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Kaifeng, referred to as Bian for short, is now a prefecture-level city in Henan Province. It is one of the seven ancient capitals of China and one of the first 24 historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council. It is located in the middle of China, on the bank of the Yellow River, and is the cradle of China's history and culture. This is an ancient city with a long history and culture. In the history of China, Kaifeng was once called the Girder, the Capital of Song Dynasty, Tokyo, Bianjing and so on. This city has been built for more than 2700 years. During the Warring States Period, Wei, the Five Dynasties, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty, the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty all established their capitals in Kaifeng, so it was called "the city of the Seven Dynasties". Kaifeng, together with Xi, Luoyang, Beijing, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Anyang and Zhengzhou in China, is known as the eight ancient capitals, enjoying a high reputation at home and abroad. Kaifeng is an important tourist city and an open city in the Central Plains with its superior geographical location, mild climate, rich products, convenient transportation, developed culture and education, scientific and technological progress and economic prosperity.

geographical position

Kaifeng is bounded by11351'51÷—15' 42 ÷ N 34 165448. Located in the east of central Henan Province, it is the tip of the alluvial fan plain of the Yellow River. Shangqiu in the east, Zhengzhou, the provincial capital in the west, Xuchang and Zhoukou in the south, the Yellow River in the north and Zhongyuan Oilfield across the river. The total area is 6444 square kilometers, including 362 square kilometers in the urban area. It is about 92km wide from north to south and126km long from east to west. It is 500 kilometers east of Lianyungang, the port city at the eastern end of the Eurasian Continental Bridge, and 72 kilometers west of Zhengzhou, the provincial capital. On the map of China, it is located in the center of East Henan Plain.

The origin of Kaifeng

Kaifeng is a famous cultural city with a long history. Kaifeng, located in the hinterland of the Central Plains and on the bank of the Yellow River, is one of the main birthplaces of the Chinese nation with a history of more than 2,700 years. The Xia Dynasty once built its capital in Kaifeng area, called Laoqiu, and the Shang Dynasty built its capital in Kaifeng area for 27 years, called Xiao. After all, it is a waste. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Zhuanggong built a granary city here, named it "Kaifeng", which means "expanding territory". Later, Liu Qizhi, the Emperor Gaozu, was taboo and renamed Kaifeng. Wei in the Warring States Period, the Five Dynasties Period, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty and the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty all established their capitals here, and they are known as the "Seven Dynasties Metropolis". Especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, from the mutiny in Chen Qiao to the partial peace in the Southern Song Dynasty, it was the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country at that time, and it was also an international metropolis, with the reputation of "Five Phoenix Pagodas in the Ming Dynasty, the imperial state changed doors since ancient times" and "Bianjing is rich in the world". The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan, a painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Dream of China in Tokyo by Meng Yuanlao vividly depict the bustling scene of Kaifeng, an ancient capital. During this period, a large number of influential historical figures emerged in Kaifeng, such as Bao Gong, Yang Jiajiang, Yue Fei, a national hero, and Wang Anshi, who was determined to reform, which had a great influence on the development of China's history. In the Yuan Dynasty, Henan was the seat of the province. The Ming Dynasty was the imperial palace of the Zhou Dynasty. Both the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China are the capitals of Henan. After the founding of New China, it was the capital of Henan. 1954 10 introspection will be moved to Zheng and has been a municipality directly under the central government.

administrative division

As of June 65438+February 3, 20051day, Kaifeng City had five municipal districts and five counties under its jurisdiction. There are 24 streets, 34 towns and 55 townships in the city. Kaifeng has a total area of 6,444 square kilometers and a population of 4.9 million (2007).

Gulou District covers an area of 58.68 square kilometers and has a population of 16 13000. The postal code is 475000.

Longting District has an area of 9 1.5 1 km2 and a population of1.6 million. The postal code is 475 100.

Shunhe covers an area of 86.73 square kilometers and has a population of 24 1 1 10,000. The postal code is 475000.

Yuwangtai District covers an area of 57.05 square kilometers with a population of148,300. The postal code is 475003.

