Life of Du Fu
Du Fu, courtesy name Zimei, was born in Gong County, Henan Province in the first year of Xiantian of the Tang Dynasty (712 AD). His father's name is Xian, and he is the magistrate of Fengtian County. My grandfather's name was Shenyan. During the time of Wu Zetian, he served as a wailang, a member of the catering department. My great-grandfather became the magistrate of Zhonggong County based on his art. Du originally lived in Xiangyang, Hubei Province, but moved to Gong County in Yiyi's generation.
The most prominent of Du Fu's ancestors is Du Fu's thirteenth generation ancestor, Du Yu. When the three kingdoms of Wei, Wu and Shu were in power, he became a general under the Jin Dynasty after seizing the real power of Wei. He pacified Wu and was known as "Du Wuku" in the world. Du Fu inherited the tradition laid by his distant ancestor and deeply regarded the Confucian thought of governing the country and bringing peace to the world as the principle he pursued throughout his life.
What his grandfather Du Shenyan left to Du Fu was the tradition of poetry. In the literary world of the early Tang Dynasty, Shen Yan, Li Qiao, Cui Rong, and Su Weiwei were known as the "Four Friends of Articles". Not only were they good at writing articles, they were also famous for their five-character poems. Du Fu was often proud of his grandfather, and later praised his grandfather in his Shu work "Gift to Brother Luqiu, a Monk of Shu"
Du Fu was born in the year when Xuanzong ascended the throne. His father, Du Xian, was an official outside, and his mother died when Du Fu was young. He has passed away, and several of his younger siblings were born to his stepmother Lu. Du Fu was sick and motherless when he was a child. When he was four years old, he lived with his aunt in Renfengli, Jianchunmen, Luoyang. Once, Du Fu and his aunt's son became seriously ill at the same time. The aunt tried her best to take care of him but sacrificed her son. This great spirit The loving family affection was deeply rooted in Du Fu's heart and cultivated his honest temperament.
Du Fu wrote poetry for the first time when he was seven years old. He said in the poem "Zhuang You":
Thoughts at seven years old are strong, and one opens one's mouth to chant the phoenix,
Jiulingshu with large characters is made into a bag.
When he was fourteen or fifteen years old, he already had the demeanor of a scholar. He interacted with some scholars and was very high-spirited.
When Du Fu was twenty in the nineteenth year of Kaiyuan, he began his journey to Wuyue and the south of the Yangtze River. This period ended at the age of twenty-four in the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan. He saw all the cultural relics left by the Six Dynasties. He also recalled the history of Wu Yue's struggle for hegemony on the Gusu Terrace, searched for Yu's Cave at the ancient post station in Xiling, traced the whereabouts of Qin Shihuang, and experienced the rich nostalgia for the ancient times. So high-spirited and full of talent.
In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan, he returned to Luoyang to take the Jinshi examination, but failed. But Du Fu seemed to be free and easy, not caring about gains and losses, and continued his travel plan.
This time I turned to the beautiful places of ancient Qi, Lu, Yan and Zhao to enjoy the joy of nostalgia. Moreover, Du Xian was working as a Sima in Gunzhou, Shandong, so he could visit his father during this trip.
This period is from the age of 25 in the 24th year of Kaiyuan to the age of 34 in the fourth year of Tianbao, which is the "89th year of Ruyi" described in "Zhuang You". Du Fu met Su Yuanming in Gunzhou, and Su was a poet of the Shanggu School. The two enjoyed traveling around Qi and Zhao, and talked about literature and history. good friend.
While traveling between Qi and Zhaozhong, Du Fu wrote two good poems: "Climbing the Gunzhou Tower" and "Looking at the Mountains". Du Fu began composing poetry at the age of seven, but his works have been lost. The works that open the volume of Du Fu's poetry collection today are these two poems he wrote when he went to Gunzhou.
After returning to Luoyang from Qilu, Du Fu was already in his thirties. He built a home named Luhunzhuang at the foot of Shouyang Mountain between Luoyang and Yanshi County, and at this time married Yang His wife is his wife. Yang is the daughter of Sinong Shaoqing Yang Yi. The relationship between the couple is very harmonious. Especially after the Anshi Rebellion, they experienced many hardships in exile. Every time they were separated, Du Fu always wrote many homesick works.
In the third year of Tianbao (744 AD), Du Fu stayed in Luoyang and met Li Bai, who was slandered by Gao Lishi and others and was expelled from the court. Li Bai was forty-four years old at the time and older than Du Fu. At the age of eleven, his literary name has spread all over the world. Du Fu, who was unknown in his fashion, must associate with Li Bai with yearning and respect. At that time, Du Fu was very yearning for Li Bai's people and poems, so he followed Li Bai and met Gao Shi (44 years old) who was also frustrated at the time, and traveled together to the Liang and Song Dynasties. Each of the three wrote many works describing this period of life. Du Fu wrote "Travel to the Past" and "Reminiscences", Li Bai wrote "Yin of Liang Yuan" and "War in the South of the City", and Gao Shi wrote "Ode to the Eastern Expedition" and "Ode to the Eastern Expedition". Qintai Poems] etc.
