Pepper is a woody vine of the genus Piper. China's Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Taiwan Province and other provinces are cultivated, among which Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan produce more, supply the whole country and export a little. Fruit used as medicine contains piperine, piperine, alkaloids A, B and C of Zanthoxylum bungeanum oil and volatile oil. Pharmacological experiments show that piperine has anti-pentylenetetrazol convulsion, electroconvulsive, "audiogenic epilepsy" and sedative effects; Water, ether or ethanol extract has the function of killing tapeworms. Antiepileptic tablets made from crude extracts have been used in various types of epilepsy. Pungent in taste and hot in nature. Has the effects of warming middle warmer, dispelling cold, invigorating stomach and relieving pain. Can be used for treating common cold, epigastric cold pain, vomiting and diarrhea, and anorexia.
I. Morphological characteristics
The stem length is tens of meters, and the cultivation is controlled between 2.5 and 3 meters. Stem nodes are significantly enlarged and usually have adventitious roots. Leaves alternate, nearly leathery, with slender leaf sheaths, broadly ovoid, ovoid or ovoid, 6-16cm long and 4-9cm wide, with 5-7 veins and 9 rare veins. Spikes are opposite to leaves; Flowers heterozygous, usually monoecious, without perianth; Stamens 2, anthers kidney-shaped; Ovary superior, subglobose, 1 room. Berries are spherical, 3-4 mm in diameter, and red when they are ripe (Figure 15-43).
Figure 15-43 Morphology of Pepper
1. Fruiting branch 2. Inflorescence branches 3. Inflorescence partially enlarged by 4. Stamens 5. Stamens 2. biological property
(A) growth and development characteristics
Pepper seedlings cultivated by cutting with 5-7 knots are produced, and the main vines are pulled out 0-2 months after planting. When the growth point of the main vine is inhibited or the water and fertilizer are sufficient, the dormant axillary buds produce the first, second and third branches in turn, forming the trunk branches of the crown. Dormant lateral buds (mixed buds) on branches can produce the first, second and third lateral branches in turn, all of which can blossom and bear fruit, which are collectively called fruiting branches. Each branch and the lateral branches extracted from it constitute the branch sequence of pepper. Plants with normal fruit generally have 100- 150 branches. The main vine and these branches form the crown of pepper.
Pepper vines are sometimes pulled out at the same time as the main vines and branches to avoid forming empty joints; Sometimes when the main vine is pulled out but the branches are not pulled out, empty nodes are formed, which makes the pepper vines branch layer by layer. The number of branches in each layer and the number of nodes between layers are determined by plant growth and nutritional status in the body. Generally, every 1-3 nodes have 1-4 branches on the first floor (Figure 15-44). Pruning and shaping often cut off the main vines from the empty nodes as propagation materials, and at the same time strengthen the management of water and fertilizer to promote the branching of new vines.
Fig. 15—44 schematic diagram of layered branching of pepper.
When the pepper vines germinate and grow, they bloom at the same time, and when a large number of fruits are produced, the branches stop pulling out. Therefore, it is necessary to remove 1-3-year-old flowers to prevent them from bearing fruit, so as to concentrate nutrients, promote the increase and height of crown and form a high-yield tree type. The monthly growth of main vines is generally 30-50-70 cm, which is slow in the first year of planting, gradually accelerated by pruning in the second year, and fastest in the third year, with a monthly growth of 50-70 cm. In the high temperature and high humidity season, it grows fast, and in the low temperature and drought season, it grows slowly, bursting or even stopping. Pepper planting areas with low temperature in winter often suffer from chilling injury, and then germinate and grow during heating period. After three years of planting, it will be capped, stop growing upward, start to form a tree shape, and keep flowering in the appropriate season (called flowering, the same below) and let it bear fruit. A large number of fruiting branches are cut off by themselves due to nutrient consumption, and can germinate and grow after picking fruits in the following year. There is only one growth period in a year, which is consistent with the flowering period. Branches with little or no fruit can germinate and grow at any time under the conditions of suitable temperature and sufficient water.
