Scions should be semi-lignified branches of the same age as rootstocks. The bud should be the whole bud (middle bud) in the scion. T-bud grafting requires that the size of the bud is the same as that of the rootstock bud. When selecting buds, first cut a knife about 0.5 cm above the scion bud, reaching the xylem, then obliquely cut it at 1 ~ 1.5 cm below the bud, and push it from shallow to deep to the horizontal knife edge, reaching the xylem at about1/3 ~12. After cutting, gently pick up the bud piece and break it horizontally. Be careful when taking the bud and shake it gently to prevent the bud from being injured.
2 grafting
"Hard cutting and steady grafting" is the key to successful grafting. After selecting the bud, quickly cut the rootstock into a T-shaped interface with a knife, pry open the cortex on both sides, slowly insert the bud under the interface, so that the upper end of the grafted bud is aligned with the transverse incision (cambium) of the rootstock, and then gently press it with your thumb to make the rootstock and the bud closely connected. Tie it with a plastic strip with a width of l 5 cm from bottom to top, only exposing the petiole and bud eye of the bud.
3 check the survival rate
Generally, about 10 days after grafting, the petiole will fall off when the hand touches it, and the bud will survive when it is fresh. If you don't take the job, make it up in time. Generally, the rootstock is not cut after the budding seedlings survive, but before the budding in the following spring, the upper end of the rootstock is cut at the position of 0.5 ~ 65,438+0 cm above the budding (the cut should be colored to prevent the tree from losing water), so as to promote the germination and growth of the budding.
(According to Hebei Science and Technology News)
A new method of branch pulling for young apple trees
After many years of experiments, it is concluded that 1 year-old trees will be pulled out in the middle and late May of the following year when 70% ~ 80% of the branches are capped. Compared with branches pulled in autumn, it has the advantages of more and fewer branches, easier decision-making, more sprouting, more short branches, less strings on the back, easier operation, easier fixation, more stable trees and faster crown expansion.
(1) When the branches are pulled in May, the buds on one branch germinate 25% ~ 30% more than those in autumn, because it germinates when there are buds, but only the upper and left and right lateral buds germinate in autumn, and the lower buds do not germinate.
(2) When the branches are pulled in May, there are more short branches on the back and fewer long branches, because the nutrients of the branches are evenly distributed on each bud, which leads to greater nutrient consumption. However, the buds on the back of branches pulled in autumn are nutritious, with strong light and good quality. Because of the innate advantages after germination, it is easy to draw long branches, and the long branches on the back of branches drawn in May are 25% ~ 30% less than those drawn in autumn.
(3) Easy to pull and fix. May is the growing season for pulling branches. The branches are soft, and there are many leaves and buds on the branches, which can be pulled down with a few gentle strokes. If the orientation is not good, ropes and piles can be used for positioning and fixing. Generally, branches can be pulled at an angle of 70 ~ 80 without ropes. It rains a lot after pulling, so it's best to press the branches with rain.
(4) It is easy to plant flowers and reduce the cutting and girdling of flower buds. Because the branches are pulled in the middle and late May, the tops of the branches are not long, and photosynthesis is accumulating. At this time, the branch is bound to be slightly injured at the base, changing the angle of the branch and reducing the advantage of the top of the branch. So it's easy to grow flowers.
(5) Large leaf area coefficient, more photosynthetic accumulation, rapid crown expansion and stable tree potential are beneficial to early high yield.
(6) As the main branch, it can be cut short at a proper place in winter, and the pulling angle is 60℃ ~ 75℃, and other branches are not cut, and the pulling time is100 ~10.
(Based on practical techniques and data of fruit trees)
Soil management of vineyards in high temperature, high humidity and rainy areas.
1 advocate high ridge and deep ditch farming.
