Latin name: oleander
Alias: Liu Tao, half-year red
Apocynaceae, Apocynum.
[Edit this paragraph] Detailed introduction
Evergreen shrub, 5 meters high, watery and hairless. 3-4 impellers, opposite to the lower part of the branch, narrowly lanceolate, long11-kloc-0/5 cm, wide 2-2.5 cm, and light green at the lower part; Lateral veins are flat, dense and parallel. Cymes are terminal; Calyx erect; Corolla deep red, fragrant, double; Corona scaly, apical tear. Follicles are oblong, with a length of 10-23 cm and a diameter of 1.5-2 cm. The top of the seed has yellow-brown seed hair.
Originally from Iran, it is now widely planted in tropical and subtropical regions; It is cultivated in all provinces and regions of China. Stem bark fiber is an excellent blended raw material and can also be used as a tonic; Roots and bark contain cardiac glycoside and phthalein crystals and a small amount of essential oil; Stems and leaves can be used as pesticides, and stems and leaves and flowers are toxic. The milky juice it secretes contains a toxic substance called oleanolin, which will be poisoned if eaten by mistake.
Stem bark fiber is an excellent blended raw material; Leaves and stem bark are highly toxic, so use them with caution when decocting or grinding. It can strengthen the heart, induce diuresis, relieve asthma and relieve pain. Used for heart failure, wheezing and coughing, epilepsy, traumatic injury and swelling and pain. It can also be used to make pesticides, which is fatal to people and animals. This species has strong resistance to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide and chlorine. Roots and bark contain cardiac glycosides, phenolic crystals and a small amount of essential oil.
Growing environment: all-round cultivation, more common in parks, factories and mines, street greening. Gardens all over the country are often planted as ornamental plants.
Picking: Picking leaves in summer and autumn, fresh use or drying.
Manifestation: Bitterness and cold have great poison.
Flowers are like peaches, leaves are like bamboo, and the seasons are evergreen. From spring to summer to autumn, flowers fall in bloom, one after another. Facing the spring breeze, braving the rainstorm, facing the scorching sun, I spit and fight for fragrance.
The ancestors of oleander were in India and Iran. It is a short shrub with many branches on the trunk and branches, and the smallest branch is green.
The leaves of oleander grow very interesting. Three leaves form a ball, around the branches, and grow outward from the same place. The leaves of oleander are long and lanceolate, and the edges of the leaves are very smooth. The main vein on the leaf extends from the petiole to the tip of the leaf, and many branches are born from the main vein, which are neatly arranged horizontally.
There is a thin layer of wax on the leaves of oleander. This layer of wax keeps moisture and heat for leaves, which enables plants to resist the cold. Therefore, oleander is not afraid of cold, and its green posture remains unchanged in winter.
The flowers of oleander are very fragrant. Flowers are concentrated on the branches, gathering together like an open umbrella. The flowers of oleander are funnel-shaped with overlapping petals. There are two kinds of flowers, red and white. Among them, red is its true color, and "white" is a new variety after long-term cultivation.
[Edit this paragraph] Country of origin
Iran, India and other countries and regions
I was introduced to China as an ornamental plant in the15th century.
[Edit this paragraph] Morphological characteristics
Evergreen shrub, 5 meters tall, glabrous. 3-4 impellers, opposite to the lower part of the branch, narrowly lanceolate, all green, leathery,11-15cm long, 2-2.5cm wide and light green below; Lateral veins are flat, dense and parallel. Summer flowers, pink or white flowers, in terminal cymes; Calyx erect; Corolla deep red, fragrant, double; Corona scaly, apical tear. Follicles are oblong, with a length of 10-23 cm and a diameter of 1.5-2 cm. The top of the seed has yellow-brown seed hair. The stem is erect and smooth, and it is a typical branch of trigeminal nerve. Three leaves, at least four leaves and two leaves, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, all round, leathery, with bright leaves and pinnate lateral veins. Thymus terminal, corolla funnel-shaped, there are two kinds of red and white, single, semi-double or double, fragrant, pod long cylindrical. The flowering period is 6-65438+ 10 month, the fruiting period is 65438+February and the following year is 65438+ 10 month. Common cultivated varieties are: oleander with single petal and white flowers; Double oleander, double safflower; Light yellow oleander with a light yellow flower.