Jinming District covers an area of 252.38 square kilometers with a population of182,000. The postal code is 475002.

Qixian county has an area of 1258 km2 and a population of1050,000. The postal code is 475200. County People's Government in Chengguan Town.

Tongxu County covers an area of 767 square kilometers and has a population of 600,000. The postal code is 475400. County People's Government in Chengguan Town.

Weishi County covers an area of 1.257 square kilometers and has a population of 870,000. The postal code is 475500. County People's Government in Chengguan Town.

Kaifeng county covers an area of 1302 square kilometers and has a population of 670,000. The postal code is 475 100. County People's Government in Chengguan Town.

Lankao county covers an area of 1 1 16 square kilometers and has a population of 760,000. The postal code is 475300. County People's Government in Chengguan Town.

The development of history

Kaifeng has a long history. According to archaeological excavations, ancestors lived here as early as the Neolithic Age. The city can be traced back to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which has been more than 2,700 years. In the Spring and Autumn Period, in order to expand to the Central Plains, Duke Zheng built a city near the ancient city of Zhuxian Town, south of Kaifeng, and named it Kaifeng, which means "opening and sealing the border". Today's Kaifeng City was an instrument city in the Spring and Autumn Period and a girder in the Warring States Period. Today, Kaifeng city evolved from the land of girders and the name of Kaifeng. Kaifeng is known as the Seven Dynasties. During the Warring States period, Wei, Jin, Han, Zhou, Northern Song and Jin all established their capitals here. Especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Nine Emperors, who experienced 168, reached the peak of prosperity, with beautiful scenery, a large population, a magnificent city, developed economy and a population of more than one million, ranking first in the world. It was not only the political, economic and cultural center of the country, but also one of the most prosperous metropolises in the world at that time. The history books used to describe the grand occasion of Tokyo's foreign relations in the Northern Song Dynasty as "eight wastes contend, and all countries share the same wisdom". Kaifeng has been ruled by the Central Plains since the Yuan Dynasty. During the Republic of China, it was the capital of Henan.

1June, 948, China People's Liberation Army conquered Kaifeng for the first time. Due to strategic needs, it immediately withdrew. In the same year1October 24th 10 Kaifeng was liberated again. Since then, this historical and cultural city has returned to the embrace of the people. From 1954 to 10, the capital of Henan Province was moved from Kaifeng to Zhengzhou, and Kaifeng was changed into a provincial city.

Kaifeng climate

Kaifeng has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, abundant sunshine, mild climate and moderate rainfall. The annual average temperature is 14℃, the annual average rainfall is 670 mm, and the forest coverage rate is higher than the national average.

natural resource

Kaifeng has a total land area of 628,240.26 hectares, of which 434,732,438+04 hectares are cultivated land, accounting for 69.20% of the total land area. Garden area10,456.84 hectares, accounting for1.66%; The forestland area is 24,026.26 hectares, accounting for 3.82%; Residential areas and industrial and mining land are 83,750.85 hectares, accounting for13.33%; Traffic land 17822.06 hectares, accounting for 2.84%; The water area is 46,964.21hectare, accounting for 7.48%; Unused land10,487.90 hectares, accounting for 1.67%. The underground resources in Kaifeng area have been proved to be oil and natural gas. It is estimated that the total output of oil is 560 million tons and the natural gas reserves are 48.5 billion cubic meters, which have been exploited in large quantities. Coal resources are deeply buried, and the predicted reliable reserves are 7.79 billion tons. In addition, there are abundant limestone, rock salt, gypsum and other mineral deposits underground. Water resources The water resources in Kaifeng mainly include surface water and shallow groundwater, with the total resources averaging 835 million cubic meters for many years (excluding transit water). Among them, surface water is 35 1 10,000 cubic meters, accounting for 42% of the total resources, and groundwater is 484 million cubic meters (allowable exploitation), accounting for 58% of the total resources.