The three of them broke up after that. Gao Shi traveled south to Chu, Li Du went to Shandong, Li Bai practiced Taoism in Ziji Palace, and Du Fu made a special trip to visit Li Yong, the governor of Beihai. The two traveled together to Xiating and Queshan. Lake Pavilion and other places; later, Du Fu went to Shandong to visit his younger brother Du Ying. Li Bai happened to be in his hometown in Lu County at this time. Hearing that Du Fu was coming, he hurried over to meet him. Du Fu wrote a sincere poem "Gift to Li Bai"
Vividly describe Li Bai's pride. In the winter of this year, the two said goodbye in Dongcheng, Lu County, and never saw each other again in their lives.
The emotions were endless, which shows that Li and Du cared about each other with sincerity and cherished each other's profound friendship. And the light that shined on each other when the two met was also a bright moment in the history of literature.
Although the outing between Du Fu and Li Bai was enjoyable, Du Fu was not Li Bai after all. After all, the life of traveling in pursuit of immortality was not suitable for him. What he focused on was "to bring kings, Yao and Shun to the throne, and to make customs pure." This time His ideals and ambitions urged him to stay in Tianbao for five years. He gave up the pleasure of debauching Qi Zhao and traveling with Li Bai, and returned to Chang'an. This year, Du Fu was thirty-five years old.
In the spring of the next year, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty issued an edict in order to seek talents: Anyone who is proficient in one or more arts in the field of literature and art can be recommended by the local government to the central government to take special examinations. Both Du Fu and Yuan Jie responded to the imperial edict and took part in the selection examination. Unexpectedly, Li Linfu avoided engraving the scribes and ordered the provincial examination, so that all those selected failed. Then he reported to Xuanzong that "there are no virtuous people in the world." As a result, Du Fu was blocked from the opportunity to advance as an official. At the same time, Xuanzong ignored the government affairs and Li Linfu's autocratic period of political corruption made him increasingly emotional.
Du Fu, who was trapped in Chang'an and still waiting for a good opportunity, decided to write poems to powerful people and ask people to quote them. One of them was given to Shangshu Zuocheng (deputy prime minister) Wei Ji. "Ji", emphasizing that "the old man's thoughts are thousands of miles away, and the hungry eagle is waiting for a call". The second time [gift to Wei Zuocheng's twenty-two rhymes], the tone was even more urgent; but it still didn't work
Although it continued The efforts were still fruitless. For such a person, only Wei Ji showed kindness. After expressing his gratitude, he added that he could no longer wait. So I want to escape the capital, avoid the secular world, and travel in a free world.
Du Fu's self-confidence and confidence in his articles and political talents strongly formed the power of his thoughts and actions. In addition, his glorious family background increased his sense of mission, which made him more active in seeking official positions.
In the tenth year of Tianbao, the 40-year-old Du Fu coincided with Xuanzong's ceremony at the suburban temple, so he seized the opportunity and wrote a "Three Great Rituals" to express his gratitude to Enchao; this time he did not focus on the diction. Instead of showing off, he used the Fu to remonstrate, urging Xuanzong to abolish extravagant sacrifices, eliminate contributions, and restore a simple political style. After Xuanzong read this Fu, he asked Du Fu to wait for the establishment of Jixian Yuan and wait for the imperial examination and appointment. Unfortunately, he was I did not receive an admission notice after the exam.
Due to Xuanzong's long reign, he was accustomed to debauchery and revelry, and delegated political affairs to jesters who were greedy for power and goods. The people were brutally exploited. In addition, after a series of failed battles, the people were destitute and their wealth was exhausted. casualties. Du Fu felt miserable and forgot his own suffering. He began to groan for the innocent people and wrote many works sympathetic to the people. From the beginning, he produced many social realistic poems instead of gift poems or beautiful poems. Such as [Army Chariots]:
The chariots are rolling, the horses are rustling, and the pedestrians are carrying bows and arrows at their waists.
Ye Niang and his wife saw each other off, but Xianyang Bridge was nowhere to be seen.
I held my clothes, stamped my feet, and blocked the road to cry, and my cry went up to the sky.
People passing by the road asked pedestrians, but the pedestrians were confused.
Or from Fanghe in the north of Fifteenth, to Yingtian in the west of Fortyth.
When I left, my head was straight and wrapped, but when I came back, my hair was still white.
The side court bleeds into sea water, and Emperor Wu has no intention of opening the side court.
Don’t you know that in the two hundred states of Han Dynasty in Shandong, Jingqi grows in thousands of villages.
