(1) Planning and site selection: hazelnut orchard construction is a century-long problem that benefits for many years at one time. First of all, we should make a good plan, including site selection, area, seedlings, garden shelter forest setting, annual construction plan, organization and implementation, etc. Based on the principle of suitable place and suitable tree, hybrid hazelnut is a light-loving and adaptable tree species. Slight alkaline and neutral soils with soil pH value of 6 ~ 8 are suitable, and can be planted on hillsides (below slope 15), flat land and well-drained sandy land. But in the deep and fertile soil layer, the water condition is good and hazelnuts grow well. On gentle slopes, sunny slopes and semi-sunny slopes with deep and fertile soil layers bear more fruits. Hazelnut trees are not resistant to water and humidity, so it is not suitable to build gardens in places with low terrain, high groundwater level and sticky soil.

(2) Soil preparation in advance: In order to ensure the quality of the garden and improve the survival rate, on the basis of selecting the right plots, soil preparation and hole digging must be done in advance and completed in the autumn of 1 year before planting. The pit is 70 ~ 80 cm in diameter and 60 ~ 70 cm in depth. Apply 25 kg of decomposed farmyard manure to each pit, put some straw on it and backfill the topsoil.

(3) Planting density: The spacing between hazel trees is generally not less than 3 m, and the maximum is not more than 6 m, but considering the early high yield, it can be planted in close density. Two type of densities are propose below. There are triangles, squares and rectangles planted. A. Early high yield density: 2 m×3 m, planting 1 10 plants per 667 square meters; 2 m×2 m, planting per 667 square meters 166 plants. When canopy density affects growth and yield, these two densities should be adjusted by pruning. B. Medium density: 3 m×4 m, with 54 plants planted per square meter; 3 m×3 m, 74 plants per square meter.

(4) Allocating pollination trees: Corylus heterophylla is a cross-pollinated plant, and cross-species pollination can improve the fruit setting rate. The newly-built garden can plant 4 ~ 5 different varieties and strains and pollinate each other. Hazelnut is pollinated by wind, and artificial pollination is necessary to ensure fruit setting.

(5) Selection of improved varieties and strong seedlings: In view of asexual propagation of hybrid hazelnut, seedling quality is somewhat uneven through layering. Therefore, the first-class seedlings must be planted in the newly-built garden, with no less than 20 lateral roots, a ground diameter of 0.5-0.6 cm, and a seedling height of 70-80 cm, with good lignification and no pests and diseases. The survival rate and yield can be greatly improved, and the seedlings can be planted in the garden at one time.

(6) Planting time: from early April to mid-April. Before planting, soak the roots of seedlings in rooting powder water for 24 h, when planting, put the seedlings in the center of the hole, spread the roots, gently lift the seedlings, make the roots closely connected with the soil, and cover the soil while stepping, so as to be airtight. The planting depth shall not exceed 3 ~ 4 cm at the ground diameter of seedlings, and shall not be deeply planted. After planting, make a ridge around the seedlings, water them, and then cover them with plastic film to prevent water evaporation, increase the ground temperature and improve the survival rate.

(7) Fixed stem: The fixed stem after planting can be divided into single stem shape and cluster stem shape. If the soil, fertilizer and water conditions are good, it should be a single-stem tree with a fixed dry height of 60 ~ 70cm；; On the contrary, it should be a cluster tree, with a fixed stem height of 30 ~ 40 cm and enough full buds, leaving 6 ~ 7 buds. The seedlings planted in that year should strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, make them grow healthily, sprout a certain number of branches, lignify well, and prevent white growth. After defoliation in autumn, it is necessary to cultivate soil for cold protection, and the soil cultivation can be as high as 1/2 of the plant. Sprinkle cold-proof soil in the spring of the next year, and generally you don't need to cultivate the soil for cold protection in the second year.

(8) Establish hazelnut orchard shelter forest. Hazelnut orchards, like other fruit trees, should build orchard shelterbelts to reduce the harm of wind and freezing to hazelnuts. Setting principle: within the protection benefit range of 20 ~ 25 times of the tree height of the forest belt, the hazelnut orchard protection forest is planned and designed, and the general ratio is 6? 7 hm？ 2 is a square. The main forest belt is perpendicular to the main wind direction. It mainly has 4 ~ 6 rows of trees, with poplar and Robinia pseudoacacia as tree species, and shrubs and Amorpha fruticosa are planted on both sides of the forest belt. 2 ~ 3 rows of trees are planted in the secondary forest belt. When hazelnut orchards are built on flat land and sandy land, forest belts must be designed in a square shape, and forest belts should be set up in mountainous areas according to local conditions. Before the garden is built, it is best to set up shelter belts and plant trees, which can be implemented according to the requirements of fruit tree shelter belts.

2. Management of hazelnut orchard

Plastic trimming

Plastic pruning is an important measure to promote early fruiting and high yield of hazel trees, which can be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning. Pruning in winter should be carried out after defoliation and before branch germination in the following spring, preferably in February-March. The general principles of young tree pruning are: light pruning and appropriate short cutting, promoting branch expansion, increasing the number of branch groups, expanding crown and cultivating tree shape.

A. Clustered, with no obvious trunk, usually extending around, with 3-4 main branches, with lateral branches on the main branches, bearing vegetative branches, fruiting mother branches and fruiting branches. Trees are naturally clustered, with a height of 2.5-3 m .. 1 year for afforestation, and then the height is cut to 20-30 cm, and 3-4 seedlings are selected as the main branches in different directions; In the second year, 3-4 main branches are selected for light and short cutting, and 2-3 lateral branches of each main branch are light and short cut; In the third year, the extension branches of the selected main lateral branches are shortened to form a happy crown. Internal branches are not pruned; In the fourth year, we will continue to shorten the extension branches of each lateral branch and promote the continuous expansion of the crown.

