I only have common sense in classical Chinese...

Common sense about ancient culture

Geography mountains and rivers

1. Yin and Yang (Yin: mountains to the north and water to the south, sunshine Places that are difficult to reach; Yang: mountains to the south and water to the north

2. Rivers (in ancient times, "jiang" specifically refers to the Yangtze River, and "river" specifically refers to the Yellow River.

3. Inside and outside the pass. (Before the Han Dynasty, "Guan" specifically referred to Hangu Pass; during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and even now, the three northeastern provinces were called "Guanwai".

4. Shandong and Shanxi ("Mountain" specifically referred to Xiaoshan, and later sometimes Refers to Taihang Mountain.

5. Ancient and modern place names (Dadu - Beijing; Daliang, Bianliang, Tokyo, Bianjing - Kaifeng; Jingkou - Zhenjiang; Jinling, Jianye, Jiankang, Jiangning, Shitucheng - Nanjing; Lin'an, Qiantang - Hangzhou; Gusu, Wujun - Suzhou; Huaishang, Jiangdu, Weiyang - Yangzhou; Kuaiji - Shaoxing; Chang'an - Xi'an; Fengtian - Shenyang; Zhigu - Tianjin . )

6. Five Mountains (Eastern Mount Tai, West Mount Huashan, Middle Mount Songshan, South Mount Hengshan, North Mount Hengshan)

Place names

Pay attention to the integrity of ancient directions and place names. Different from modern times.

(1) Liuhe: refers to the four directions of heaven and earth (ie, upper, lower, east, south, west, and north).

(2) Bahuang: man-made. The eight directions of east, southeast, south, northwest, north and northeast are remote places.

(3) Kyushu: In ancient times, the world was divided into nine states. Namely Yanzhou, Jizhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yuzhou, Jingzhou, Yangzhou, Liangzhou, Yongzhou

(4) Shandong: refers to the east of Weishan

(5) Jiangnan. : Generally refers to the south of the Yangtze River.

(6) Jiangzuo: means east of the Yangtze River.

(7) Jiangbiao: refers to the south of the Yangtze River.

(8) Hebei and Henan generally refer to the Central Plains, that is, the Yellow River Basin.

(9) Five Mountains: Mount Tai in the East, Mount Heng in the South, Mount Heng in the West, and Mount Song in the Middle. > (10) Nanjing is also known as Jianye, which means that the ancient location and the place name are clean and modern.

(11) Kaifeng is also known as Daliang, Bianzhou and Tokyo.

Official names

The situation of official positions in ancient times was extremely complex and varied in each dynasty. It could be roughly controlled by both the central and local authorities.

The central official position: under the emperor, there was a prime minister or prime minister. The central government generally has six departments in charge of government affairs, namely the Ministry of Personnel, the Ministry of Household Affairs, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Affairs, and the Ministry of Industry. The minister is called the Minister, and the deputy is the Minister.

: A large political area is called a county, a state or a province, and its chiefs are called county governors, prefects (or governors), and governors.

The grassroots political power is called a county, and county officials are called county magistrates or magistrates. In Gaozhou (or prefecture) between counties, the chief is called Zhizhou (prefect).

Chronology

The chronology includes:

(1) The chronology is based on the year the prince ascended the throne. (For example: the 16th year of King Zhao Huiwen).

(2) Ganzhi chronology (for example: the siege of the Guangdong and Guangxi Supervisory Office on March 29, 1911 is the most important).

(3) Year number chronology (for example: February 19, the second year of Deyou).

(4) The year name uses both stems and branches (for example: Xianfeng Gengshen, the British and French allied forces invaded from the sea). The three months of a season are called Meng, Zhong, and Ji, such as Mengchun (January), Zhongchun (February), and Jichun (March). The special days of each month have specific names. The first day is called "Suo", the last day is called "Hui", the fifteenth day is called "Wang", and the sixteenth day is called "Jiwang". One day and night is divided into twelve hours, called by the twelve earthly branches, and each hour is two hours long. There are five shifts (9 drums) every night, two hours each. In addition, the rooster's crow refers to three or four o'clock in the morning, and the sunrise is called Dan, Chen and Chao; at dusk, Haishi is equivalent to 9-11 pm. At sunset, dusk and yellow, people determine that Haishi is equivalent to 9-11 pm.

Ancient festivals and related customs

New Year's Day: the first day of the first lunar month, also known as the first day of the lunar month, there is a custom of offering sacrifices to gods and sticking peach charms on them. According to legend, there are two gods, Shen Tu and Yu Lei, who can eat hundreds of ghosts under the big peach tree in Dushuo Mountain in the East China Sea. The ancients used peach wood to draw two statues of gods and hung them at the door to drive away ghosts. In the Five Dynasties, couplets began to be written on talismans, which later evolved into Spring Festival couplets. Wang Anshi's poem "Yuan Ri": "Thousands of households are always looking for new peaches for old charms."

Shangyuan: the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, also known as Yuanxiao, Yuanxi and Yuanye. In ancient times, it was customary to light up lanterns as a show on the night of the Lantern Festival, so it is also called the Lantern Festival. Song Zhu Shuzhen's "Sheng Cha Zi·Yuan Xi": "On the Lantern Festival last year, the lights in the flower market were as bright as day."