Even if there is a strong woman with a hoe and a plow, there will be nothing in the land for thousands of lives.
Kang Fu Qin soldiers fought hard and defeated the same dogs and chickens.
Although the elders have questions, do you dare to express your hatred?
And now this winter, Pixi has not yet died.
The county magistrate is urgently asking for rent, where will the rent and taxes come from?
We believe that it is evil to have a boy, but it is good to have a girl;
If you give birth to a girl, you have to marry your neighbor, but if you give birth to a boy, you will be buried under the grass.
If you don’t see the blue head of the sea, no one has collected the bones since ancient times.
New ghosts are annoying and old ghosts are crying, and the sky is cloudy, rainy and wet, chirping.
This poem describes a soldier going off to war, and his family members crying to see him off, a miserable scene. Du Fu is called the "History of Poetry" because his poems are records of historical facts. They have profound and true descriptions of the border conscription and the suffering of soldiers in the Tang Dynasty.
Although Du Fu continued to criticize current affairs through social conditions, he still did not give up his pursuit of employment. Until the thirteenth year of Tianbao, he still failed to seek employment and lived in very poverty. Not only did the adults not have enough food and clothing, but the children also often Hungry cries. Du Fu was full of bitterness and planned to live in Duqu and become a country man, so he built a thatched hut in Duqu in the south of the city and moved his wife and children from Luoyang to settle here. When he wrote poems, he often called himself "Shaolingye Lao", "Du Fu" "Ling Buyi" and "Du Ling Yike". Du Fu was only forty-three years old at this time, and he could not content himself with his old life in the wild. He often hurt himself and wrote poems to describe the sufferings of the people and the cowardice of the imperial court.
From the sixth year of Tianbao, Du Fu went to Chang'an with great expectations to seek development, to the thirteenth year of Tianbao, he left Chang'an disappointed and sad. During the eight years of Tianbao, he endured poverty, hunger, and disease, and saw the chaos of the court and the debauchery of the powerful. , life is in ruins, but he is powerless, and has no way to seek help. It is really "the capital is covered with crowns, but this person is alone and haggard." The load in his heart is difficult to describe in writing.
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755 AD), Anlushan led an army of 200,000 people to go south in the name of getting rid of Yang Guozhong, the traitorous minister on the side of the emperor. On December 12, he captured Luoyang, the eastern capital. . Du Fu and his family began an arduous journey to escape, [Twenty Rhymes of Watching the Water Rise in Sanchuan]
In the middle of the night, they still had to walk on wild mountain trails. In addition, it rained heavily in the mountains and the roads were muddy. Du Fu and his party walked hand in hand. , and finally settled his family in Qiang Village, thirty miles northwest of Yanzhou. At this time, Suzong ascended the throne in Lingwu (756 AD), and he hoped that Suzong could revive the Tang Dynasty, so he took advantage of the flood to recede. He went west to Lingwu and joined Yuanwu. Unexpectedly, Du Fu was captured by the rebels on the way and sent to Chang'an, which had fallen. Fortunately, he was not a high-ranking official and was not taken seriously by the Hu people. It would be worse than other captured officials who were taken to Luoyang and forced to surrender or work for An Lushan. .
During the days when he was trapped in Chang'an, the loyal Du Fu recalled his family in Yanzhou, and felt extremely anxious. He missed his wife and children in the [moonlight night]
Su Zongzhi De Er Er In 2001, Du Fu was forty-six years old and still trapped in Chang'an. The news of a series of military defeats was also saddened by the drastic changes in the world. Du Fu, who was worried about the country and the people, missed his wife in Yanzhou and his brother in Pingyin, Shandong. He wrote a series of "Memories" Young Son], [One Hundred and Fifteen Days and Night to the Moon], [Qing Xing], etc., among which [Spring Hope] is very famous.
This poem is both a time of concern for the country and a longing for family members.
Fortunately, An Lushan was killed by his adopted son An Qingxu in the first month of this year. Suzong took advantage of the rebel army to shake up the division and went south to Fengxiang. Du Fu began to plan how to escape Chang'an and reach Fengxiang. After a thrilling journey, he finally arrived on May 16th. Feeling his loyalty and loyalty, Suzong ordered him to be appointed as the admonishing officer Zuo Shiyi. Du Fu, who became an official directly under his master for the first time, was very happy and wrote in "Shu Huai" "Weeping and scavenging, wandering away from the Lord's kindness." However, after taking office, he offended Suzong with his remonstrances. On the first day of the eighth lunar month, Du Fu was idle and sent to Yanzhou. After returning to Yanzhou, he wrote "Late Travel Slogans" to describe his journey through the mountains at night. He saw wild geese falling into the cold water and thought of himself. The mood of returning home after a long life; "Three Poems from Qiang Village" remembers arriving home for the first time, seeing a desolate scene and the mixed joys and sorrows of the family; "Northern Expedition" recalls the various situations of leaving the emperor and returning home.