When the garden is built, a planting ditch is dug, with a depth of 40-60 cm, a width of 100 cm and a side height of 30-40 cm. The depth of planting ditch depends on the groundwater level, and the plots with high groundwater level can be dug shallower. At the same time, an annular drainage ditch with a depth of 60 ~ 70cm must be opened around the site. The annular drainage ditch should be slightly deeper than the planting ditch and connected with the planting ditch.
2 Appropriate application of lime can improve soil acidity.
The soil in this area is strongly acidic and must be improved with lime. Sprinkle slaked lime evenly on the soil surface, then plough it deeply, and then spray it when the pH value is clear. The types of fertilizers are boric acid 0. 1% ~ 0.25%, zinc sulfate 0. 1%, manganese chloride 0.25% ~ 03%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.3% ~ 0.5% and ferrous sulfate 0.2% ~ 1%, which can be appropriately increased in poor areas.
In addition, excellent varieties of big peach and sweet peach should be selected for planting; No crops or weeds are planted under peach trees; When pruning, the density should be reasonably matched to ensure sufficient sunshine; The pruning process should run through the whole growth period.
(According to Henan Science and Technology News)
Regeneration and rejuvenation techniques of aged jujube trees
Because of the older trees or poor management, the crown is gradually shrinking and sparse, the crown has a lot of dead branches, the growth potential is weak, and the yield is obviously reduced. Jujube trees should be rejuvenated in time to enhance the tree potential and restore the yield.
1 slightly updated
When the tree just entered the aging stage, the branches weakened, the rootstock and secondary branches of jujube began to die, and the main branches appeared bare. When the effective stock of jujube trees in the whole tree is 1000 ~ 150c, it should be slightly updated. The method of slight retraction should be adopted, and about 1/3 of the total length of each main branch and lateral branch should be cut off or sawed off where strong branches and strong buds are reserved, so as to stimulate the remaining parts to sprout new jujube heads and form new fruiting branches; the weak fruiting branches should be properly retracted, and the secondary branches with serious aging, dead branches and serious pests and diseases should be thinned out to restore the tree potential. In order to maintain a certain rate of return, you can continue to open nails moderately after a slight update.
When the tree is obviously weak, a large number of secondary branches die, most of the main branches are bald, and the yield drops sharply? . It should be moderately updated. Retract and saw off about 1/2 of the total length of the backbone branches, then cut off the bare fruiting branches again to promote the development of new branches, stop nailing for 2 years, and do it after the trees are restored.
2 heavy update
When the tree is extremely old, most branches at all levels die, and the whole tree has no or few new branches? It is necessary to renew, retract and cut off about 2/3 of the total length of backbone branches at all levels to stimulate the emergence of new branches and re-form the crown, and stop nailing for 2 ~ 3 years.
The regeneration of aged trees should be completed at one time, preferably in February-March before germination, so that the number of hair branches is large and orderly, which is convenient for selecting and cultivating backbone branches and fruiting branches, and is conducive to the rapid formation and expansion of crown. In the process of updating and pruning, we should pay attention to the subordinate relationship of branches at all levels. The trunk is taller than other main branches, the main branch is longer (taller) than the side branches, and the upper trunk branch is taller than the lower trunk branch. Only in this way can the growth of branches be balanced. Scissors and saws should be painted or waxed for protection, and saws with a diameter greater than 5cm should be avoided as far as possible. After the old trees are regenerated, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened to improve the nutritional level of trees. Ensure that the expected results are achieved.
After the old trees are updated and pruned, more branches and leaves should be left, and the useless dates sprouted on the trunk and backbone branches should be thinned as soon as possible to save nutrition. For the vigorous growth of jujube head. When it grows to 60 ~ 70 cm, it is denuded. In the second year after the update, the new jujube tree head should be adjusted so that the extension head of the thousand branches of the bone can be opened at an angle to maintain an appropriate orientation and angle. For other jujube heads, the lateral branches and fruiting branches should be cultivated by coring or short cutting, so that the branches in the crown are evenly distributed and form a reasonable tree structure.