She Day: A day when farmers worship the God of the Earth. Before the Han Dynasty, there was only the Spring Society, but after the Han Dynasty, there was the Qiu Society. The Spring Society is around the vernal equinox, and the Autumn Society is around the autumnal equinox. On Social Day, the villagers gather at the Tutu Temple to prepare wine and meat as offerings to the gods, and then have a feast. Wang Jia's "Poems of Society Day" "The shadows of mulberry trees are scattered in the spring society, and every family helps people return intoxicated."

Cold food: two days before Qingming, that is, one hundred and five days after the winter solstice, sometimes one hundred and five days after the winter solstice. Zero six days. According to legend, it originated when Duke Wen of Jin mourned Jie Zitui, who lived in seclusion on Mianshang Mountain. Duke Wen of Jin set fire to force him down the mountain, and he died hugging a tree. Duke Wen of Jin ordered that fire and cold food be prohibited on this day, which later evolved into the Cold Food Festival. During the Cold Food Festival, people ban fire for three days. Yuanzhen's "Lianchang Palace Ci": "After the cold food for the first hundred and six months, the shop is smokeless and the palace is green with willows.

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Qingming: The customs of Qingming Festival are mainly outing and tomb-sweeping. Du Mu wrote a poem "Qingming": "It rains heavily during the Qingming Festival, and pedestrians on the road want to die. ”

Shangsi: It was originally scheduled to be on a Si day in early March, so it was called Shangsi. After Cao Wei, this festival was fixed on March 3rd. In the early days, people went to the waterside to pick orchids to drive away Later, it evolved into a festival of feasting by the water and spring outings in the countryside: "On March 3rd, the weather was new, and there were many beauties by the water in Chang'an. "

Dragon Boat Festival: the fifth day of May, also known as "Duan Yang" and "Duan Wu", "Duan" means "beginning". It is said that Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of May, and people rushed to save Qu Yuan. Later, it evolved into the tradition of dragon boat racing. People also threw rice dumplings into the river to protect Qu Yuan's body, and there was a tradition of eating rice dumplings. After the Tang Dynasty, the Dragon Boat Festival became a big festival, and Du Fu had "Giving Clothes on Dragon Boat Festival": "The Dragon Boat Festival is honored. "

Chinese Valentine's Day: July 7th. Folk legend says that on this night, the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl meet on the Magpie Bridge. Women build colorful buildings and display wine and preserved melons and fruits in the courtyard to beg for cleverness. He Ning's "Gong Ci": "Lanshan The stars are shining brightly, and the palace concubines are busy begging for tricks on the Chinese Valentine's Day. "

Mid-Autumn Festival: August 15th. August 15th is in the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn Festival. At this time, the autumn air is high and the moonlight is the most beautiful, which is the best time to appreciate the moon. Su Shi's "Shui Diao Ge Tou": " When will the bright moon come? Ask the sky for wine. "Wei Zhuang's "Send Off the Scholars Returning to Jingxi": "In the eighth month of the Mid-Autumn Festival, the moon is full, and I send you off to the Mulan Boat. ”

Double Ninth Festival: the ninth day of September. Also known as Double Ninth Festival. The ancients believed that nine is the number of Yang, and the sun and the moon are on the ninth day, which is called the Double Ninth Festival. The ancients believed that on this day, taking dogwood bags to climb mountains and drinking chrysanthemum wine can avoid disasters. , so we had the habit of climbing high to drink on this day. Wang Wei's "Remembering Brothers in Shandong on September 9th": "I know from afar that when brothers climb high, there is one less person planting dogwood trees. ”

La is the day of the twelfth lunar month. The sacrifice to the gods at the end of the year is called the twelfth lunar month (so December is called the twelfth lunar month). In ancient times, the eighth day of December was the twelfth lunar month. Villagers beat thin-waisted drums and became vajra warriors. Drive away the plague. Du Fu's poem "Twelfth Day" says: "It's still warm every year, but this year the cold is gone." ”

New Year’s Eve: The night of the last day of the year. New Year’s Eve is to get rid of the old and bring out the new. The last day of the year is called "Sui New Year", and that night is called "New Year's Eve". People often stay up all night on New Year's Eve, which is called staying up all night. Su Shi has "Shou Sui": "Children are forced to stay awake all night and keep each other happy. ”

Etiquette and customs

1. Age titles

Infant: baby.

Children: children aged 2 to 3 years old.

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Children:

Children: 13 years old.

Crown: 15 years old. 20-year-old man.

Reliance: 30 years old.

Not confused: 40 years old.

Knowing destiny, knowing destiny: 50 years old. p>

Senior: 60 years old.

Old age: 70 years old.

Old age: 80 to 90 years old.

Qi Yi: 100 years old.

2. Taboos

In feudal society, avoid speaking the names of monarchs and elders directly. To express and write out, avoid them by changing words, missing words, using empty words, and using synonyms. For example, "People's customs" are "people's customs"

3. , Qianci and Jingci

Plagiarism: privately, privately.