Geological landform

Kaifeng city is located in the eastern Henan plain, the south wing of alluvial fans in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. 69 meters to 78 meters above sea level. Here, the terrain is flat, the soil layer is deep, the soil quality is good and the structure is stable, which is conducive to the planting of various crops and cash crops, and the forest coverage rate is higher than the national average. Kaifeng belongs to the alluvial plain of the Yellow River and is a brand-new Quaternary stratum. Its formation is due to the yellow river alluvial material, loose texture. The vertical distribution of strata is as follows:

A, light brown silty sand, with a thickness of about 4.2m and foundation bearing capacity of110kpa;

B, light brown clay, with a depth of about 2.5m and foundation bearing capacity of130kpa; ;

C, light brown silty fine sand, with average layer thickness of about 1.5m and allowable bearing capacity of foundation of100 kpa; ;

D, light yellow sandy soil, the layer thickness is about 10m, and the foundation bearing capacity is 100KPa.

traffic

Kaifeng is located in the Central Plains with convenient transportation. The Longhai Railway connecting the Eurasian Continental Bridge passes through the city. Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and Beijing-Kowloon Railway are adjacent. The 106 national highway from Beijing to Guangzhou and the 3 10 national highway from Tianshui to Lianyungang meet here. The opening (sealing) of Luo (Luo) and Shang (Qiu) expressways has become a golden passage through Henan. Kaifeng is 580 kilometers north of Beijing and 530 kilometers east of Lianyungang. Zhengzhou-Bian Expressway is more than 50 kilometers away from Zhengzhou International Airport and Zhengzhou Customs. Kaifeng's superior geographical location makes it a hub city with a north-south trend and an east-west trend. At the same time, it is the central city of two-way opening to the outside world along the Eurasian Continental Bridge, which has broad prospects for developing foreign economic and technological cooperation and large-scale economic development.

tourist resources

Kaifeng is a key tourist city in the Central Plains tourist area, with a history of "one Suzhou, two Hangzhou and three Bianzhou". Ancient poems such as "The Five Pagodas of Shu Qi's Mingxia, Yimen Ancient Kingdom" and "Bianjing is rich in the world" vividly describe the luxury and unparalleled prosperity of Kaifeng, the ancient capital. Especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng developed further with the help of the favorable conditions of Bianshui waterway transportation, with a population of one million, becoming the political, economic and cultural center of the country and one of the most prosperous cities in the world at that time. A long history and splendid ancient culture have left many cultural relics and historical sites in Kaifeng. At present, there are 84 cultural relics protection units at all levels in the city, including 5 national, 7 provincial, 26 municipal and 36 county-level/kloc-0. There are thousands of iron towers and pagodas here, the Long Ting built on the ruins of the Forbidden City in Song and Jin Dynasties is magnificent, the city walls and historical sites built in Ming Dynasty are everywhere, the Taoist architecture in Yanqing is unique, the ancient blowing platform, the oldest scenic spot in Kaifeng, is simple and elegant, the Shanshan-Gansu Hall, which is famous for its carving art, is exquisite, and the Suoguo Temple, a famous ancient temple in the Central Plains, is magnificent and magnificent. Kaifeng is also a famous "Northern Water City" in China with a water surface area of14. Panyang Lake at the foot of Long Ting and Baogong Lake on both sides of Yingbin Avenue are like four huge jasper inlaid in the ancient city, which is pleasing to the eye. In recent years, Kaifeng has devoted itself to the development of tourism, rebuilding and building many historical and cultural landscapes, such as Shanghe Garden in Qingming Festival, Baogong Temple, Imperial Street in Song Dynasty, yangfu in Tian Bo and Hanyuan Forest of Steles. Numerous scenic spots, unique historical and cultural resources and famous folk culture attract a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists to Kaifeng every year.

Folk Temple Fair, Lantern Festival, Bird Market, Chrysanthemum, Night Market, Kites, Cockfighting and Drumming.

higher education

Henan University, Kaifeng University, Huanghe Water Conservancy Vocational and Technical College

Special snack

Steamed soup packets, steamed buns on the first floor, Ma Yuxing's "cockfighting", three fresh lotus seed cakes and spiced rabbit meat.