(According to Shanxi Science and Technology News)
What are the summer pruning methods for almonds?
1 germination and germination removal
To wipe off the unwanted buds on the tree is to wipe them off. In the young tree stage, it is mainly to erase the buds on the trunk below the plastic belt: on the fruit tree, erase the competitive branches and clustered branches. De-sprouting refers to erasing the sprouted buds on the rootstock, which is mainly used for the regeneration of young trees and head-changing trees.
Step 2 pick your heart
Core-picking is to remove the growing point of new shoots and a few leaves at the top, so as to temporarily stop the elongation growth of branches, preserve nutrients, promote the lignification of branches and flower bud differentiation, and form fruiting branches. The coring period is June and July. The objects are vain fruit withering and long fruit branches.
3 twist tip
Twisting the upright branches 180, changing their growth direction, thus controlling growth and promoting flower bud differentiation. Twisted branches are mostly used to transform vigorous branches, upright branches in holes, long branches and competitive branches into fruiting branches. When the branches grow to 25-30 cm and reach semi-lignification, the kneading time is appropriate. The twist tip is located at the base of the branch 5 ~ 10 cm.
4 short stamps with new tips
Cutting off new shoots in the growing season can improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crown, promote the development of new shoots, form branches, alleviate the growth potential of branches and promote the differentiation of flower buds. The short cutting time is better from late May to early June, that is, when the new shoots grow to 15 ~ 20 cm, leave 10 cm for short cutting. Short cutting is too early, and the sprouted new buds are still very prosperous; If the cutting is too late, the lignification of the new shoots is poor and it is not easy to form flowers. When cutting short, we should adhere to the principle of "thinning, thinning and slanting".
Step 5 pull the branches
Pulling branches is to pull branches horizontally and change the growth direction of branches. Pulling branches can alleviate the tree potential, prevent some fruits from moving out and prevent the lower part of branches from shining. The role of. For 1 ~ 3-year-old trees, pruning should be carried out in June-July to maintain the growth potential of early branches; For trees more than 3 years old, it should be carried out in April-May to alleviate the branch potential. The appropriate angle of branch pulling is 60 ~ 70, which is beneficial to the upper and lower branches.
(According to Hebei Science and Technology News)
Strict management of citrus before flowering
1 Trim and trim
Pruning in spring, thinning and crossing branches. At the same time, some dense spring shoots were erased, and the tip of Wang Changchun was pitted, so that the ratio of old leaves to new leaves was close to 1: 1.5.
2. Increase soil aeration
Weeding by intertillage, 200 grams of "no deep tillage" soil conditioner 60 ~ 100 kg of water can be sprayed every 667 square meters, and the ground can be sprayed on sunny days.
3 topdressing
Orchards that have been fertilized before the bud stage in February generally do not need soil topdressing before flowering; In orchards that are not topdressing before bud stage, quick-acting fertilizer should be topdressing in time at bud stage. According to the size of the tree, applying 0. 1 ~ 0.2 kg of "no-tillage fertilizer" to each tree hole can provide available nutrients and loosen the soil. Meanwhile. Spray 30-60kg water 1 bag of "high-energy red potassium" for 2-3 times every 667m2. For orchards with weak trees and boron deficiency, 0.3% urea and 0. 1% borax can be mixed and sprayed to supplement nutrients. Combined with foliar fertilizer or spraying, spraying 0. 1 mg/kg natural brassin "Shuofeng 481"1~ 2 times on the leaves can improve the cold resistance of fruit trees, promote the growth and development of flower buds and improve pollen activity.
4 Sparse flowers
For trees with weak trees and large flowers, flowers can be properly thinned and some leafless flowers can be removed to reduce nutrient consumption and improve fruit setting rate.