B. The trunk shape is simple: the tree has a trunk with a height of 40-50 cm and 3-4 main branches distributed in different directions. Side branches are left on the main branches, and the growing side branches and fruiting line branches are attached to the side branches, forming a natural happy shape. The stems are short and the height of the trees is 3 ~ 4 m. After the first 1 year planting, the stems are fixed and the height is 50 ~ 60cm；. In the second year, 3-4 main branches in different directions are selected above the trunk, and each main branch is lightly sheared and short sheared, with the pruning belt length of 1/3, and the cutting mouth is full of external buds; In the third year, on each main branch, 2 ~ 3 lateral branches are selected for light cutting and short cutting. The extension branches of the main branches are also light and short, which makes them tend to grow upward and the inner branches cannot be cut; In the fourth year, the extension branches of the main lateral branches of each layer are shortened to expand the crown. At the young tree stage, the main lateral branches are light and short, and the branch length is truncated 1/3. Trees in full fruit period should be pruned according to the growth and development of hazelnut. Generally, the extension branch length of the main side branch is shortened to 1/3, and new branches are constantly produced. Except for diseased branches, diseased branches and extremely weak branches, branches with cavities are not pruned, and fruiting mother branches are cultivated, and moderate branches and short branches are not pruned. Summer pruning: May-July, from germination to defoliation. It is mainly to pick the heart, pull out the branches and remove the sprouting. Kerning can regulate vegetative growth, promote lignification, control excessive growth of branches and promote the formation of more flower buds. Branching is mainly to increase canopy illumination and promote the formation of more flower buds. Remove all the sprouting tillers under the tree except the sprouting tillers to reduce the nutrient consumption of the tree.

soil management

The purpose is to continuously expand the living soil layer, improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and improve soil fertility. It mainly includes weeding, loosening soil, deep ploughing, expanding holes and planing trees, applying agricultural fertilizer, pressing green manure and so on. Dwarf crops such as beans and peanuts can be intercropped during the young trees. Combined with the field management of crops, hazel trees can be cultivated, weeded and loosened for 3 ~ 4 times to achieve weed-free. Expanding holes and planting trees is an important soil management measure, which is carried out in spring and summer. The planing depth is 5 ~ 10 cm, and the trunk is shallow at the base and deep at the outside, so as to remove all tillers and weeds in the disc and promote the root system to extend to the soil. Apply farmyard manure to deepen the pit in autumn.

Fertilize soil or land

Rational fertilization is one of the important measures to promote the growth and early high yield of hazel trees. At the same time, it can improve soil fertility, increase organic matter content, promote the growth and health of trees, promote flower bud differentiation, reduce flower and fruit drop, increase yield and prevent years. During the whole growth and development of hazelnut, ammonia, phosphorus and potassium are the main nutrient elements, and farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer should be reasonably matched. In autumn, it is mainly decomposed farmyard manure, and in growing season, it is mainly chemical fertilizer, that is, multi-element compound fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). Farmhouse manure should be applied in September-65438+10 in autumn, and the amount of fertilizer should be determined according to the age of the tree. Generally, 20 ~ 25 kilograms of fertilizer is applied to one plant, and the amount of fertilizer is increased at the fruiting stage. Multi-compound fertilizer, fertilization time, 1 time in early April, the second time in late June, should be combined with watering. Fertilization amount, young trees (less than 4 years old), plant application 150 ~ 400 g, old trees increase fertilization amount. Fertilization methods include ring fertilization and radial furrow fertilization. Annular application of chemical fertilizer, at a certain distance from the trunk, evenly spreading chemical fertilizer to a depth of 5 ~ 10 cm, and then covering the soil; Radial furrow fertilization, digging radial conditions at a certain distance from the trunk. The width of the ditch is 20 ~ 30cm, and the depth of the ditch is10 ~15cm.

water

According to the requirements of hazelnut phenology on water and soil, strengthen water management in young tree period, plant seedlings in the same year, ensure soil moisture and improve survival rate. During the growth period of hazel, it can be irrigated 3 ~ 4 times a year. Before freezing after defoliation, frozen water should be poured to prevent winter drought and soil moisture evaporation. In early spring, root water should be poured in March-April to promote the activity of underground roots and keep a dynamic balance with the water of some plants on the ground, that is, the juice on the ground and underground moves at the same time to prevent peeling caused by spring breeze, drought and large evaporation. From late May to early June, water young fruits during the expansion period to promote the expansion of young fruits, but drain them in time when waterlogged.

Eliminate pests and diseases

Hybrid hazelnut has fewer pests and diseases, and weevil is the main pest. The disease is mainly powdery mildew.

Adults feed on shoots, leaves and shoots, making the leaves pinhole-shaped, and the shoots are incomplete. The broken shoots affect the growth and development of new shoots. Larvae harm nuts, drill holes in green shells, cause insect eyes and feed on nuts. Chemical control: During the supplementary nutrition period and the early oviposition period of adults, that is, from mid-May to early July, the adults were poisoned with 0.33% 60% D-M mixed solution, sprayed 2-3 times, with an interval of 15 days.

Powdery Mildew: In the early stage of leaf disease, the upper and lower leaves appear inconspicuous macula, and soon white powder grows in the macula, which leads to yellowing of leaves, falling off dead insects, poor lignification, weak growth potential and easy freezing injury. Chemical control: from early May to early June, spraying 0. 1% ~ 0. 167% solution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or using 0. 1% ~ 0. 125% solution of 50% metronidazole wettable powder has a good effect.