2. They divided these expressions into different categories: 43 used a single muscle and one used a single muscle.

3. Laughter plays an important role in happiness and interpersonal relationships; Therefore, people who can't laugh often encounter many obstacles in their lives.

May is very lucky. She was ill twice, and within four weeks, her smile remained the same. However, about 15% patients with facial paralysis can't fully recover their smiles.

5. Danjo Kenner, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, specializes in expressions, including the types and functions of laughter. "Laughter is an important weapon in the evolution of human behavior. 」

6. Dan Zhuo, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley? Kenner specializes in expressions, including the types and functions of laughter. He said: "Laughter is an important weapon in the evolution of human behavior. 」

Receiving a thank-you letter with photos is a great reward for Zhu Ke's work. "Have you ever held a knife when you saw a child? There is nothing better than a baseball bat, or being happy and feeling good in a family photo. 」

8. This is the power of a smile. In fact, scientific research in the past 20 years has proved that there is nothing wrong with repeating aphorisms and popular lyrics, such as: "Laugh, and the whole world will laugh with you." "You can see the clouds with a smile."

When Kenner was a graduate student, he worked in a laboratory in Aikman. "FACS is a major breakthrough in the study of human expressions and emotions, providing researchers with an objective way to explain how different emotions are expressed on their faces. 」

10, Kenner found in other studies that people who laugh naturally and frankly can tolerate sad things such as widowhood; When couples love each other and smile affectionately, oxytocin is secreted into the blood. Oxytocin, also known as the "hug hormone", can promote intimacy and reproduction.

1 1, Manktelow said: "With time and more practice, most patients learn to laugh without biting, even if they don't want to. This is an important discovery: the brain can gradually learn to control these muscles and give them to the laughter center, thus giving a sincere smile. 」

12, Kenner pointed out that although some people are born optimistic, it helps them stand out; But in fact, under the guidance, learning the way to really smile can also make life happier. "According to research, the key to happiness lies in interpersonal relationships. Laughter helps to get along with people, so it is very important. 」

13, Kenner and his colleague Ang Lee Huck made a famous research from 1958 to 196. During this period, the photos of women published in 1 14 university yearbook analyzed their facial expressions. Everyone is smiling except three people; Among them, 6 1 laughed, and 50 people really laughed. Kenner followed it for 30 years.

14 and 1872, Darwin proposed in the book "Emotional Expression between Man and Animals" that expression is based on biological needs and must have evolutionary functions such as establishing relationships, promoting cooperation and being conducive to species survival. However, margaret mead, a famous anthropologist, believes that laughter is a cultural behavior, which varies from society to society.

Ross Main runs a small hotel in Victoria, Canada. As an adult, she may have facial paralysis twice due to virus infection, leading to facial paralysis. Main said: "I can only smile with half a face and become a strange face." Outgoing, he became shy and didn't want to go out to the party. "You don't know how important it is to laugh until you can't laugh. 」

16. People who have been in contact with babies know that their innocent smiles can make their families close and become friends, but they can also make their brains secrete beneficial chemicals and make people feel comfortable. Every time Jencks eats? Angus stood at the counter of the grocery store. The lively baby always makes everyone happy with the power of his newfound smile.

Ralph Manktelow, a plastic surgeon at Toronto General Hospital, said, "My patients taught me the importance of laughter. They said: "Because I don't laugh, people think I am cold, sad, angry and depressed;" I really can't show myself. Laughter is one of the powerful tools to speak; If you don't laugh, your ability to express your feelings and get along with others will be greatly reduced. 」

18, at 7 o'clock in the morning, Susan Janke wanted to sleep more in Vancouver, Canada, but she heard her five-month-old son Angus shouting in the next room. Jencks said, "I struggled several times to get up. She has two sons, one is two years old and exhausted. It is common to take care of them. However, when I bowed to the crib, I saw that he was right? I grin and I will be elated-everything is worth it. 」

19, smiling can not only help us make friends, but also change chemicals and make people feel better. Davidson, a neuroscientist from Aikman and the University of Wisconsin, used brain scans to prove that "Du Xiang's smile" would affect the parts of the brain related to satisfaction and happiness. They also found that if they deliberately move two sets of muscles, Du Xiang smiles, they will feel happy, even if they are not sincere.

In 1990s, American psychologist Paul ekman decided to end the debate. He travels around the world, showing people of different cultures photos with different expressions; He found that even in the remote jungle of Papua New Guinea, his expression was the same, such as laughing. Therefore, he and his colleague Wallace Freison spent eight years designing a reliable method to describe and simulate facial activities, so that researchers can study expressions and emotions according to scientific basis.

2 1, child development experts call this kind of friendly communication between infants and adults "interactive dance", which is a phenomenon of advanced brain development of infants. Ovigie Miller is a professor of psychology at Victoria University in Canada, specializing in child development. He pointed out: "Mothers and babies come and go through laughter, and cooperation is very important for intimate relationships and intellectual development. Research shows that if parents board? A face that responds to a baby's smile will make the baby uneasy. " This shows how important the smile of the caregiver is. 」

22. Now, based on FACS, scientists have identified 18 kinds of smiles, such as shyness, embarrassment, ridicule and love. Among them, there are two most striking research focuses: sincere smile and fake smile. /kloc-In the 9th century, the French scientist girma Du Xiang first described the sincere smile, so it was also called "Du Xiang's smile". This uses two groups of muscles: one group pulls back the corners of the mouth and lifts the cheeks; The other group narrowed their eyes. Scientists have found that "Du Xiang's smile" is sincere and happy. Laughter, sometimes called "stewardess smile", the first group of muscles is only used for politeness.

23.Manktelow and Ronald Zucker, a pediatric plastic surgeon at Children's Hospital, co-chaired a world-famous facial paralysis group in Toronto to make people who can't smile or face paralysis smile again. Every year, about 150 people receive treatment, including about 50 people from all over the world, including about children. About 40 patients will undergo microsurgery, and the surgeon will transplant leg muscles to the face; Then connect the muscles with the nerves, make the muscles contract and have a smiling action. The nerve may be the facial nerve of another face, or it may be the nerve that controls occlusion; Wait at least a year, the nerve grows out, and the patient can laugh. If the occlusal nerve is used, the patient can learn to smile by occlusal action first.