There are root bands on the nodes of the main vines of pepper, which can grow developed air roots (root suction) and play the role of adsorbing and supporting vines. When pulling pepper vines, we should erect columns in time, tie the vines well, so that the root belt is close to the columns, the air roots are developed, and the adsorption is firm, which is beneficial to cutting vines to propagate pepper seedlings and make the root groups developed. The plants propagated by cutting have no real main roots, and the roots grown by air roots and incisions develop into main roots, and the lateral roots branch from the main roots, and the lateral roots branch to absorb the roots. Roots are mostly distributed in 0-60 cm soil layer, with 10-40 cm soil layer being the most. If the soil layer is deep, the groundwater level is low or the soil ploughing is deep, the distribution is deep, which can reach more than1m.
Under suitable conditions, the mixed buds on pepper branches form flower buds (or leaf buds) and develop into flower spikes. It takes about 1 1- 17 days from the ear appearance to floret flowering, and it takes about 23-36 days for floret flowering. It takes about 5- 10 days for florets to be pollinated and about 10 months for fruits to mature. The fruit grows fastest within 30- 120 days.
The temperature required for flowering is 24-27℃ and the relative humidity is 70-80%. Small flowers usually bloom before 10 in the morning, and can bloom all day if the temperature and humidity are suitable. Low temperature and drought affect flowering and pollination and reduce seed setting rate. When the ovary begins to expand, it will blossom and bear fruit if it lacks nutrition or is in a low temperature and drought state.
Under suitable conditions, pepper heads and blooms almost all year round, but the main flowering periods are March-May and 9- 165438+ 10 in Hainan, and May-July and10-10 in Yunnan. Hainan in Chang Yuchun is dry, but it is warm and cool in autumn, with abundant rainfall and high humidity. Low temperature in winter does not harm young fruits, and flowers in autumn have long ears and many fruits. Therefore, autumn flowers are generally kept and spring flowers are removed. Although the temperature and humidity are suitable in autumn in Yunnan, the low temperature and drought in winter and spring are harmful to young fruits, while it is rainy and humid in June-August, and the temperature is suitable, and the fruits have grown in winter and spring, which can reduce the harm of low temperature and drought. Therefore, it is appropriate to leave summer flowers and go to autumn flowers.
(2) Environmental requirements
Pepper is a warm and humid tropical plant. The average annual temperature in foreign main producing areas is 25-27℃, and the average annual temperature in domestic introduction and cultivation areas is 19.5-26℃, which can grow and develop normally. Growth began at 20℃, with the fastest growth at 24-28℃, and basically stopped at an average temperature of 65438 05℃. The daily minimum temperature is less than 10℃, and young leaves are damaged for 2-3 days; When the temperature is lower than 6℃ for 2-3 days, the shoots and vines are damaged and the tops are broken; Branching and fruit dropping occur at about 2℃. However, short-term frost peppers can still survive, and even in areas with 4-5 frost days, the yield per mu is still hundreds of kilograms. If the ground temperature is too high, accompanied by drying in the shade, it will burn the pepper head and the leaves stuck to the ground, and even be sunburned to death.
The rainfall in foreign main producing areas is 1900-3000 mm, and that in domestic planting areas is 750-2400 mm, 1500-2400 mm, which is suitable for uniform distribution. In Hainan, the main producing area in China, when the monthly rainfall or the total rainfall for two consecutive months is greater than > 1000mm, it will cause epidemic diseases or water disasters. Lujiang, Baoshan District, Yunnan Province, with an annual rainfall of 755.3mm, is irrigated by gravity in dry season, with good growth effect and few diseases. Drought obviously affects growth, flowering, fruiting and even death.
Most cultivated varieties only need shade at seedling stage and early planting stage, and need enough sunshine when they are mature, so as to avoid excessive branches and leaves and affect flowering and fruiting. Pepper grows on climbing columns, vines are fragile and afraid of strong winds. The lighter blows through the deciduous flowers, and the heavier breaks the branches and vines and turns them upside down. Wounds are easily infected by germs, and fallen leaves are beneficial to the reproduction of germs and create conditions for the epidemic of diseases. Therefore, it is appropriate to choose a quiet wind environment for culture. Hainan is often hit by typhoons, so windbreaks should be reserved or built in a planned way.