While Du Fu was living with his family in Qiang Village, the government troops received support from the Huihe Army and finally recaptured Luoyang on October 18th. Suzong returned on December 23rd. When he arrived in Chang'an, Du Fu also took his family to Chang'an and wrote many patriotic poems such as "Washing the Soldiers and Horses", "Leaving the Zuoye in the Late Night", "Spring Staying in the Zuo Province", "To the Rain in Qujiang", etc., but he still couldn't get it. When Su Zong paid attention to him, he sadly left the capital and took up his post in Huazhou. After that, he left Chang'an and never had the chance to contribute to the court and make contributions. Du Fu suffered many hardships in his life, but he had no lofty views and lofty ideals. In the end, he ended up wandering around the world and spending his life as a wild man.
In the spring of the second year after taking office in Huazhou, Du Fu went back to his hometown in Luqianzhuang for a visit. He was filled with emotion when he thought of his brothers scattered to other places. In February, returning to Huazhou from Luhunzhuang, he passed through Xin'an County. At this time, the weather was dry for a long time, famine occurred, and the society was in chaos. From Xin'an to Shihao to Tongguan, all he saw were old and weak people. A scene of poverty, desolation and chaos. He wrote down what he saw along the way as the famous "Xin'an officials", "Tongguan officials", and "Shihao officials", collectively called "three officials"; 〕Together known as "Three Officials and Three Farewells", the poem fully expresses the suffering of the people and understands the suffering of the people with the mind of a saint.
On the road passing through Xin'an County, Du Fu saw the officials ordering troops. There were no strong men in the county, and all men over the age of 18 were required to serve as soldiers. The men from rich families had their parents to support them, and the poor men The thin boy was crying alone in sadness. Seeing that he was crying in pain, Du Fu comforted them that the battle would not be too tiring, and the officer was also very kind. Although it is just a faithful description of what I saw, it is enough to make my nose hurt.
It was a dry summer when he returned to Huazhou. In autumn, famine spread all over the land, and the people were in mourning. Du Fu felt that there was no way he could make a comeback, so he decided to abandon his official position and wander around the world. After much thought, Du Fu planned to move to Qinzhou, traveling across thousands of mountains and rivers. He would never return to the Pass in his life. Moving west to Qinzhou changed Du Fu's poetic style a lot. In addition to getting closer to the people and describing daily life, he also absorbed the poetry of the southwest. Ballads and dialect pronunciation formed the famous "Wu Ti".
Du Fu sadly set foot on the road to Qinzhou with despair towards the imperial court. His life in Qinzhou was quite peaceful and peaceful. In his quiet days, he still focused on poetry and never forgot to sympathize with the people. , showing keen observation and sense of justice, and sometimes expressing the sad autumn mood of living abroad, as well as the emotion of missing brothers and friends. [Moonlight Night Reminiscing Brother-in-law] It means thinking about his brothers and sisters in his hometown who have lost news for a long time
Du Fu lived in Qinzhou without enough food. Less than four months after he had lived there, he received a letter from a friend who lived in the same valley. , trying his best to describe the good living environment in Tonggu, so Du Fu decided to go there with his family. The mountains and rivers on this trip were rugged, the distance was difficult to travel, and the strange mountains and rivers and rocks seen on the land were strange, and the people's lives were very miserable, which triggered Du Fu's inner feelings and wrote A series of twelve works about Qinzhou travels.
After going through all kinds of hardships to reach Tonggu, I found that things were contrary to my expectations and life was still very difficult. I cried and recited [Seven Songs Composed in Tonggu County during the Qianyuan Period]. From these poems, It can be seen that Du Fu walked in the barren mountains, his children groaned, his brothers and sisters were separated, and the white foxes, yellow foxes, and vipers in the mountains were frightened. Let's read the first song to feel his sad pain
He was still forced by poverty in the same valley. Unable to continue, Du Fu set off for Chengdu in December, still writing poems along the way, forming a group of twelve poems similar to the Qinzhou Journey. At the end of December, he arrived in Chengdu, a city with abundant resources, and his life gradually became stable.
Du Fu and his family arrived in Chengdu and temporarily settled down at Caotang Temple in the western suburbs. The next year, in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 760), Du Fu opened an acre of land on the bank of Huanhua Creek in the west of the city. I built a thatched cottage and asked friends for many saplings to plant around my home. After the marriage, the family truly lived a quiet life. They no longer had the despairing resentment they had in Qinzhou and Tonggu. They gradually gained an open-minded attitude of living in poverty and living happily. In the "Spring Night Joyful Rain", one can feel the natural grace of nurturing all things.
At this time, Du Fu still missed his hometown, worried about the lives of his brothers and sisters, and worried about the future of the country. However, in the peace of nature and deep human feelings, his mind gradually returned to peace.
