American black grapes (Black Pear and Rifelli) have panicle weight of 500-700g, grain weight of10-12g, thick black skin, tough pulp, purple juice, soluble solids of 18%, extremely sweet and excellent quality. The growth days from germination to fruit ripening are about 160 days, and fruit ripening occurs in the middle and late September. Causal grain is planted firmly, hard, does not fall off, and is resistant to storage and transportation. It is one of the excellent late-maturing varieties and is well received by producers. However, in production, black grapes are extremely resistant to diseases such as black pox and downy mildew. Orchards that are extensively managed are often destroyed because of serious diseases and poor economic benefits. The following briefly introduces the cultivation techniques and measures of high quality and high yield of Heiti grape.

First, build a garden. Choose neutral or slightly alkaline soil (pH 6.0-7.5) with loose soil, deep soil layer, groundwater level below 1m and good drainage to build the garden, adopt hedgerow cultivation, plant spacing 1m×2m, and plant 330 plants per mu. Before planting, dig a planting ditch with a depth of 80 cm and a width of 100 cm, and apply 3000-4000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu. After planting, planting in the field in spring.

Second, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.

1, soil management. Cover the tree tray with grass, and cover the ground with weeds such as wheat straw and corn straw, with a thickness of 15-20 cm. Pressing sand in the tree tray of low-lying vineyards can reduce the occurrence of diseases.

Step 2 apply fertilizer

Base fertilizer, after the fruit is harvested every year, 4000 kilograms of high-quality ring fertilizer, 70 kilograms of calcium superphosphate and 250 kilograms of urea are applied per mu.

Topdressing after planting in 65438 +0 years, topdressing urea when the new shoots grow to more than 30 cm, 30-50g per plant; A month later, topdressing compound fertilizer, 50 grams per plant; Apply 30g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in August. In the second year after planting, topdressing should be applied before flowering and after flowering, with nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer in the early stage and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as the main fertilizer in the later stage.

Water it. Combined with topdressing, it is necessary to ensure water supply after fruit setting and fruit expansion. Water the soil before freezing.

Spraying fertilizer on leaves. Spraying 0.5- 1% urea during germination; Spraying 0.3% urea and 0.3% borax before flowering; During the growing season, various fertilizers are added by spraying. In the early stage, nitrogen fertilizer was mainly used (0.3% urea), calcium fertilizer and its trace fertilizer were added, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was mainly used (0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate) in the later stage.

Third, plastic trimming. V-shaped or fan-shaped pruning with single stem and two arms is adopted.

Winter scissors. Pruning mainly focuses on short and medium branches, with 6- 12 buds for strong branches, 3-5 buds for middle branches and 1-3 buds for weak branches. The number of new shoots per mu should be controlled at about 4,000, covering the shelf surface reasonably and topping in time; Generally, the fruiting branches are enucleated 5-7 days before flowering, and the degree of enucleation is to leave 6-8 leaves above the ear.

4. Flower and fruit management. (1) At the beginning of flowering, spare inflorescences are removed, and generally 3000-4000 ears of fruit are left per mu. Generally, each bearing branch leaves 1 ear. (2) Pinch the spike tip before flowering, generally remove 1/4- 1/5, and sparse the secondary spike. After the fruit is set, arrange the ear and remove the over-dense fruit particles. Generally, there are about 60 fruits per ear. (3) Fruit bagging. Bagging can promote fruit coloring, keep fruit powder and fruit surface clean, effectively control diseases and improve fruit quality, which is an effective way to produce high-quality pollution-free grapes.

Bagging will be carried out in the middle and late June. Spray 75% chlorothalonil 600 times before bagging. You can choose a special bag for grapes or a homemade newspaper bag. Tear the bottom of the bag 7- 10 days before fruit harvesting to promote coloring.

Five, pest control

The main pests and diseases of Heiti grape are downy mildew, black pox, powdery mildew, clubroot, red spider and so on.

(1) dormant period. Clean up the orchard, clean up dead branches, fallen leaves, dead fruits, etc. , centralized incineration, reduce the base of pests and diseases. ⑵ Spraying 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture before germination. ⑶ Before inflorescence separation, spraying 70% mancozeb 1000 times and 40% killing 4000 times. ⑷ Spray 70% thiophanate methyl 800 times before flowering. 5. Spray bactericide 10- 15 days after flowering until the fruit is harvested. The medicines used are: 50% Durex 600 times solution, 64% antivirus alum 500 times solution, 78% Cobo 600 times solution, 70% ethyl phosphate, manganese zinc 600 times solution, spray gram 800 times solution and 200 times lime half Bordeaux solution, which are used alternately, and the disease prevention effect is good.

Sixth, wintering and cold protection

It is safe to winter in southern Shandong, and there is no need to cover the soil to prevent cold. In order to prevent the cold in winter, you can cover the tree tray with grass to prevent the cold. Northern Shandong and North China need to be buried for cold protection.