In particular, the soil is required to be well drained, and it is prone to water damage and plague if it is too wet or accumulated water. However, the lack of water in the soil will make the young fruit shrink, the inflorescence weak and the leaves scalded, which will affect the growth and fruit. The optimum pH value of soil is 5.5-7. A large number of results require adequate nutrition. An annual output of 2.5 kilograms of white pepper is equivalent to 700 grams of ammonium sulfate, 150 grams of calcium superphosphate and 300 grams of potassium sulfate. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is about 6∶ 1∶5.
Third, cultivation techniques.
(1) variety
There are many varieties, which can be summarized into two types. 1. Big leaf species: large and thin leaves, thick and crisp branches, fast growth, large crown width, concentrated flowering period, long ear, high fruit yield, small and uniform fruit grains, early maturity, 3-6 kg per plant in rich season, economic life of 20-30 years, strong adaptability and susceptibility to pepper blight. Most cultivated varieties in China belong to this variety. Second, lobular species: the economic life is as long as 30-40 years, the seeds are spicy and have strong disease resistance, and other characteristics are opposite to those of big leaf species.
(2) Land selection and preparation
Choose a warm and frost-free area. In case of light frost, you should do a good job of cold protection. Choose a terrain with high terrain, open terrain and easy discharge of cold air, and tilt to the south with a slope below 20. Don't choose low-lying, closed places that are easily affected by cold air, wetlands near water, vegetable gardens and windy places to reduce freezing injury, diseases and wind damage. It should also be considered that irrigation and transportation in dry season are beneficial to column delivery and fertilizer transportation. It needs deep, fertile, ventilated and water-retaining soil, as well as slightly acidic soil. If the soil is barren, it is necessary to dig deep into the soil.
Pepper orchards should be scattered in a small area of 3-5 mu, which is conducive to controlling the epidemic of diseases. Set up windbreaks in windy places. There are walkways, sewage pools and irrigation ditches planned in the park. Build terraces on the sloping land, turn over the soil to a depth of 30-40 cm, fully weather, clean the root stones and level the broken soil. The cave should be dug 60 cm deep and 80 cm wide, and the cave soil should be fully exposed to the sun. Apply organic fertilizer 15-30kg (mixed with calcium superphosphate, fully decomposed) to each hole, mix it evenly with the soil, and the hole is slightly higher than the ground.
(3) Breeding methods
Cutting propagation combined with pruning vines. Select excellent mother plants that have been planted for 1-3 years and are free from diseases, weeds and pests. Vines are 4-6 months old, with a thickness of more than 0.6cm, developed root system absorption and full axillary buds. Before pruning 15 days to enrich the tissue. Cut into 30-40 cm long cuttings with 5-7 nodes, and the upper two nodes have branches. Soak them in water for half an hour and keep them moist in the shade. Insert the seedbed obliquely at an angle of 40-50, with the row spacing of 20-30× 10- 15 cm, and the two nodes are exposed on the soil surface, keeping 80-90% shade and humidity. Rooting began in about 7- 10 days, and shading and watering were gradually reduced after survival. After 20-25 days of cultivation, it can be planted in the nursery. According to the needs of breeding, use seeds to propagate, harvest red mature fruits, peel and dry in the shade, avoid sun exposure, store for one month, and sow in time.
(4) Planting
The cuttings are cultivated for 20-25 days and planted in time to avoid long branches and roots, which are difficult to plant. Choose warm, cool and humid weather for planting. The row spacing is 2.5-3× 2m, depending on the slope and fertility. The top of the seedling faces west, and the pepper head does not bask in the sun in the west, and it is planted at 45-60. Cover the seedlings with fine soil, and apply 2-2.5 kg of decomposed mixed fertilizer on both sides as auxiliary base fertilizer. The fill is 10cm higher than the ground, forming a pot-shaped mound for watering and covering with grass for shade.