[Edit this paragraph] Breeding mode
Propagation by cutting and layering.
Mainly cutting, but also sowing and layering propagation. Pre-cutting can be carried out in spring and summer. Before cutting, the base of cuttings should be soaked in clean water for 7- 10 days, and the water should be changed several times to keep the water fresh. After cutting, it can take root in advance and improve the survival rate. If all water is used, the water temperature should be kept at 18-20℃, and the water should be changed frequently, which is especially easy to take root. Stratification can be carried out in rainy season, and buried soil pressure and cylinder pressure can be used. Tillering propagation is particularly convenient. Sowing can be done in late spring, and the germination rate of 18-2 1℃ is high.
[Edit this paragraph] Main purpose
Ornamental value: oleander leaves are like willows, and its red flowers are burning, which is better than peach blossoms. Its corolla is pink to dark red or white, with special fragrance, and its flowering period is from June to 10. It is a famous ornamental flower.
Industrial raw materials: oleander seeds contain 58.5% oil, which can be used to make lubricating oil.
Textile raw materials: The stem bark fiber of oleander is an excellent blended raw material.
Medicinal value: Modern medical research has proved that oleander leaves contain oleanolide, glycoside and other substances, and flowers contain digitalis glycoside, aglycone, peach glycoside and other components. They have obvious cardiotonic diuretic, sweating, emetic and analgesic effects, which are similar to digitalis and belong to chronic cardiotonic drugs. Clinical report of oleander decoction. It has been used in heart failure caused by various reasons and achieved good results. Nerium indicum is bitter, cold and toxic, and can be used to treat heart disease, heart failure and amenorrhea, as well as traumatic injury, blood stasis and swelling and pain.
Environmental protection value: oleander has the ability to resist smoke and dust, poison, purify air and protect the environment. The leaves of oleander have strong resistance to sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine and other gases that are toxic and harmful to human body. According to the determination, the potted oleander was only slightly damaged at the distance of 40 meters from the pollution source, but it was basically harmless at 170 meters, and it could still bloom normally. The sulfur content of its leaves is more than 7 times higher than that of unpolluted leaves. Nerium oleander can thrive even if it is covered with dust, so it is called "environmental guardian".
[Edit this paragraph] Precautions
Leaves and stem bark are highly toxic, so use them with caution when decocting or grinding. Fish ponds and pastures are not suitable for planting.
Oleander poisoning: Poisoning symptoms due to medicinal use or taking too much oleander by mistake. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, delirium, even sweating, limb syncope, arrhythmia and even shock death. Integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment.
This species is a poisonous plant included in China Botanical Atlas Database, and its toxicity is toxic to leaves, skins and roots. The toxicity of fresh bark is weaker than that of Ye Qiang, and the toxicity of dried flowers is even weaker [A-8]. In the initial stage after poisoning, people mainly have gastrointestinal symptoms, such as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain, followed by heart symptoms, such as palpitation, irregular pulse and premature beats. Electrocardiogram includes sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, ventricular or atrial tachycardia, and nervous system symptoms include salivation, dizziness, drowsiness and numbness of limbs. In severe cases, dilated pupils, bloody stool, lethargy and convulsions lead to death. The symptoms of animal poisoning are similar. After cow poisoning, severe cases appear cold skin syncope, dilated pupils, loss of appetite and rumination, palpitation, diarrhea, rapid pulse and sudden death. Autopsy found that there were flowing blood samples in gastrointestinal tract, mucosal congestion and bleeding, and bleeding spots in endocardium. 1. directly stimulates myocardium, enhances contractility, and causes extra contraction of ventricle or ventricular fibrillation and atrioventricular block. 2. Excite the medulla oblongata center, make the vagus nerve hyperfunction, thus slow down the heartbeat, increase the myocardial tension, lead to sinus arrhythmia, and form incomplete or complete cardiac block and cardiac arrest. 3. Stimulate smooth muscle contraction of intestine, stomach and uterus, causing nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and abortion. Beer. Enhance vasoconstriction, make tiny capillaries congested or even bleeding, especially internal organs, which are often dark red.
