools include machining program carrier, CNC device, servo drive device, machine tool main body and other auxiliary devices. The basic working principle of each component is briefly described as follows. When the CNC machine tool is working, workers don't need to directly operate the machine tool. To control CNC machine tools, machining programs must be compiled. The machining program of parts includes the relative motion trajectory of cutter and workpiece on the machine tool, process parameters (feed speed, spindle speed, etc.). ) and auxiliary exercise. Parts processing program is stored in a program carrier with a certain format and code, such as punched paper tape, cassette tape, floppy disk, etc. And the program information is input to the CNC unit through the input device of the CNC machine tool.

Numerical control device is the core of numerical control machine tool. Modern numerical control devices all adopt the form of CNC (computer numerical control), and generally use multiple microprocessors to realize numerical control functions in the form of programming software, so it is also called software NC. Numerical control system is a position control system, which interpolates the ideal motion trajectory according to the input data, and then outputs it to the executive parts to process the required parts. Servo system is an important part of CNC machine tools, which is used to realize feed servo control and spindle servo control of CNC machine tools. The function of the servo system is to convert the command information received from the numerical control device into linear displacement or angular displacement of the executing part of the machine tool after power amplification and shaping. Machine tool host is the main body of CNC machine tools. It comprises a lathe bed, a base, an upright post, a cross beam, a sliding seat, a workbench, a spindle box, a feeding mechanism, a tool rest and an automatic tool changing device. In order to ensure the full play of the functions of CNC machine tools, auxiliary equipment is essential. Commonly used auxiliary devices include: pneumatic and hydraulic devices, chip removal devices, cooling and lubricating devices, rotary tables and numerical control indexing heads, protection, lighting and other auxiliary devices.