Question 2: There is Haehser in the mountains and Ling in the west. What do you mean by western beauty? Trees are lush on the mountain, and ling grows in the depression. Say who you miss, it's the beauty in the west.
Question 3: 6. Western aestheticians don't understand what is the beauty of natural science. In Hegel's view, studying aesthetics means studying art. Hegel defined aesthetics as art, and of course, he also proposed to study natural beauty. However, the natural beauty that Hegel studied is only the natural beauty contained in art. He said in Aesthetics: "The mind and its artistic beauty are' higher' than nature, but the' higher' here is not only a relative or quantitative difference. Only the heart is real, only the heart covers everything, so all beauty is true only when it involves and is produced by this higher realm. In this sense, natural beauty is only a reflection of the beauty that belongs to the soul. It just reflects an incomplete and imperfect form, which has been included in the mind according to its entity. "
Question 4: There are several theories about the essence of beauty in the history of western aesthetics (1) that explore the root of beauty in spirit.
1 Plato
1. 1 Aesthetic point of view: "The essence of beauty is the principle of beauty". Theory (idea, beauty)-reality (shadow)-art (shadow of shadow)
Kant
2. 1 Aesthetic point of view: Beauty "can only be subjective". Aesthetic feeling is a sense of freedom that doesn't care about interests. In the judgment of interests, beauty has the form of aimlessness and purposefulness.
3 Hegel
3. 1 aesthetic point of view: it is believed that "beauty is the perceptual manifestation of ideas", which naturally cannot reveal ideas, and only art can fully reveal ideas. Strictly speaking, only art can be regarded as true beauty, so his research is "not ordinary beauty, but artistic beauty." Therefore, Hegel called aesthetics "the philosophy of art" or "the philosophy of beauty art".
(B) from the objective material attributes to explore the root of beauty
1 Aristotle
1. 1 Aesthetic point of view: He believes that beauty lies in the thing itself, which is mainly manifested in the form of "order, symmetry and clarity", which mainly depends on the "volume and arrangement" of things, thus seeing the "integrity" of things.
Leonardo da Vinci
Aesthetic point of view: He believes that beauty is not the embodiment of God's will, but the essence of things that can be recognized by the senses. He believes that "aesthetic feeling is completely based on the sacred proportional relationship between the parts", such as Mona Lisa, and each part of the whole is proportional to the whole. In his view, the human body is the most beautiful thing in nature.
3 Diderot
Aesthetic point of view: beauty is relationship. He divided beauty into true beauty and relative beauty, and called the relationship between order, symmetry and arrangement in the form of objective things themselves true beauty. The connection between the object and other things is called relative beauty.
(C) from the social life to explore the root of beauty
Chernyshevski
1, aesthetic point of view: beauty is life.
There are two points about beauty:
First, beauty contains a lovely and precious thing. B. beauty is a living thing and a diverse object.
Question 5: There are several theories about the essence of beauty in the history of western aesthetics. 1. ancient Greece: form is essence. Philosophers and aestheticians in ancient Greece believed that beauty was a form and tended to regard form as the essence of beauty and art. In Pythagoras' view, art came from numbers and their harmony, and this harmony was related to the problem of form. Plato distinguishes concrete beautiful things from "beauty itself", so concrete works of art, as beautiful things, can only be endowed and imitated by beauty itself, while art is imitated, which is separated from truth by three layers. Plato divided form into internal form and external form, in which internal form refers to the form of artistic ideology, which stipulates the origin and essence of art; External form refers to the imitation of the shape of all things in nature, which is the stipulation of the existing artistic state. Aristotle believes that everything contains two factors: "form" and "material". In his view, form is the first noumenon of things, and matter can become certain things because of form. In Aristotle's view, imitation is the same attribute of all artistic styles, and it is also a sign to distinguish art from non-art.