[Edit this paragraph] record
Records of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine: Toxic
Handbook of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Shandong Province: There is a highly toxic drug.
Yunnan Chinese herbal medicine: highly toxic.
Toxic botany: The toxic component of oleander is oleander aglycone, which is similar to the symptoms of foxglove poisoning, and mainly invades the digester, followed by the circulator, especially the heart.
[Edit this paragraph] Antidote
① cardiotonic action
A crude preparation of oleander: It has been proved in early years that domestic oleander has a significant cardiotonic effect, which is effective in leaves, stems, skins, wood and flowers, among which leaves have a stronger effect and flowers are the weakest. The alcohol extracts from the leaves of Hunan oleander and Fujian oleander have been proved to have cardiac glycoside-like effects on frog, sitting cat's heart, exhausted dog's cardiopulmonary device and ECG research of cats and dogs. The ethanol extract of oleander leaves was absorbed quickly in the intestine, but it was not completely absorbed (up to 52.7%). Similar to intestinal administration, the leaf extract of oleander produced in Fujian has regular absorption, but the absorption rate is still lower than digitalis, and the accumulation effect is between cornucopia and digitalis, and close to oleanolide C. The amorphous powder extracted from oleander leaves also has significant accumulation effect. The extract and alcohol extract have diuretic effects on guinea pigs and rats. Water decoction and alcohol extract also have sedative effect on mice, which has affected heart rate at this dose. This sedative effect (inhibiting spontaneous activity of mice, prolonging sleep time of barbiturates, and antagonizing the increase of activity caused by low or moderate doses of caffeine and amphetamines) may be caused by its cardiac glycoside or aglycone. ② The glycoside C of European oleander was originally proposed from European oleander, and now it is known that domestic oleander also contains this active ingredient, which is the same as glycoside C. In the ECG study of isolated hearts of guinea pigs and rabbits, in-situ hearts of frogs and dogs, and cats, it has been proved that glycoside C extracted from domestic oleander has the characteristics of cardiac glycoside, and its action intensity is between echinacoside and digitalis, so it should be slow in action speed (tested with pigeons). Compared with digitalis glycoside (365,438+0%), digoxin (25%) and echinacoside G (unabsorbed), the absorption rate of pigeons after 3 hours was 53%, and that of cats after 3 hours was 50%, which was also higher than crotonside (27%). For anesthetized cats, the oral dose should be twice that of intravenous injection, and Fangda has the same effect. Taking the median lethal dose as an index, the ratio of oral administration to intravenous injection was 1.4 ~ 1.6. It is not destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract, but it accumulates obviously, and the elimination amount is 56.3% in three days, and it is excreted in 15 days. Biological activity: Glycoside C is 0.368 0.032 mg/kg (pigeon) and 0.27 0.0095 mg/kg (cat), which is lower than that of Strophanin Go.17 O.01mg/kg (pigeon) and almost the same. Therapeutic index glycoside (8.6) is higher than that of Crocodin (6) or oleander alcohol extract (6.66), so it is safer. Glycoside C is stable to heat and has a strong emetic effect. Low concentration dilates blood vessels, while high concentration constricts blood vessels; A small amount inhibits uterine contraction and greatly increases its tension. Has no hypnotic effect on cats. When patients can't tolerate digitalis and echinacoside, oral glycoside C can still tolerate it. Oral absorption takes effect quickly and improves sleep; Diuretic effect is weaker than digitalis.
② Other functions
Leaves have a slight inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice, and leaves and root bark have an exciting effect on isolated guinea pig uterus.
[Edit this paragraph] Huayu
Oleander (peach): Curse, beware of danger.