Kaifeng Taosibao, Carp Braised Noodles, Chrysanthemum Hot Pot, Dajing Jujube, Huimian Noodles and Ma Shuang burned.

Sesame wings, mashed sweet potatoes, peanut cake.

Zheng-Bian integration

In 2003, in order to achieve the grand goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way and the rise of the Central Plains, the Henan Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government formulated the Outline of the Plan for Building a Well-off Society in an All-round Way in Henan Province, and made a strategic decision to implement the strategy of upgrading regional central cities, accelerate the development of urban agglomerations in the Central Plains and realize the rise of the Central Plains. Kaifeng, Luoyang, Xinxiang, Jiaozuo, Xuchang, Pingdingshan, Luohe and Jiyuan were also identified as nine provincial cities within an economic circle with Zhengzhou as the center.

On April 17, 2005, entrusted by the provincial party committee and government, the Development and Reform Commission of Henan Province held a symposium on Kaifeng urban agglomeration planning in Zhengzhou New Century Building. At this symposium, the concept of "integration" was mentioned twice in the Central Plains urban agglomeration planning. It is described in the plan, "In the master plan of the Central Plains urban agglomeration, Kaifeng will be regarded as a functional city of Zhengzhou metropolitan area, and some educational functions of Zhengzhou will be gradually transferred to Kaifeng, and no more land for higher education will be added in Zhengzhou, making Kaifeng an educational base of Zhengzhou metropolitan area to achieve integrated development." "Kaifeng city center is 72 kilometers away from Zhengzhou city center, and the boundary between the two cities is less than 40 kilometers apart, which belongs to the 45-minute commuting circle. Under the polarization effect of Zhengzhou, a large number of elements flow to Zhengzhou. If this situation is not changed in time, the development of Kaifeng will be seriously restricted. Therefore, Kaifeng should proceed from its own advantages, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, change the passive situation of current development while developing its own advantageous industries, and attract and utilize various elements of Zhengzhou through economic integration with Zhengzhou to promote the development of Kaifeng. "

"Zheng-Bian Integration" was officially put forward.

On June 5438+ 10, 2006, the price of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng Telecom was the same, and the long-distance tariff was cancelled or reduced.

On June/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/9, 2006, Zhengzhou Expressway Ryan Avenue was opened to traffic.

Celebrities in Kaifeng: The year of birth and death of Yi Yin remains to be tested. Minister Shang Tang. Born in Kongsang (now Xikongsang, Qixian County, Kaifeng City, also known as Yiyin Village). Legend has it that he was born a slave and was a courtier with Xin's daughter. Appreciated by Tang, he was entrusted with state affairs. The Shang Dynasty destroyed Xia Hou, and the prime minister was in charge of state affairs, which experienced the Tang Dynasty, Wei State and Renzhong Dynasty. Zhong Ren died and passed it on to Tai Jia. Tai Jia was exiled by him because he ignored the national politics. Three years later, Tai Jia repented and was reinstated. When Yi Yin waded to death.

Kaifeng City is located in the east of Henan Province, with a total area of 6,444 square kilometers and a total population of 45 1 10,000. It has jurisdiction over five counties of Weishi, Qixian, Tongxu, Lankao and Kaifeng, and five districts of Gulou, Long Ting, Nanguan, Shunhe and Suburb. It is the main commodity distribution center in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and a new economic belt connecting Longhai and Lanzhou.

Kaifeng is one of the seven ancient capitals in China and a famous historical and cultural city with a history of more than 2,700 years. Wei in the Warring States Period, the Five Dynasties, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty, the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty all took it as their residence, so it was called the "Seven Dynasties". Kaifeng has a long history, splendid traditional national culture and famous cultural relics at home and abroad. Kaifeng has a history of friendly exchanges with foreign countries. Especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo was resplendent and magnificent, with "a population of over one million, goods between the North and the South", prosperous economy, beautiful scenery and abundant products. It is not only the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country, but also one of the most prosperous cities in the world, and an "international city" with "Bianjing is rich in the world".