In April of the third year of the Yuan Dynasty, Xuanzong and Suzong died one after another. Du Fu's good friend Yan Wu was transferred back to Chang'an. Du Fu sent Yan Wu to Fengji Post in Mianzhou, and repeatedly sent poems to Fengji before leaving. The Four Rhymes of Yi Zhong Farewell to Yan Gong]
The poem shows a lot of reluctance, and laments that he has to go back to the thatched cottage alone and spend the rest of his life alone. Unexpectedly, as soon as the two broke up, Xu Zhizhi of Sichuan rebelled, and Chengdu was in chaos. Du Fu was blocked from returning home and took refuge in Zizhou. Later, he took his wife and children to Zizhou, where his family temporarily lived.
In the first year of Emperor Daizong’s Qingde reign, when Du Fu was fifty-two years old, he heard in Zizhou that the Tang army had recaptured Henan and Hebei. He was very excited and wrote [Hearing that the Tang army had recaptured Henan and Hebei]
This poem brought tears to my eyes, and I cried with joy. I left my hometown in troubled times and finally there will be peace in the world and I can bring my family back home. However, Du Fu's wish to return to Luoyang has not been realized, because although the Central Plains was restored at that time, the Uighurs were so arrogant that they were rampant in Chang'an, Luoyang.
Unable to return to his hometown, and with nothing to rely on after the chaos in Chengdu, he had no choice but to stay in Zizhou. At that time, Zizhou was the seat of the Eastern and Western Sichuan Jiedushi, and it was also a must-go place for officials to come and go. Du Fu could not help but greet them, so there were many poems about gifts. After a long time, in the late spring of the second year of Emperor Daizong's reign, in March, the family finally returned to the thatched cottage in Chengdu. At this time, his friend Yan Wuwu persuaded Du Fu to join an official career and recommended him to the court, so that he could return to Chengdu Yamen to work and start a staff life. But after all, he couldn't stand the intense and restrictive work, so he asked Yan Wu several times to let him resign and return to the thatched cottage. After he got his wish, he wrote a poem to Yan Wu [The House Sent Xing Xing to Send Yan Gong]
Du Fu reported how satisfied he was with Ye Lao's life and hoped that Yan Wu would come to drink and write poems. Soon after, Yan Wu, who Du Fu relied on as his support, died suddenly, and his desire to return home became even more eager. In May, he left Shu, where he had spent five and a half years. His mood was recorded in [Going to Shu]
See Du Fu, who had always cared about the country and the people, looked back when he was about to grow old and was filled with boredom and emotion.
The death of Yan Wu made Du Fu's family lose their livelihood and fell into trouble. They had to pack their bags and embark on the road of wandering and migration again. They took a boat into the Yangtze River and wrote "Lv Ye Shu Huai" on the way to Yun'an
Written about the state of mind while traveling abroad. The night scenery was majestic and the waves were endless, but they themselves suffered from chronic diseases and their lives were short. Drifting like a little sand gull between heaven and earth.
When Du Fu arrived in Yun'an, he was seriously ill and could not travel, so he began to recuperate. It was not until his health gradually improved in the first year of Daizong's Dali calendar (766 AD) that he left Yun'an, where he had lived for half a year, and went to Kuizhou. . Kuizhou is located near the Qutang Gorge and is connected to the Baidi City built by Gongsun Shu in the early Later Han Dynasty. Du Fu's family settled in a house on the mountainside. The scenery here is magnificent. The Wuhou Temple in the western suburbs was a place Du Fu never tired of visiting. , wrote "Eight Formations"
In this issue, Du Fu also wrote poems about the special customs and customs of Kuizhou: "Negative Salary", "Thunder" Poems, "Fire" Poems, etc.
Du Fu, who was in poor health, easily fell into memories when he was lying in bed. Apart from some works that lamented the current situation, most of them were poems recalling past experiences, such as "Forty Rhymes in the Book of Kui Mansion" It traces back to the Anshi Rebellion; "Reminiscences" and "Travel in the Past" recall the experience of traveling to the Liang and Song Dynasties with Li Bai and Gao Shike when they were young; "Zhuang Travel" starts from studying poetry at the age of seven, and narrates the travels in Wu and Yue. Qi Zhao, living in Chang'an, the Anshi Rebellion, staying in Bashu, etc., it is simply an autobiography.
In the autumn of this year, Du Fu moved to the West Pavilion in Kuizhou. For the first time, he felt that the scenery was completely new, and he wrote many famous poems, such as "Eight Poems on Autumn Xing", "Five Poems on Generals", [Five poems in remembrance of ancient monuments] etc. "Eight Poems of Qiuxing" mainly describes the mood of living in the gorge and recalling Chang'an. Its eight poems are composed of seven rhymes, and each poem has an interpenetrating and organizational relationship. This kind of continuous poem is one of Du Fu's poems. Original. During his two years in Kuizhou, Du Fu wrote approximately 430 poems, accounting for three-sevenths of his existing works. His poetry has reached a mature level.