Oleander (yellow): Deep friendship
[Edit this paragraph] Related articles
oleander
ji xianlin
Oleander is not a precious flower, nor is it the most beautiful flower; However, for me, it is the most unforgettable flower.
I don't know why or when. In the city of my hometown, almost every family planted several pots of oleander and placed them under the screen wall in the gate, facing the gate. As soon as the guests enter the gate, there is a faint fragrance, green wax-like leaves and Xia Hong or snow-like flowers, which immediately make people feel as if they have entered their own door and feel at home.
There are two pots in front of our house, one is red and the other is white. When I was young, I went in and out of here every day. Red flowers remind me of fire, while white flowers remind me of snow. Fire and snow are incompatible: but these two pots of flowers bloom in harmony, as if there were snow on the fire and fire on the snow. I enjoy it, and it is very wonderful and interesting in my little heart.
Just across a wall, around the screen wall, is the yard. Our family has always liked flowers; Although there are no expensive flowers, there are all kinds of common flowers. Every spring, the winter jasmine first blooms yellow flowers to report the news of spring. Then there are peach blossoms, apricot blossoms, begonia, elm leaves, cloves and so on. The yard is full of flowers. In summer, it is full of cockroaches. Impatiens, carnations, cockscomb flowers, colored plums, Jiangxi wax, etc. , is colorful and beautiful. The aroma of cordate telosma permeated the whole summer courtyard, which I will never forget. In autumn, Hosta flowers bring a chill, and the chrysanthemum flower report is over. In short, in three seasons of the year, bloom flowers fall without stopping; Although the scene is beautiful, there are many changes.
However, in the gate separated by a wall, oleander was silent there. One flower failed and another opened. One flower turned yellow, and another one grew back. In the warm spring breeze, in the heavy rain in midsummer and in the cold in late autumn, we can't see any special prosperity, nor can we see any special decline. We should not go against the wind every day, from spring to autumn, from winter jasmine to Hosta and chrysanthemum. This toughness, compared with those flowers in the yard, is not a strong contrast?
But the beauty of oleander does not stop there. I especially like oleander in the moonlight. You stand under it, and the flowers are blurred; But the aroma is not vague at all, and it is a strong attack from the flower branches. It casts a shadow on the wall, the leaves are uneven and the fans are separated, which can cause me a lot of fantasies. I imagined it was a map, but it was a map. This pile of shadows is Asia, that pile of shadows is Africa, and the blank place in the middle is the sea. There happened to be some bugs crawling over. This is an ocean-going ship. I imagined that it was algae in the water, and a small pond really appeared in front of me. The shadow of a moth over the wall is a fish. I imagined it was an ink bamboo, and I really saw a painting. The breeze blew and the leaves fluttered, and this painting became a living painting.
With such tenacity, it can arouse my fantasy, and I fell in love with oleander.
For many years, I have been in and out under this oleander. At first I was short, and I had to look up to see the flowers. Later, I grew taller and shorter in my eyes. I left home when I could see flowers at eye level.
I left home, and many years later, I went to many places. I have seen oleander in different places, but none of them left a deep impression.
Two years ago, I visited Myanmar. After a meeting in Yangon for a few days, many friends from Myanmar enthusiastically accompanied us to visit Bagan, the ancient capital of northern Myanmar. This place is famous for its pagodas and has the title of "City of Ten Thousand Pagodas". It is said that there were ten thousand pagodas at that time. Today, although the number is not so much, it is rugged and rugged, and towers cluster the sky one after another from the ground, just like the Yangshuo Mountains, but also like the stone forest in Yunnan. To use the old saying "like mushrooms after rain", it is almost the same. Although the flowers and trees are still green, the season is winter, bleak and cold.
However, it was in this place, in front of the building where we lived, that I accidentally found my old friend oleander. Each plant is almost as high as a floor, so that I didn't recognize it at first. There are more colors than those in China. Besides red and white, I remember there are yellow ones. Leaves are greener than I have ever seen before, like green wax, and flowers are blooming on high branches, more like patches of Xia Hong, clouds of snow and Huang Yun. Lush, lush, in sharp contrast with the desolate and cold ancient city.