5. Prevent diseases and pests
Cut off the branches and leaves of pests and diseases, and artificially kill or poison the scarab. Use 5% nisolone 1, 500 ~ 2000 times of rice blast amide or acarbose mixture to control red spiders and butterflies. Use 75% chlorothalonil 600 times solution, or 40% benomyl 500 times solution, or clothianidin to control anthracnose. Use 1: 1: 100 bordeaux mixture to prevent spring shoot scab. Control of aphids with dichlorvos 800 times solution.
(According to Agricultural Science and Technology News))
? Bagging technology of grapefruit fruit
Screening of 1 bagging varieties
The special paper-based fruit bag made of special paper and treated with sterilization, insecticide and waterproof agent not only has the characteristics of protecting pomelo fruits and promoting coloring, but also has the advantages of environmental protection and moderate economy. It should be? The first choice for bagging pomelo fruit. Paper bagging must also have strong tensile strength, moisture resistance and corrosion resistance, and can withstand wind, rain and sunlight for more than 120 days and remain intact. The average fruit weight of honey pomelo is more than 1.5 kg, and some of them are more than 2.5 kg. According to the huge characteristics of fruit, the fruit bag should be made into 40cm×32cm to meet the needs of fruit growth. Tie-in iron wire should have rust-proof ability to prevent corrosion over time. Polluted pomelo fruit.
2 bagging time
? The bagging protection time of grapefruit should be carried out after the grapefruit is shaped. At this time, the pomelo fruit is about the size of a teacup and more than 5 cm in diameter, which is in a period of rapid expansion. The fruit handle has a certain toughness and is not easy to crack or break when manually operated. Early bagging is easy to cause young pomelo fruit to suffocate and fall off; late bagging will damage the peel by pests and diseases or reduce the appearance quality due to drug stains precipitation. The specific time varies with different phenological periods in different places. As far as Pinghe County is concerned, the best normal year is from early June to late June. The first ten days of June is the peak of the new generation of scale insects (1-2 instar larvae). After control, scale insects can be eliminated to the maximum extent and prevented from breeding in fruit bags.
3 bagging pretreatment
3. 1 fruit thinning
Insect-eaten fruit, clear fruit, fruit in the upper part of the crown, over-dense fruit, twin or multiple young fruits should be thinned, so that the yield of the tree is fixed and evenly distributed, and the middle and lower part of the crown is the main bearing part.
3.2 pest cleaning
1 time Thorough pest control must be carried out before bagging. When spraying pesticides, it should be evenly sprayed on the whole tree, especially on the fruit handle and fruit surface, to ensure that the fruit is free of pathogenic microorganisms, live insects and eggs. The medicament can be selected as follows: v2①0340%% quick killing 800 times solution +50% mite replacement 1000 times solution+10% fertilizer application 1500 times solution; ② 40% quick killing 800 times solution +20% triazole tin 1500 times solution +30% aimiao 3000 times solution.
Four steps of bagging
(1) Soak the bag mouth with clear water about 5 cm the night before bagging, which is beneficial for the bag mouth to cling to the fruit handle and prevent the invasion of pests and diseases. (2) Take it out after it is completely soaked, and throw off the excess water at the mouth of the bag. The bag mouth is placed upright in bundles and covered with cloth. (3) When bagging, first spread the bag mouth by hand, then aim the bag mouth at the pomelo fruit, put the bag mouth on the fruit handle, then tie the bag mouth tightly, tie it on the fruit handle, and tie the bag mouth tightly with thin iron wire, with moderate tightness, so as not to let the bag mouth loose. Avoid rainwater and pests from invading the bag mouth without damaging the fruit handle. (4) For fruits with short fruit stalks, the fruit branches can be arranged properly first, put on together with the fruit branches, tie the bag mouth tightly on the fruit branches, and tie the thin wire at the bag mouth tightly.
(According to Guangxi Horticulture)
Clever application of garlic in fruit production
According to the experiment, garlic, as a pollution-free pesticide, has many wonderful functions when applied to fruit trees.
