I. Regular gardens
Also known as holistic, architectural, patterned or geometric gardens, western gardens, from Egypt, Greece and Rome until the emergence of British landscape gardens in the18th century, are mainly regular gardens, among which Italian terraced architecture gardens in the Renaissance and French Rainotte graphic gardens in the17th century are the representatives. This kind of garden takes architecture and architectural space layout as the main theme of landscape performance.
Beijing Tiananmen Square Garden, Dalian Stalin Square Garden, Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Garden and Beijing Tiantan Park all belong to formal gardens.
Characteristics of conventional gardens:
1. Terrain: In the plain area, it consists of different levels and gentle slopes; In mountainous and hilly areas, it consists of stepped horizontal platforms, inclined planes and stone steps of different sizes.
2. Water body design: contour corridors are all geometric figures; Regular bank protection, types of landscape features, plastic pools, wall springs, plastic waterfalls, canals, etc. are mainly adopted, among which fountains are often the theme of waterscape.
3. Architectural layout: The garden not only adopts the symmetrical and balanced design of central axis for single buildings, but also adopts the symmetrical and balanced design of central axis for the layout of buildings and large buildings, and controls the whole garden with long axis and short axis in the form of large buildings and small buildings.
4. Road Square: The outline of the open space and square in the garden is geometric. The enclosed lawn and square space are surrounded by symmetrical buildings or regular forest belts and tree walls. Roads are all composed of straight lines, lines or geometric curves, forming a grid or annular radial with symmetrical or asymmetrical central axes.
5. Planting design: The flowers in the garden are mainly arranged in patterned flower beds and flower borders, and sometimes in large flower beds. Trees are mainly arranged in determinant and symmetry, and hedges and green walls are widely used to divide and organize space. Trees modeling pruning mainly simulates architectural modeling and animal modeling, such as green columns, green towers, green doors, green pavilions and birds and animals trimmed with evergreen trees.
6. Other landscapes in the garden: In addition to buildings, flower beds, conventional water features and a large number of fountains, potted trees, potted flowers, vase ornaments and statues are often used as the main landscapes. The base of the statue is regular, and the position of the statue is mostly arranged at the beginning, end or intersection of the axis.
Formal gardens give people the feeling of grandeur, neatness and solemnity.
Second, the natural garden
Also known as landscape garden, irregular garden, landscape garden, etc. China gardens, whether large royal gardens or small private gardens, are mainly natural landscape gardens, and classical gardens are represented by Beijing Summer Palace, "Three Seas" Garden, chengde mountain resort, Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden and Liuyuan Garden. Since the Tang Dynasty, China natural landscape gardens have been influencing Japanese gardens.
Characteristics of natural gardens:
1. Terrain: In the plain area, the natural undulating gentle terrain is combined with some artificially sharpened natural undulating mounds, and its cross section is a gentle curve. In mountainous and hilly areas, natural terrain is used, except for buildings and square bases, artificial trapezoidal terrain is not transformed, and the original broken terrain is manually arranged to make it natural.
2. Water body: its outline is a natural curve, and the river bank is inclined with various natural curves. If there is a revetment, it is also a natural rock revetment. The types of garden waterscape are mainly streams, rivers, natural waterfalls, ponds and lakes, and waterfalls are often the theme of waterscape.
3. Architecture: The layout of single buildings in the park is symmetrical or asymmetrical and balanced, and its buildings and large buildings are mostly asymmetrical and balanced. The whole garden is not controlled by the axis, but a continuous composition composed of leading lines.
4. Road Square: the open space in the garden and the open grassland and square with closed natural outline, surrounded by asymmetric buildings, earth mountains, natural trees and forest belts. The plane and section of the road are composed of natural undulating plane lines and vertical curves.
5. Planting design: Planting in the garden cannot determine the natural beauty of natural plant communities. Flower arrangement is mainly based on flowers and plants, and there is no need for patterned flower beds. Tree planting is mainly based on isolated trees, shrubs and trees. Natural shrubs, trees and trees are used to divide areas, organize garden space and prune irregularly. The shaping of trees is mainly based on simulating old trees in nature, rather than establishing birds and animals.
6. Other scenery in the park: In addition to buildings, natural landscapes and plant communities, rocks, fake stones, piles, bonsai and sculptures are still the main scenery, among which the pedestal of the statue is natural and the position of the statue is mostly arranged at the focus of the perspective line.
Natural gardens have a long history in China, and most classical gardens are natural gardens. This is reflected in the fact that tourists stay at home, stay in nature and travel around famous mountains and rivers. For example, in chengde mountain resort, China's northern and southern gardens are gathered in one garden, and various styles of garden landscapes can be appreciated during the tour. There are many pictures of natural gardens, so I only choose a few for you to enjoy.
Third, mixed gardens.
In gardens, if the proportion of regular gardens and natural gardens is almost the same, it can be called mixed gardens, such as Guangzhou Martyrs Cemetery. In the garden rules, the original flat terrain can be planned as regular, the original rugged terrain can be planned as natural, and the trees can be planned as regular. Large-scale gardens should be natural, while small-scale gardens should be economical. The surrounding environment should be planned regularly. If the surrounding environment is natural, it is necessary to plan naturally. The boulevard and street garden of the building square should be regular. The green space in front of residential areas, institutions, factories, stadiums and large buildings should be mixed.