(5) Site management
1. Shading, weeding, loosening, ridging and covering
After planting, before the pepper heads are covered with pepper leaves, transparent bamboo rafts or scaffolding should be used to block the sunshine of the pepper heads. Weeds in the garden are often removed. After rain, the shallow loose soil around the crown is 10cm deep; In March-April and June11-65438+February, the soil outside the crown and between rows was deeply loosened by 200cm, and the soil around the crown was still shallow. Cultivate the soil every 1-2 years. At the beginning of the dry season, cover the roots or the whole garden with clean grass or green leaves to keep moisture, regulate ground temperature and improve fertility.
fertilize the soil or land
In the first three years after planting, apply 15-30kg organic fertilizer and 250g mixed calcium superphosphate to each plant every spring. In the growing season from March to June (1 1), thin fertilizer and water fertilizer should be applied frequently every half to two months to promote growth, and the number of times will decrease with the increase of plant age; It should be applied once a few days before pruning, and 50- 100 g ammonium sulfate should be applied when pruning vines at the second and third ages to promote vine pulling. Stop applying nitrogen fertilizer before winter, and apply 7.5- 10 kg burnt soil or 0.5- 1 kg plant ash per plant to improve cold resistance. Results Flower fertilizer was applied in time after fruit picking. Applying auxiliary flower attack fertilizer during flower bud germination; Applying fruit attack fertilizer at the early stage of fruit growth; Apply fruit fertilizer during fruit development. Organic fertilizer, manure, calcium superphosphate, ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, plant ash, cake fertilizer and fish fertilizer are used. The dosage is determined according to soil fertility, yield level and nutrient consumption. Fertilizer should be fully decomposed, finely divided and evenly mixed with soil, and the concentration, dosage and fertilization position should be strictly controlled to avoid fertilizer damage. Fertilizer damage should be dealt with in time.
3. Drainage and irrigation
Irrigation is often used to prevent drought after planting and in dry season, and water accumulation is eliminated in time in rainy season. If the accumulated water causes water damage, it should be handled in time.
4. Columns and vines
When hot pepper seedlings draw new vines, first insert temporary small columns, and then set up permanent large columns when cutting vines for the second and third time. At present, cement columns and stone columns are widely used in production, and wooden columns are easy to rot and damage, which is troublesome to replace; Living columns compete with seedlings for nutrients, which is rarely used now. When the new vines grow to 3-4 knots, several main vines are tied to the post with soft ropes under the knots, once every 10- 15 days. The main vines used as seedlings need to be tied one by one, and the envoys should be close to the pillars. Results It was still necessary to bind plants with rattan 1-2 times every year, especially before typhoon season. You can also bury the main vines in the soil to inhibit vine pulling and promote long-branch, non-column cultivation or short-column cultivation.
Step 5 pick flowers and leaves
Remove 1-3-year-old flowers that bloom before capping and flowers that bloom in other seasons except the flowering period of fruiting plants, accelerate the formation of tree types and concentrate nutrients. When tying vines at a young age or picking fruits at the fruiting stage, properly remove the old leaves that are too dense and ventilate them.
6. Plastic surgery
6-8 months after planting, when the plant height is 1.2m, cut the vines for the first time at the place 20-30cm (3-7 knots) from the ground, and keep the first or second layer of branches. If the branch sequence of the first layer is higher than 40cm, bury the lower hollow joint in the soil (press the vines) so that the branch sequence of the first layer is 20-30 cm above the ground. Keep 2-3 new buds below 2-3 nodes. When the height of new vines after the previous pruning is greater than 1m, the second, third and fourth pruning should be carried out from the 3-4 section of the previous pruning, and 4-6 new vines should be selected under each pruning. Cut off the vines on the second branch order of the new vine for the fifth time, and also keep 4-6 main vines. When several main vines are more than 20-30cm, they are close to the center of the column top, tied at the intersection point in turn, and topped at 2-3 nodes away from the intersection point, which is called capping. The upper part of the plant continues to grow, forming a cylindrical tree. If you don't want seedlings, you should use the method of topping and shaping many times, that is, after the first and second pruning, whenever the new vine grows to 40-50 cm high, you should top it 5-6 times from the previous pruning mouth until it is topped, which can lead to fruit bearing half a year in advance. Cut off the extra buds and sprouting vines in the young tree period in time, resulting in the sprouting of clustered branches on the crown of the plant and new vines growing in the shade at the top of the column. After the second pruning, cut off the "wedding branches" brought by the seedlings; Before pruning the vines for the last time, gradually cut off the old branches below 20-30cm to facilitate ventilation of the pepper heads.