I go in and out under this oleander every day. In the evening, I strolled upstairs with friends from Myanmar, talking about various issues, the history of Bagan, the cultural exchange between China and Myanmar, and the friendship between Chinese and Burmese people. At this time, the ancient pagodas in the distance gradually disappeared into the twilight, while several ancient pagodas in the vicinity were brightly lit by electric lights, which looked like the dreamland of Lingshan. I can reach out and grab the top branches of oleander. The fragrance of flowers also floated upstairs from below, as if to make the friendship between China and Myanmar more fragrant.
In this way, the beautiful and moving memories of oleander are painted with the dazzling color of friendship between the Chinese and Burmese people. I prefer oleander from now on. ....
(Note: This article has been included in the second volume of the sixth grade Chinese of Jiangsu Education Press)
[Edit this paragraph] Special reminder
Oleander, with willow leaves and burning safflower, is better than peach blossom. Its corolla is pink to crimson or white, and it has a special fragrance. Flowering from June to 10, it is a famous ornamental flower. Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian have the ability to resist smog, dust and virus, purify the air and protect the environment. The leaves of oleander have strong resistance to sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine and other gases that are toxic and harmful to human body. According to the determination, the potted oleander was only slightly damaged at the distance of 40 meters from the pollution source, but it was basically harmless at 170 meters, and it could still bloom normally. The sulfur content of its leaves is more than 7 times higher than that of unpolluted leaves. Nerium oleander can thrive even if it is covered with dust, so it is called "environmental guardian".
Modern medical research has proved that oleander leaves contain oleanolide, glycoside and other substances, and flowers contain digitalis glycoside, aglycone, peach glycoside and other components. They have obvious cardiotonic diuretic, sweating, emetic and analgesic effects, which are similar to digitalis and belong to chronic cardiotonic drugs. Clinical report of oleander decoction. It has been used in heart failure caused by various reasons and achieved good results. Nerium indicum is bitter, cold and toxic, and can be used to treat heart disease, heart failure and amenorrhea, as well as traumatic injury, blood stasis and swelling and pain.
Nerium indicum is an evergreen shrub with lanceolate leaves at both ends. The flowers in summer are beautiful, with a long flowering period and colors of pink, red, yellow and white.
The whole plant of oleander is highly toxic, and the symptoms after poisoning include nausea, vomiting, lethargy and arrhythmia. In severe cases, you may lose consciousness or die. So, in the face of oleander, just appreciate it and don't start work!
Oleander-Overview Medicinal Material Name: Oleander
English name: Sweetscented oleander leaf (oleander leaf)
Scientific name: oleander. (original factory)
Alias: Ji, Ji Er, Ba, Liu, Jiao Dong, Shuigancao, Jiujieswollen, Dajiejswollen, and Carambola.
Family and genus: Apocynaceae plants
Medicinal parts: leaves or bark of oleander.
Nerium indicum leaves
Nature and taste: bitter, cold and toxic. Into the heart, lungs and kidneys.
Textual research: ① Collection of Lingnan Herbs: "Bitter taste, cold nature." (2) Atlas of Medicinal Plants in Guangxi: "Slightly bitter and highly toxic." ③ Annals of Nanning Medicine: "Bitter taste, flat nature and low toxicity." ④ Yunnan Chinese herbal medicines: "pungent, warm and highly toxic."
Efficacy classification: diuretic and dampness-permeable drugs.
Indications: cardiotonic diuretic, expectorant and antiasthmatic, analgesic, blood stasis relieving. Treat heart disease, heart failure, wheezing and coughing, epilepsy, traumatic injury, swelling and pain, and amenorrhea.
Usage and dosage: oral administration: decoction, 1 ~ 3 points; After the investigation, 0.5 ~ 1 min. External use: tamping.
Contraindications: pregnant women should not take it. It is not suitable for long-term use, and excessive use will lead to poisoning.