1 Promote germination
Covering grapes with garlic juice in plastic greenhouse can make them germinate 7 ~ 10 days in advance; Cutting the mouth with grape branches can prevent the mouth from drying up and promote the bud germination under the wound.
2. Prevention and control of rot
After apple trees, pear trees, etc. Suffering from decay, the scar is scraped clean and reaches the xylem. At the same time, cut the good skin around the scar into a smooth slope of 60, and then use garlic? Rub the wound directly and attach a layer of garlic mucus, and apply it again after 7 days. The prevention and treatment effect can reach more than 90%.
3 control aphids
Take 1 serving of garlic, mash it, add 1 serving of water and mix well, then add 50 portions of water, and use it as needed. Spray the leaves with the prepared solution. Can effectively prevent and control fruit tree aphids. In addition, interplanting garlic in orchard can greatly reduce the harm of aphids to fruit trees.
Step 4 preserve and keep fresh
Mashing garlic, soaking in water for12hr, adding water to boil, cooling and filtering. To obtain garlic extract. Hawthorn was soaked in 10% garlic lixivium for 5 ~ 10 seconds. It can be stored for about 200 days at room temperature.
(by planting and breeding)
Optimal control period of fruit tree diseases and insect pests
1 prevention and treatment of claudication in the early stage
Pests and diseases can be divided into three periods: initial period, total period and final period. Its harm scope can be divided into two parts: one is sporadic, and the other is extensive. The disease should be prevented and controlled at the early stage of the disease or before the epidemic spreads in the disease center, while the pest should be prevented and controlled before the occurrence of a small amount and the large-scale feeding has not yet begun. Prevention and control of diseases and pests in the early stage and the onset period.
Control pests and diseases in the weakest period of life activity
Pests should be controlled before the 3rd instar, when the insect body is small, the body wall is thin, the leaf consumption is small, the activity is concentrated, the drug resistance is low, and the insecticidal effect is good. For example, scale insects can be controlled before larvae secrete wax. The pathogen of pear scab overwinters in bud scales and spreads with the opening of primary infected scales. The pathogen of bacterial perforation of peach overwintering in diseased branch ulcer is distributed in the early stage of germination for the first time, and the first infection period is the best control period.
3 pest control before hidden harm
Pests are sprayed on the surface of branches, leaves and flowers of fruit trees, which are easy to contact and die. The control of leaf curl moth should be carried out before the leaf curl of pests; Prevent and control fruit eaters before eating fruit; The best control period of stem borers is before or after stem borers. However, the effect of using drugs in the early stage of adult development is particularly significant.
4. Prevention and control of fruit trees in the period of strong drug resistance
Fruit trees are most prone to phytotoxicity in bud stage and flowering stage, so we should try not to apply pesticides or use less pesticides. In the growth stop period and dormancy period, especially in the wintering period of pests and diseases, the latent sites are concentrated and the insect age is consistent, which is conducive to centralized elimination.
5. Avoid the peak period of natural enemies.
The adults of parasitic wasps, the natural enemies of pests, have the weakest drug resistance, so spraying pesticides at the peak of emergence should be avoided as far as possible.
6 Prevention and control in key lines
The pests and diseases of fruit trees are within the critical line, that is, when the fruit of apple trees is damaged by bark beetles 2% ~ 3%; Leaf-eating caterpillar, when the leaves of fruit trees are eaten by 25%; When there are 8 ~ 100 population on every100 bud, the control of apple aphid is the most economical and effective.
7 according to phenological control
The phenology of fruit tree growth and development is closely related to the occurrence and harm of pests. For example, when pear buds swell and show green, it is the peak period of overwintering larvae of pear caterpillar and pear moth. The initial flowering period of the inflorescence of Guoguang apple is the peak of the overwintering female adult of red spider of hawthorn. When pear buds germinate, pear aphid eggs hatch: when the new shoots of pear trees grow 7 ~ 10 leaves, the adults of pear stem bees begin to appear and lay eggs.