Until the third year of Dali (768 AD), Du Fu was fifty-seven years old and decided to leave Kuizhou. He and his family sailed from Baidi City to Qutang Gorge and met his younger brother Du Guan in Jiangling. Unable to stay for a long time due to the unkindness of the princes in Jiangling, he returned to Tanzhou, where he made a living on a boat, collecting herbs and selling them in the fish market. [Jianghan] shows the lonely and cold life at that time
Du Fuliu After celebrating the New Year in Tanzhou, in the fifth year of Dali (AD 770), the Tanzhou governor was killed and chaos broke out, so he had to take refuge in Hengzhou. Du Fu, who had been living on the water for a long time, suffered from wind paralysis and became increasingly ill due to his wanderings. Finally, he lay down in a boat and wrote a long poem with thirty-six rhymes. Relatives and friends], recounting his embarrassment and critical illness. After the poem was completed, Du Fu died suddenly in a boat on the Xiangjiang River. It was the winter of the fifth year of the Dali calendar and Du Fu was fifty-nine years old.
Du Fu’s family did not have the money to transport Du Fu’s coffin back to his hometown at that time, so they had to place it in Yueyang. Forty-three years later, Du Fu’s grandson Du Siye took his coffin back to Yanshi near Luoyang and buried it. Beside Du Shenyan's tomb at the foot of Shouyang Mountain. A great poet of a generation had no success in his life, his career was in vain, he drifted on the river when he was old, and ended his remaining life. This desolate situation became more and more sad.
Du Fu (712-770), had a beautiful character and a beautiful life. Born in a declining bureaucratic landlord family in Gong County, Henan. Du Fu is a great realist poet in the history of Chinese literature. He wrote more than 1,400 poems in his life and won widespread praise from future generations.
His poems not only have rich social content, distinctive color of the times and strong political tendencies, but are also full of the lofty spirit of loving the motherland and loving the people. His poems reflected the social outlook of the Tang Dynasty during its transition from prosperity to decline, and became a mirror of the class struggle, national struggle and internal struggle of the ruling class during that period. There are many such popular poems of his. "Traveling of Troops and Chariots" reflects the suffering brought to the people by the imperial court's border expansion war; "Traveling of Beauties" reflects the luxury and debauchery of the ruling group; "Five Hundred Words of Empathy from Beijing to Fengxian County" profoundly points out the disparity between the rich and the poor in society at that time Reality: "The wine and meat of the rich families are stinky, and the roads are frozen to death." This is also a summary of the class opposition in the entire feudal society. Another example is "Spring Hope" and other poems that express the poet's jealousy towards the war and his grief over the loss of his family and his family. Poems such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" reflect the harm caused by the Anshi Rebellion to the vast countryside.
A large number of Du Fu's poems are not only highly ideological but also highly artistic. Du Fu was good at extracting themes from the rich social life, summarizing the essence from common phenomena, creating many typical images with the characteristics of the times, and embodying his own feelings of love and hate. In his works, the capital city, mountain villages, battlefields, journeys and other environments are all lifelike and picturesque. He is good at using detailed description, atmosphere rendering and dialogue and other expression techniques, and organically combines narration, description, discussion and lyricism. The poet's use of language has reached the level of proficiency, and elegant literary language and simple folk spoken language are all used appropriately. In terms of poetry genres, he is good at all styles, especially rhythmic poetry. In short, Du Fu's poetry creation not only shows an obvious progressive tendency, but also is a collection of ancient Chinese realistic poetry in art, which has had a huge impact on future generations of literature. People call Du Fu's poems "the history of poetry" and "eternal masterpieces", and praise Du Fu as "the master of poetry" and "the sage of poetry". Du Fu is well-deserved for these high praises.
Portraits of a miserable life - "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells"
"Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" refer to Du Fu's realist masterpieces "Xin'an Officials" and "Three Farewells" "Shihao Officials", "Tongguan Officials" and "Newlywed Farewell", "Elderly Farewell", and "Homeless Farewell".