Compatibility: 1, used together with Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata, mainly used for heart and kidney yang deficiency and palpitation caused by water pathogen. 2, with cassia twig, the effect of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, dredging menstruation and relieving pain is enhanced. 3, with ephedra, asthma and cough, diuretic swelling.
Nerium oleander-chemical composition leaves contain heart components, mainly oleanolide C, which is a glycoside formed by oleanolide aglycone and oleanolide. It also contains oleanolide A, oleanolide B, deacetylated oleanolide C, etc. The content of cardiac glycoside in leaves is the highest at flowering stage. It also contains triterpenoid saponins (aglycones are ursolic acid and oleanolic acid), rutin, rubber inositol, etc.
Bark contains oleanolide A, B, D, F, G, H, K and so on. , are various glycosides of digitalis toxin aglycone and uterus aglycone.
Roots contain phenolic crystals, volatile oil, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and triterpenes.
The flower contains hydroxydigitalis aglycone, utaliquiritigenin, digitalis glycoside, oleanolide H and so on.
Nerium indicum, an evergreen shrub in plant form, is 5 meters high and hairless. 3-4 impellers, opposite to the lower part of the branch, narrowly lanceolate, all green, leathery,11-15cm long, 2-2.5cm wide and light green below; Lateral veins are flat, dense and parallel. Summer flowers, pink or white flowers, in terminal cymes; Calyx erect; Corolla deep red, fragrant, double; Corona scaly, apical tear. Follicles are oblong, with a length of 10-23 cm and a diameter of 1.5-2 cm. The top of the seed has yellow-brown seed hair. The stem is erect and smooth, and it is a typical branch of trigeminal nerve. Three leaves, at least four leaves and two leaves, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, all round, leathery, with bright leaves and pinnate lateral veins. Thymus terminal, corolla funnel-shaped, there are two kinds of red and white, single, semi-double or double, fragrant, pod long cylindrical. The flowering period is 6-65438+ 10 month, the fruiting period is 65438+February and the following year is 65438+ 10 month. Common cultivated varieties are: oleander with single petal and white flowers; Double oleander, double safflower; Light yellow oleander with a light yellow flower.
Nerium indicum-common cultivated varieties are: Nerium indicum with white flowers and single petals; Double oleander, double safflower; Light yellow oleander with a light yellow flower.
Other representative species of Apocynaceae in China are:
1, Rauvolfia-shrub; The stem bark is grayish white. Leaves usually 3-4 whorls, oblong. Flowers small, white, calyx lobes triangular, corolla saucer-shaped; Stamens are inserted in the middle of the inner wall of corolla tube. The drupe changed from green to deep red, and then to purple-black. Common in southern China and Taiwan Province province. The plants of this species and its related species contain alkaloids such as reserpine and rauvoltine A, with the content of 1% ~ 2%, which is the raw material of the medicine Jiangyaling.
2, frangipani (gardenia in Myanmar)-named after the egg yellow in the center of the corolla. Originally from Mexico. Cultivated in the south of Nanling Mountain, China, and wild in the mountainous area of southern Yunnan. Deciduous trees; Strong branches, fleshy tips and rich milk. Leaves thick papery, large, oblanceolate, lateral veins parallel. Cymes are terminal, and the corolla is red. The corolla of cultivated varieties is white outside and yellow in the middle. People in Guangdong and Guangxi often take their flowers to dry and make tea, which has the functions of treating damp-heat diarrhea, detoxifying and moistening the lungs. Cutting propagation is often used, which is very easy to survive. It is a common ornamental plant.
3, Catharanthus roseus-native to eastern Africa. In China, it is cultivated in Southwest China, Central South China and East China. Named for its perennial flowering. Semi-shrub with nearly square stems and broken branches and leaves. Leaves obovate. Cymes axillary and terminal; The corolla is saucer-shaped, red, the cultivated variety is white, and the stamens are inserted in the upper part of the corolla tube. There are flowers and fruits almost all year round. As a common ornamental plant. This plant contains more than 70 kinds of alkaloids and can be used as medicine. Vinblastine can lower blood pressure. Vinblastine and other six alkaloids have anti-tumor effects and are often used to treat hematological tumor diseases, lymphoid tumors, lung cancer and uterine cancer. Vinblastine and other six alkaloids have diuretic and hypoglycemic effects. Five alkaloids, such as carotene, have antiviral effects.