8 Choose the right weather and time for prevention and control.
When controlling fruit tree diseases and insect pests. It is advisable to spray medicine from 4 pm to evening on sunny days because the leaves have strong water absorption and good metallurgical control effect.
(According to Agricultural Science and Technology News)
Occurrence and control of apple mites
The main mites that harm apples are tetranychus viennensis, tetranychus citri and tetranychus viennensis.
1 dangerous symptoms
1. 1 hawthorn spider mite
Also known as hawthorn spider, it mainly harms the leaves, buds and young fruits of apples. When the leaves were damaged, Tetranychus viennensis lived in groups on the back of the leaves, spun silk and pulled the net, fine soil particles and eggs attached to the screen, and many spots appeared on the front of the leaves. When severely damaged, the back of the leaf appears rusty, dehydrated and hardened, and the whole leaf turns yellowish brown and brown, which looks like a fire. Most leaves of severely damaged apple trees will fall off in June-July. The damaged apple tree bloomed and germinated for the second time, and the severely damaged bud could not continue to grow and died.
1.2 Spatholobus suberectus
Also known as red spider with long legs and red spider with alfalfa, it mainly harms the front of apple leaves and can form large green spots. There is no rust color on the back of leaves, fruit mites do not spin webs, and a large number of white mites attach to injured petioles and branches, which can cause leaves to scorch and fall off early.
1.3 Panonychus apple
Also known as the red spider of apple, the tender buds of apple often can't unfold normally, even the whole bud dies, the front of the leaf is covered with yellow and white spots, and finally the whole leaf turns yellow. Generally speaking, leaves don't fall too early. I don't spin silk or weave webs.
2 occurrence law
2. 1 Tetranychus viennensis
1 year produces 6 ~ 10 generations, and fertilized females overwinter in cracks in apple bark, thick subcutaneous and soil cracks, and the damage is generally less before June. After June 30, it quickly propagated in a high-temperature and dry climate, and entered a stage of serious harm in July, which could cause a large number of fallen leaves. From late July to early August, with the arrival of rainy season and the increase of natural enemies, the population density gradually decreased. By mid-August, most females had entered the wintering site, and some females could continue to overwinter in 10.
2.2 fruit mites
1 occurs for 3 ~ 7 generations, and the eggs overwinter on the shady side and fruit table of the main and lateral branches of the apple. In April of the following year, the apple begins to hatch when it germinates, and the damage is the most serious from mid-June to early July, and eggs usually appear in early August.
2.3 Panonychus citri
/kloc-0 has 6 ~ 9 generations per year, and overwinters with eggs on apple cones, fruit scars and 2-year-old shoots. High temperature drying is beneficial to the reproductive harm of panonychus citri,
3 Prevention and control measures
One of the important reasons for the aggravation of mites in June is that the control of mites is not in place before apple blossoms. In recent years, the occurrence of mites is on the rise, and the reasons for the increase of mites are not only related to climate, but also to improper control measures. Based on the prevention and control of dormancy period and the prediction of insect situation, according to the occurrence law of three kinds of harmful mites, the three key periods of apple before flowering, after flowering and before wheat harvest were seized. Spray the medicine in time and pay attention to the later prevention and treatment. Reducing the number of overwintering insects can effectively control the harm of red spider.
3. 1 Use drugs accurately.
The acaricide used before and after flowering must contain ovicidal ingredients, and the same treatment of mite eggs can inhibit the spread of mites. Very good acaricide. And Li Lang, mites can fight and so on.
3.2 master the key medication time
Before and after flowering are the key time to control mites. If you miss the control because of releasing bees before flowering, it is best to spray acaricide containing ovicidal ingredients twice after flowering.
3.3 When the temperature is low, the concentration of acaricide should be increased.
Because most pesticides contain temperature-sensitive components, the effect is not good at low temperature, and the concentration can be appropriately increased.