The long and splendid history has left Kaifeng with rich tourism resources, especially cultural relics and historic sites. Kaifeng's antique buildings have distinctive features and diverse styles, and the features of Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing and early Republic of China are complete. Long Ting, Tower and Suoguo Temple, as representative places of interest, attract an endless stream of tourists. Today, Kaifeng has been listed as a key tourist city in the Central Plains tourist area by the National Tourism Administration.

1. Longting Park

Located in the northwest corner of Kaifeng, covering an area of 1300 mu. The whole park includes buildings of Wanshou Palace in Qing Dynasty, such as Wumen, Daiyuqiao, Chaomen, Zhaobi, Fangchao, Longting and Northern Song Dynasty, the ruins of the Forbidden City, the tablet pavilion, the north gate and the east gate, as well as the landscape of Panyang Lake, the Spring Garden, the bonsai garden, the plant modeling garden and the promenade waterside pavilion.

2. Qingming Shangheyuan

Located in the northwest corner of Kaifeng City, it is a large-scale folk scenic amusement park. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, a huge picture painted by Zhang Zeduan in the Northern Song Dynasty, depicts the bustling scene of Kaifeng, Tokyo. Visitors can put on Song costumes and hold Song coins to appreciate the customs of the ancients.

3. Song Duyu Street

Located in the north section of Zhongshan Road in Kaifeng City, it is a commercial street built by 1988 to reproduce the style of Imperial Street in Song Dynasty. It starts from Xinjiekou in the south and ends at Wuchaomen in the north, with a total length of more than 400 meters. Strolling through the Imperial Street seems to have spanned thousands of years of history, which makes people full of infinite reverie about the bustling scene of the former Song capital.

4. Baogong Temple

Located at Baogong Lake in Kaifeng City, covering an area of about one hectare. The main exhibition area includes the main hall, the secondary hall, the east-west annex hall, the cloister, the tablet pavilion, the gate and the secondary door. , showing the bronze statue of Bao Gong, the bronze spear and wax figure of Bao Gong's trial, Historical Records, Nomination Monument of Kaifeng Prefecture and inscriptions, etc. Simple and solemn style.

5. Bolshoy Sokogi

Dasuoguo Temple is a famous Buddhist temple in China, located in the center of Kaifeng. It was founded in Tianbao, Northern Qi Dynasty in 555. Formerly known as Jianguo Temple, in the first year of Yanhe River in Tang Dynasty (7 12), Tang Ruizong was named Dasuoguo Temple by Wang Xiang to commemorate his accession to the throne.

6.iron tower

The tower, also known as the "Kaibao Temple Tower", is located in the Tower Park in the northeast corner of Kaifeng City. Because the tower body is all inlaid with brown glazed tiles, it looks like iron color from a distance, so it is called "tower".

7. Fanta

Fanta, located in the southeast corner of Kaifeng, was built in the seventh year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (974). Fanta is a hexagonal nine-story hollow imitation wood brick tower with an original height of 80 meters. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, more than three floors were demolished, and then six minarets were built on the third floor, forming a pagoda with a thick bottom and a top. Numerous pagodas are valuable materials for studying China's architecture, art and music.

8. Shanshan Gump Club

Located on the north side of the northeast section of Xufu Street in Kaifeng City, it is a gathering place built by Shanxi giants and Shaanxi-Gansu travelers in the Qing Dynasty in the 41st year of Gan Long (AD 1776). The whole hall has ingenious layout, rigorous structure, exquisite brick and wood carving and exquisite craftsmanship.

Kaifeng's industry, agriculture and commerce are relatively developed. Kaifeng has a solid industrial foundation and complete categories. A number of large-scale national key enterprises such as instruments, pharmaceuticals and fertilizers occupy an important position in the country. Advantageous geographical location and natural conditions make Kaifeng developed in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery, and it is an important commodity grain and cash crop production base of the country and Henan Province. Kaifeng has an active market and a prosperous economy. Shopping malls, hotels, financial institutions and other commercial facilities are readily available, and foreign economic and trade and foreign economic and technological cooperation are developing in various forms, channels, levels and in all directions.