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755), the "Anshi Rebellion" broke out. An Lushan led his troops to rebel against the imperial court, drove south from Fan Yang, and captured Luoyang. The following year he proclaimed himself emperor in Luoyang, and soon captured Chang'an. In the 16th year of Tianbao, the Tang army regained Chang'an and Luoyang. In the battle with the defeated rebels, the Tang army also suffered heavy losses. In order to continue fighting against the rebels, the army went everywhere to replenish its troops. Xin'an and Shihao areas near the front line suffered the most. At that time, Du Fu offended Su Zong due to his advice and was demoted from Zuo Shiyi to Huazhou Sigong. He returned to Huazhou from Luoyang to take up his post. He passed through Xin'an, Shihao, Tongguan and other places, and wrote down what he saw along the way as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
"Xin'an Officials" writes that Xin'an County officials were ordered to recruit soldiers. Since the strong men had already been recruited, they had to use "middle men" (untrained minor men) to fill the number. The poem describes the desolate scene of Zheng's husband's departure. "Shi Hao Li" writes that officials went to Shi Hao Village at night to capture people to serve as soldiers. An old woman's three sons all became soldiers. This time, the old woman was dragged to serve in emergencies. "Tongguan Officials" describes the scene of Tongguan soldiers building a city to defend against enemies. "Wedding Farewell" tells the story of a newlywed couple who had to "marry late and say goodbye early" due to military conscription. The bride said bitterly: "It is better to abandon the roadside to marry a daughter than to conquer a husband." He wanted to go with her husband on the expedition but could not, so he had to encourage her husband to "don't think about the wedding and work hard to conquer the war." "Farewell to the Elderly" tells the tragic scene of an old man whose descendants were killed in battle and who bids farewell to his wife. "No Home Farewell" tells the story of a defeated soldier who returned to his desolate hometown, but his family was dead. Just when he wanted to work in farming and make a living, the county officials came to ask him to apply for the army again. This time he had no home to leave.
"Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are masterpieces of Du Fu's realist poetry. It truly describes the thoughts, feelings, actions, and language of county officials, officials, old women, old men, brides, husbands, etc. under specific circumstances, and vividly reflects the social reality of that period and the profound disasters of the working people. and pain, showing people scenes of miserable life tragedies. In these descriptions of the sufferings of life, on the one hand, the poet expressed deep sympathy for the suffering people and abhorred the slavery and persecution imposed on the people by the officials; on the other hand, he supported the dynasty's war to quell chaos and hoped that the people Endure the hardships and cooperate with the dynasty to put down the rebellion. This complex and contradictory thought is in line with the poet's concern for the country and the people.
Du Fu (Part 1)
Du Fu is one of the greatest poets in Chinese history. His poems are called the "History of Poetry" and he himself is called the "Sage of Poetry" . Du Fu was born in Yaowan Village, Gong County, Henan Province in 712 AD. He came from a family of bureaucrats who believed in Confucianism. Du Fu could compose poetry at the age of seven. He loved reading and was well-informed as a boy.
Du Fu had great ambitions and wanted to help the emperor govern the country, but it backfired. He stayed in Chang'an for ten years, took the imperial examination, and even directly presented gifts to Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty, but to no avail. Not only was Du Fu unable to realize his lofty ambitions, but his life became increasingly poor and downtrodden. As a result of being reduced to the lower class, Du Fu began to have a clear understanding of the social crisis lurking under the surface prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, and he gradually became a poet who cared about the country and the people.
Du Fu's famous saying "The wine and meat in the rich families stink, and the bones on the road are frozen to death" pointedly pointed out the sharp opposition between the rich and the poor. When he was forty-five years old, he got a position as a right guard and led the army of Cao to join the army. He was a minor official in charge of the arsenal.
During the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu saw with his own eyes the tragic scene of the people suffering from the war. He pinned the country's hopes on the later emperor Suzong. Du Fu risked his life and rushed to Fengxiang where Suzong was. Suzong gave him an official position as Zuo Shiyi, but soon he was demoted to Huazhou as a minister and joined the army because he was involved in factional struggles in the court. During this period, Du Fu wrote many poems that reflected the reality of the war, such as: "Sorrow for Chen Tao", "Sorrow for Qingban", "Sorrow for the River Head", "Sorrow for the King and Grandson", as well as the poems "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", etc. .
In 759 AD, Du Fu decided to give up his official position and took his family from Huazhou to Chengdu through all kinds of hardships, and began his wandering life. On the outskirts of Chengdu, he relied on the help of old friends to build a thatched cottage and live there. When Du Fu's thatched hut was blown apart by the autumn wind, he thought of the displaced people who were willing to sacrifice themselves to save the poor people in the world from hunger and cold. Later, Du Fu lost his support in Sichuan and left Sichuan with his family to return to Luoyang via Xiangyang. However, during the journey he became poor and sick and almost became a beggar. In 770 AD, on a night when the north wind was howling, on a boat from Changsha to Yueyang, the ill Du Fu struggled to lie on his pillow and wrote his final poem "Thirty-six Rhymes on the Pillow in the Wind-Speed ??Boat" . Until the last moment of his life, what he could not forget were the people who shed blood in the war and the turbulent motherland. Not long after writing this poem, the great poet Du Fu completed his arduous life course at the age of 58.
Du Fu (Part 2)
Du Fu placed high demands on himself in poetry creation. He said, "I have no regrets at all" and "I will die if I don't say anything surprising." Du Fu is an outstanding master of language. His collection of poems is the culmination of the poetry art of previous generations and has formed the basic characteristics of being broad, profound, melancholy and frustrated.