2. The Middle Ages: The Mystery of Form The mainstream culture in the Middle Ages was Christian culture. In the Middle Ages, God became the stipulation of beauty and all arts, and practical reason became the stipulation of thought, which was different from the emphasis on real life in ancient Greece. From ancient times to the Middle Ages, western aesthetics and philosophy of art entered a new stage, and aesthetics of this semester was incorporated into theology. It is the combination of Plato's theory, Plotinus's neo-Platonism and Christian thought. Plotinus emphasized the role of form in the production of beauty, as Croce said in his comments: "Then, the beauty of stone does not exist in stone, but only in the form of processing it; Therefore, when the form is completely imprinted in the mind, man-made things are more beautiful than anything natural.
3. Modernity: Pure Form and Transcendental Form The period of modern aesthetics refers to the period from the Renaissance to the end of19th century, and the real aesthetics began in modern times. In modern times, form has become an independent category in aesthetics, and consciously and rationally rises to the height of artistic essence.
4. Modernity: transcending form, returning to existence in modern times, existence is the stipulation of beauty, and aesthetic thought is developed in the dimension and context of existence. At the same time, western formal aesthetics has made new progress, such as structuralism aesthetics, analytical aesthetics and gestalt psychology aesthetics. Bell believes that all visual arts must have some * * * similarity. Without this * * similarity, art is not art, and this * * similarity of art is a "meaningful form". The real art lies in creating this "meaningful form". This "meaningful form" is different from pure form. Of course, Bell did not give up form completely, and it was also different from the unity of content and form.
5. Postmodernism: The transformation of formal deconstruction from modernity to postmodernism is the result of the development of western thought itself. In this ideological process, the stipulation of thought changed from existence to language. Postmodernism dispels modern aesthetic concepts and artistic ideas, and its fundamental feature is deconstruction, which is characterized by uncertainty, fragmentation, unprincipled and lack of depth. If modern aesthetics still pays attention to form in the field of existence, then postmodernism insists on a strong anti-form tendency. In Lyotard's view, "post-modernism should be a situation, no longer getting comfort from perfect form, and separating homesickness from taste."
Question 6: What are the representative views of the debate on the essence of beauty in western aesthetics? In the history of western aesthetics, the content of expounding the essence of beauty is mainly the relationship between content and form, and the relationship between reason and sensibility. Generally speaking, it can be divided into the following five categories: first, classicism believes that beauty lies in the form of objects; Second, neo-Platonism and rationalism believe that beauty is perfection; Third, British empiricism holds that beauty is * * * and beauty is pleasure; Fourthly, German classical aesthetics holds that beauty is rational content expressed in perceptual form; Fifth, Russian realism believes that beauty is life.
Question 7: Do you love oriental beauty or western beauty? What is this song? A Duo's Thousand Faces: Do you love oriental beauty?
Or western beauty? Who do you love?
I can do anything, I can give.
You love beauty in your heart
Still physically beautiful.
What ghost do you love?
I can do everything, I can give everything.
Let's play a new game.
No trading, just love.
Beauty is my prop.
Love makes me have incredible magic.
Look around from south to west.
Exhausted the charm of my life
Keep your love for * * *
Inspire my ever-changing potential
Guess what the surprise is today.
Guess who I will become tonight.
Guess angel or devil
Warm the heart, liver, kidney and stomach.
Roses in the wind
Every kiss is like the first kiss.
Close your eyes.
We began to travel.
Don't fall in love with me
My heart is like Buddha.
Cause and effect of past lives
A life of quenching thirst
You must fall in love with me
My heart is like Buddha.
You should like playing with fire.
I became the devil in your heart.
Put on the Bulahe of North Korea
Yoga bath and incense
Oriental girl, kawaii
The East is so mysterious.
Blonde, blue eyes. Call me Mary.
My name is Katie with a long tail.
Get a tan and wear a bikini.
The wind blew Monroe's skirt.
Guess what the surprise is today.
Guess who I will become tonight.
Guess angel or devil
Wearing a golden Indian sari
Where is the country, where is the nation?
How to make you
Crazy about me
My body has started Latin dance.
You like oriental beauty
Or western beauty
Which sister do you love?
I can do anything, I can give.
You love beauty in your heart
Still physically beautiful.