4. Tooth flower-wild in southern Yunnan, China, cultivated in Guangdong, Guangxi and Taiwan Province provinces. India also has it. Corolla lobes are often wrinkled like canine teeth, hence the name. Shrub; There are flat enlarged glands in the axils of leaves. The leaves are opposite. Cymes axillary, usually in pairs; Corolla white crown, single petal, cultivated variety is double petal; Stamens are inserted below the middle of the inner wall of corolla tube. The fruit bends outward and the seeds are hairless. As a common ornamental plant. Leaves can lower blood pressure, and root leaves are used for folk medicine.
Nerium oleander-growth habits Nerium oleander is native to India and Iran, and is now widely planted in subtropical and tropical regions. The introduction of China began in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and was cultivated in all provinces and regions. Like light, like warm and humid climate, not cold-resistant, avoid water stains, resistant to a certain degree of air drying. It is suitable for neutral soil with good drainage and high fertility, and can also adapt to slightly acidic and alkaline soil. Nerium oleander has a strong ability to absorb dust and toxic gases.
Oleander-application value and ornamental value;
The leaves of oleander are like willows, and the red flowers are burning, which is better than peach blossoms. Corolla pink to crimson or white, with a special fragrance. Flowering from June to 10, it is a famous ornamental flower.
Industrial raw materials:
The oil content of oleander seeds is 58.5%, which can be used to make lubricating oil.
oleander
Textile raw materials:
The stem skin fiber of oleander is an excellent blended raw material.
Medicinal value:
Modern medical research has proved that oleander leaves contain oleanolide, glycoside and other substances, and flowers contain digitalis glycoside, aglycone, peach glycoside and other components. They have obvious cardiotonic diuretic, sweating, emetic and analgesic effects, which are similar to digitalis and belong to chronic cardiotonic drugs. Clinical report of oleander decoction. It has been used in heart failure caused by various reasons and achieved good results. Nerium indicum is bitter, cold and toxic, and can be used to treat heart disease, heart failure and amenorrhea, as well as traumatic injury, blood stasis and swelling and pain.
Drug prescription:
1. Treatment of heart disease complicated with heart failure: Wipe the green leaves of oleander (tender) with a wet cloth, dry them, and grind them at a low temperature of 60 ~ 70℃. Adults take it for one minute to one minute and twenty cents on the first day, and take it two or three times; Take 8% to 1: 20% every day for two or three days, which can be reduced to less than 3% every day until the condition improves. (Hunan Pharmacology)
2, treatment of asthma: seven oleander leaves, a small cup of glutinous rice. Mash together and add a piece of sugar to cook porridge, but it is not advisable to take more. (Records of Lingnan Herbs Collection)
3, treatment of epilepsy: three pieces of oleander lobules, two iron drops. Decoct with water, three times a day, once every two days. (Yunnan Chinese herbal medicine)
Environmental protection value:
Nerium oleander has the ability of smoke resistance, dust prevention, virus prevention, air purification and environmental protection. The leaves of oleander have strong resistance to sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine and other gases that are toxic and harmful to human body. According to the determination, the potted oleander was only slightly damaged at the distance of 40 meters from the pollution source, but it was basically harmless at 170 meters, and it could still bloom normally. The sulfur content of its leaves is more than 7 times higher than that of unpolluted leaves. Nerium oleander can thrive even if it is covered with dust, so it is called "environmental guardian".
Nerium indicum-Note: The leaves and stem bark are highly toxic, so it should be used with caution when being decocted or ground as medicine. Fish ponds and pastures are not suitable for planting.