(6) Pests and diseases and their control
1. Pepper wilt
(phycomycetes Pepper Variety. )
Also known as pepper plague, it first infects the base of the main vine and then spreads to all parts of the whole plant. Xylem decays rapidly, plants wither and die suddenly, and most roots are still good. Infected soil, diseased plant residues or wild hosts are the source of infection. It is spread by wind and rain and occurs in the late rainy season (September-165438+1October). Rainfall (especially the continuous rainfall after typhoon) is the dominant factor in the epidemic of the disease. Focus on prevention. Ensure that the pepper garden is free of water and the pepper head is ventilated; Do a good job in on-site hygiene; Don't enter the park in rainy days, and disinfect import and export chemicals during the epidemic to reduce human transmission; Loosening the soil and exposing it to sunlight to eliminate bacteria on the surface soil; Windproof and careful operation to reduce wound infection; Select disease-free seedlings and disease-resistant varieties, and pay attention to quarantine in new areas; The setting area of pepper garden should not be too concentrated, 3-5 mu is better; Non-biased application of nitrogen fertilizer: more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied to enhance disease resistance; Disinfect the soil with chemicals before illness to prevent spraying chemicals on plants; Burn sick plants in time, treat the ward with drugs, spray drugs to protect healthy plants, and carefully isolate the ward. The more effective drugs are Bordeaux mixture, 1% Dijundan, etc.
2. Pseudomonas.
It mainly harms leaves and whole plants, and has strong pathogenicity. At first, the lesion was a polygonal water stain, and after expansion, the middle was brown and the edge turned yellow. When dew overflows, diseased leaves and flowers fall off, diseased branches are out of touch, diseased vines dry up, and even the crown shrinks, leaving only a few bare vines and losing production capacity. It can occur all year round, mainly in typhoon season, and typhoon storm is the leading factor of disease epidemic. Cool weather and high humidity are conducive to the epidemic of diseases. Agricultural control measures are the same as pepper blight; Early detection, elimination of central diseased plants, removal of diseased plants and their surrounding leaves as soon as possible, or spraying diseased leaves with 1% copper sulfate solution, spraying 1: 2: 100 bordeaux solution to protect healthy leaves, and spraying drugs several times continuously.
3. mosaic disease
There are two kinds of symptoms caused by viruses. First, the leaves become smaller and curled, the main vines contract, the internodes become shorter, the plants are short and deformed, the flower spikes become shorter and shorter, and there are few fruits. The other is that the plant basically grows normally, and only the leaves are in the shape of flowers and leaves. Most of them occur in poorly managed plants damaged by fertilizers, water and insects, or when pruning vines during high temperature and drought. Prevention and control methods: disease-free seedlings; Strengthen quarantine in the new area; Strengthen management, rational fertilization, irrigation and drainage, enhance plant growth and improve disease resistance; Pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases, isolate the operating tools of diseased plants and avoid contact and infection; Don't cut the seedlings during the high temperature and drought period, and apply sufficient water and fertilizer after cutting the seedlings to promote the growth of vines; Found that the diseased plants were removed, burned and replanted; Select disease-free plants to keep seeds.
4. Other diseases include anthrax and linear blight. ) and root-knot nematode marioni.
5. Pests include scale insects, aphids, blind stinkbug, stinkbug, stickleback moth, scarab, ants, whiteflies, etc.
Fourth, harvesting and processing.
(1) Harvest
Generally, it will be capped in 2-3 years after planting and harvested in 3-4 years. Harvest autumn flowers in May-July and summer flowers in April-May. When the ear turns yellow and 3-5 grains turn red, you can harvest. Generally, the whole harvest period is collected 5-6 times in batches, once every 7- 10 days. The last time includes all immature fruits, so as not to affect the next flowering and fruiting.
(2) Processing
Dry the mature or immature ear in the threshing floor for 3-4 days, when the peel shrinks, knock off the fruit with a wooden stick, remove the fruit stalk, and fully dry to get the commercial black pepper. Soak in running water for 7-8 days in a bamboo basket or sack device until the peel and pulp rot, then trample them in a bamboo basket or pool, rinse them repeatedly with clear water to remove impurities such as peel and fruit stalks, and dry them in the threshing floor for 3-4 days until they are completely dried, thus obtaining the commercial white pepper. Soaked in flowing water, it is white after drying, and black after soaking in still water, which reduces the quality of goods. It can also be dried by artificial heating. 100kg fresh fruit can be processed into 25-30 kg white pepper, 1kg white Hu, and pepper contains 19000-24000 grains.