What ghost do you love?
I can do everything, I can give everything.
Question 8: What's the difference between China beauty and western beauty? Bust: In ancient China, people didn't have high requirements for women's bust, and they didn't agree with a pair of plump women. In fact, the woman admired by ancient men is only a clove milk that can be grasped. Waist circumference: King Chu Ling in the 6th century BC preferred women with thin waists; Song Yu, a contemporary of King Xiang of Chu, has a special liking for this beautiful "master's son" in his Ode to Lottie's Lust and Desire. However, thin waist seems to be only the fashion in Jingchu area. For most people in China, it doesn't matter whether the waist is wide or narrow as long as it is properly matched with the whole body. The thick waist is called "small waist"; Thin waist is called "willow waist". But regardless of the thickness of the waist, it must be light and flexible, and it can sway when walking, which has the beauty of "exquisite curve". Hip circumference: whether it is full or not has become one of the important sketches of ancient beauty in China. The reason is that people in China think that women with hips will have more children. In the ancient agricultural society, "there are three unfilial things, and no posterity is the greatest thing", and fat buttocks have their own importance. Before the Han Dynasty in China, people only paid attention to women's facial images, and it was not until the Wei and Jin Dynasties that they began to pay attention to decoration. Wei Wendi likes concubines with gorgeous clothes and curly hair. The Tang Dynasty was an open society, allowing bare chests and bare arms. The physical beauty of women is broad forehead, round face and fat body. There is no conclusion after the Tang Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, the original appearance of Guanyin Bodhisattva was generally regarded as a high standard of female beauty, and the Guanyin Bodhisattva carved and painted in various times was a concrete explanation of the aesthetic standard at that time. The aesthetic standard of westerners is in the west, and the aesthetic standard of Greeks is: the proportion of all parts of the face must be symmetrical. They divide a person's whole face into three parts: from hairline to eyes, from eyes to upper lip, and from upper lip to chin. The aspect ratio of a beautiful face is 3: 2. Fat people think that "a characteristic face" is also the standard of beauty, such as a straight nose (or a little depression between the root of the nose and the forehead), a low forehead and slender eyebrows like a bow on the forehead. The lips that Greeks like are similar to the patterns that people admire today: the color is natural red in spring, and the lower lip is slightly fuller than the upper lip. Western Europeans attach importance to women's buttocks, and "full buttocks" is beauty. This stems from the requirement of reproduction. This aesthetic view coincides with that of China people. During the Mona Lisa Renaissance, Italian painter Dada. The women described by Finch and Raphael have some serious beauty. Da. Finch's Mona Lisa's Mysterious Smile fascinated many people. In addition to her most beautiful hands, she also has maternal tenderness. In the17th century, the woman painted by the Flemish painter Rubens will not be regarded as a typical "beauty" today. Their pale faces are slightly pink, and their cheeks and chin are full and dazzling. Their bodies are full, too: their thighs are strong and their breasts are high. Because the beauty standard at that time was that the cheeks were smooth and pink, and they were as concave and convex as children's cheeks. If you have a double chin, that's ideal. Red hair is the most fashionable, and it also requires big eyes, small ears and exposed teeth. Some time before the First World War, a chubby face and Anna's colorful figure became popular human characteristics. Lillian, a movie star in new york. Russell is such a beautiful example. Meanwhile, sasha jackson Lily. The appearance of Langtry also fascinated the public. She is muscular and tall, but her nose and lips are big, which is not very beautiful to Americans. Marilyn Monroe In the 1920s, American movie star Marilyn. Monroe's charming and childlike appearance has been enduring in people's hearts, so that women of all ages today regard her as a model of beauty. Nowadays, people agree that "health is beauty". Beauty is cruel, the standard has changed, and it is completely uncontrollable. You may be beautiful, but you were born at the wrong time. For the sake of secular standards, it is your choice whether to become a standard beauty or not.
Question 9: Does the United States belong to western countries? What people usually call East and West is a cultural concept. The United States is a country with western culture and belongs to western countries.
I hope I can help you.