"The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city has deep vegetation in spring. I feel the flowers splashing with tears, and hate the birds that are leaving."
This poem reflects the poet's excellent state when he was trapped in Chang'an. The strong feelings of missing one's relatives, the combination of scenes and vividness, can be regarded as an immortal work for thousands of years.
"You need to indulge in drinking when singing during the day, and you can go back home with your youth. That is to say, cross the Wu Gorge from Ba Gorge, then go down to Xiangyang to Luoyang."
This seven-rhythm poem has a rigorous rhythm, It's like writing it in one breath, the rhythm is as smooth as flowing water, and the language is as natural as spoken language. The poet, who had been devastated for a long time, was so excited that he burst into tears and was overjoyed when he heard the good news. He vividly wrote about the situation. The five-character verses and seven-character verses of the Tang Dynasty reached a peak in the Du Fu period. He uses five-character and seven-character poems to accurately and vividly describe and summarize life, natural scenery and inner world. Moreover, he paid special attention to the implicitness of poetry, making his words clear and meaningful.
"The wind is strong, the sky is high, the apes are screaming in mourning, the white birds are flying back from the clear sands of Zhugzhou, the endless falling trees are rustling, and not only the Yangtze River is rolling in. The sad autumn of thousands of miles is a frequent guest, and a hundred years of illness is on the stage alone, and hardships and hatreds are complicated. The frost on the temples makes the wine glass stale."
In the soaring and reverberating melody, this poem highlights the haggard and lonely image of the poet who is independent of the autumn atmosphere. The realm is grand and lofty, the dialogue is precise, and the rhythm is rigorous. His calligraphy and syntax are praised by later generations as "the best among the seven laws in ancient and modern times".
"In the past, it was written about the water of Dongting. Now it goes up to the Yueyang Tower, to the southeast of Wu and Chu, and the universe floats day and night. There are no relatives and friends, the old and the sick have solitary boats, and the soldiers and horses pass through the north of the mountain, and the stream flows by Pingxuan."
This poem is grand and deeply emotional, and has always been regarded as the swan song of Yueyang Tower.
Du Fu is good at various poetry styles and has diverse styles. He broke through the traditional aesthetic taste and conventional expression of poetry at that time that pursued poetic and picturesque qualities. Du Fu's innovation in the art of poetry greatly expanded the realm of poetry expression. He also created the source of various styles and schools in later generations, and all poets in the past generations were greatly influenced by him.
Du Fu, courtesy name Zimei, was born in Gong County, Henan Province in the first year of Xiantian of the Tang Dynasty (712 AD). His father's name is Xian, and he is the magistrate of Fengtian County. My grandfather's name was Shenyan. During the time of Wu Zetian, he served as a wailang, a member of the catering department. My great-grandfather became the magistrate of Zhonggong County based on his art. Du originally lived in Xiangyang, Hubei Province, but moved to Gong County in Yiyi's generation.
The most prominent of Du Fu's ancestors is Du Fu's thirteenth generation ancestor, Du Yu. When the three kingdoms of Wei, Wu and Shu were in power, he became a general under the Jin Dynasty after seizing the real power of Wei. He pacified Wu and was known as "Du Wuku" in the world. Du Fu inherited the tradition laid by his distant ancestor and deeply regarded the Confucian thought of governing the country and bringing peace to the world as the principle he pursued throughout his life.
What his grandfather Du Shenyan left to Du Fu was the tradition of poetry. In the literary world of the early Tang Dynasty, Shen Yan, Li Qiao, Cui Rong, and Su Weiwei were known as the "Four Friends of Articles". Not only were they good at writing articles, they were also famous for their five-character poems. Du Fu was often proud of his grandfather, and later praised his grandfather in his Shu work "Gift to Brother Luqiu, a Monk of Shu"
Du Fu was born in the year when Xuanzong ascended the throne. His father, Du Xian, was an official outside, and his mother died when Du Fu was young. He has passed away, and several of his younger siblings were born to his stepmother Lu. Du Fu was sick and motherless when he was a child. When he was four years old, he lived with his aunt in Renfengli, Jianchunmen, Luoyang. Once, Du Fu and his aunt's son became seriously ill at the same time. The aunt tried her best to take care of him but sacrificed her son. This great spirit The loving family affection was deeply rooted in Du Fu's heart and cultivated his honest temperament.
Du Fu wrote poetry for the first time when he was seven years old. He said in the poem "Zhuang You":
Thoughts at seven years old are strong, and one opens one's mouth to chant the phoenix,
Jiulingshu with large characters is made into a bag.
When he was fourteen or fifteen years old, he already had the demeanor of a scholar. He interacted with some scholars and was very high-spirited.
When Du Fu was twenty years old in the 19th year of Kaiyuan, he opened