Oleander poisoning: Poisoning symptoms due to medicinal use or taking too much oleander by mistake. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, delirium, even sweating, limb syncope, arrhythmia and even shock death. Integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment.
This species is a poisonous plant included in China Botanical Atlas Database, and its leaves, skins and roots are all poisonous. The toxicity of fresh bark is weaker than that of Ye Qiang, and the toxicity of dried flowers is even weaker. In the initial stage after poisoning, people mainly have gastrointestinal symptoms, such as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain, followed by heart symptoms, such as palpitation, irregular pulse and premature beats. Electrocardiogram includes sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, ventricular or atrial tachycardia, and nervous system symptoms include salivation, dizziness, drowsiness and numbness of limbs. In severe cases, dilated pupils, bloody stool, lethargy and convulsions lead to death. The symptoms of animal poisoning are similar. After cow poisoning, severe cases appear cold skin syncope, dilated pupils, loss of appetite and rumination, palpitation, diarrhea, rapid pulse and sudden death. Autopsy found that there were flowing blood samples in gastrointestinal tract, mucosal congestion and bleeding, and bleeding spots in endocardium. 1, directly stimulates myocardium, enhances contractility, causes outdoor contraction or ventricular fibrillation, and atrioventricular block. 2, exciting the medulla oblongata center, making the vagus nerve excited, thus slowing down the heartbeat, increasing myocardial tension, leading to sinus arrhythmia, forming incomplete or complete cardiac block and cardiac arrest. 3. Stimulate smooth muscle contraction of intestine, stomach and uterus, causing nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and abortion. Enhance vasoconstriction, make tiny capillaries congested or even bleeding, especially internal organs, which are often dark red.
Cultivation and management of oleander 1 propagation method
Cutting propagation is the main method, which can also be divided into plants and layering. Cuttings can be carried out in spring and summer. Soak the base of cuttings in clean water for about 10 days, keep them fresh, take root early after cuttings, and have high survival rate. Specifically, the 1 ~ 2-year-old branches cutted in spring are cut into 15 cm ~ 20 cm stem segments, and about 20 branches are tied into a bundle, and the stem segments with the water depth of 1/3 are immersed in clean water, and the water with the same temperature is changed every L ~ 2 days, and the temperature is controlled at 20℃ ~. Because of the strong ability to sprout tillers at the base of the old stem of oleander, a large number of tender branches are often produced, so the tender branches can be fully used for cutting in summer. Choosing cuttings with semi-lignified degree, keeping the top three leaflets inserted in the substrate, paying attention to timely shading and water management, the survival rate is also very high. When layering propagation, the embedded part should be cut or circumcised first and buried in the soil. It can be cut from the mother body in about 2 months and transplanted with soil in the second year.
2. Cultivation techniques
Nerium indicum has strong adaptability, easy cultivation and management, and can be widely planted on the ground and in potted plants. Where it is planted in the field, it should be transplanted in spring, and it should be re-cut when transplanting. Pay attention to protection in winter. Branches and leaves are vulnerable to scale insects, so attention should be paid to prevention and control.
Potted oleander requires good drainage and sufficient fertility. Sprouting in spring needs pruning. For long branches and twigs in plants, they can be cut off from the base. If the inner cavity is too dense, some branches should be thinned to make the branches evenly distributed and the tree shape full. /kloc-Change the pots once after 0/~ 2 years, and change the pots after pruning. Summer is the period of vigorous growth and flowering of oleander, which needs a lot of water. In addition to watering once every morning and evening, if the soil in the pot is too dry, water should be sprayed again to prevent the tender branches from wilting and affect the life of flowers. After September, it is necessary to conserve water, inhibit the continued growth of plants, make branches mature, and increase the accumulation of nutrients, so as to facilitate safe wintering. The overwintering temperature should be maintained at 8℃~ 10℃, and the leaves will fall below 0℃.
Nerium indicum is a fertilizer-loving plant. Potted plants should be fertilized once a month during the growing period in addition to adequate base fertilizer.
3, pest control
In the spring and summer growing season, the terminal buds are vulnerable to aphids.