Dare: offend, presumptuously.

Please. : Please allow me, please let me.

Wujiao: Thank you for your hard work.

Benefit: Refers to the other party giving benefits.

Imperial examination official<. /p>

Provincial Examination (the admitted candidates are called "Juren", and the first place is named "Jieyuan")

The National Examination (the admitted candidates are called "Gongsheng", the first place is named "Huiyuan" ")

The palace examination (the admitted candidate is called "Jinshi", the first is called "No. 1 Scholar", the second is called "No. 2", and the third is called "Third Prize".

Worship: to be given an official position.

To be removed from an old position and to be given a new position.

To be promoted to an official position.

Move: transfer to an official position.

Remove from an official position.

Remove from an official position.

Remove from an official position.

Deposed: deposed, demoted.

Relegated: demoted.

Deposed: dismissed or deposed. /p>

Resign: ⑴Remove or reduce the official position; ⑵Resign: abandon.

Go: resign, be transferred.

Promotion: promotion, selection.

Name of person.

(1) Personal names: Ancient people had names, surnames, and titles. After the death of a high-ranking official, there was a posthumous title. For example, Ouyang Xiu, whose courtesy name was Yongshu, and Liuyi Jushi, whose posthumous title was Wenzhong, were generally related, such as Zhuge Liang, whose nickname was Kongming. Kong Ming means very bright; it also has opposite meanings, such as Han Yu's character retreat, which is the opposite of Yu.

(2) General title. Addressing someone by name is used to refer to oneself, to address a person whom one despises, or to make an objective introduction. Titles, titles, titles, and posthumous titles show courtesy and respect. There are also official titles and place of origin (for example, Kang Youwei called Kang Nanhai). There are several side names, usually the first name of martyrs is the official name, the second place is the name, and the second is the name, such as "I was in the history museum and heard that Mr. Tao of Hanlin (official name) Tiantai (place of origin) talked about Boji", "Vice Ma Let (official name) record (name)."

(3) Humility. Princes call themselves orphans, widowers, ministers call themselves ministers, ordinary people call themselves servants, poor people, not sycophants, fools, etc., and women call themselves concubines. The juniors call themselves boys.

(4) Honorific title. Address the king as Biding, Your Majesty, and Your Majesty (the deceased are called by their temple names, such as Song Taizu and Song Renzong), address Shangguan or elders as Duke, Jun, Shijun, and Sir, and address teachers as Son, Master, Master, and Sir. Add "Xian" to indicate the deceased elder.

Cultural classics

Prose of various scholars - "The Analects", "Laozi", "Mozi", "Mencius", "Zhuangzi", "Xunzi", "Hanfeizi".

Fengshao - a combination of "Book of Songs" and "Chu Ci". ("The Book of Songs" is my country's first collection of poems and created the realist tradition of Chinese poetry. "Li Sao" created the romantic tradition of Chinese poetry.)

The Four Books and the Five Classics - "Four Books" refers to Four books: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean. The "Five Classics" refers to the five Confucian classics: Yi, Shangshu, Shi, Rites, and Spring and Autumn.

The Six Classics of Art - refers to the six classics of "Poetry", "Book", "Ritual", "Yi", "Music" and "Spring and Autumn".

Six meanings - "wind", "elegance", "song", "fu", "bi" and "xing".

"Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals" - a representative work of pre-Qin miscellaneous writers, also known as "Lü Lan", was compiled by Lu Buwei, the prime minister of Qin during the Warring States Period, who gathered his disciples.

"Zuo Zhuan" - the abbreviation of "Zuo Shi Zhuan" in the Spring and Autumn Period, also known as "Zuo Shi Chun Qiu", is my country's first chronological history book with a detailed narrative.

"Warring States Policy" - a national history book, is a compilation of strategies and opinions of lobbyists during the Warring States Period, compiled by Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty.

"Historical Records" - my country's first biographical general history.

"Shishuoxinyu" - my country's first collection of notebook novels.

"Shuowen Jiezi" - my country's first dictionary.

The "Twin Jewels of Yuefu" - "Peacock Flying Southeast" and "Mulan Poetry".

Three words and two beats - "Essays to enlighten the world", "Words to warn the world", "Everlasting words to awaken the world", "Surprise at the first moment", "Surprise at the second moment".

Three farewells to officials - "Shihao officials", "Tongguan officials", "Xin'an officials", "Newlywed farewell", "Elderly farewell" and "Homeless farewell".

What are Jiuqing and Sangong?

Qing and Gong are both official titles. According to historical records, during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty and the princes had ministers, who were divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower. During the Warring States Period, many countries continued to use it. Shangqing was the highest official position at that time.

The theory of Jiuqing began in the Qin and Han Dynasties, referring to the nine official positions of Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Tingwei, Taipu, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Dasinong and Shaofu.

To be specific, Taichang is in charge of the sacrifices and etiquette of the ancestral temple; Guang Luxun is in charge of the guards and escorts of the palace; the Weiwei is in charge of guarding the palace gates; the Taipu is in charge of the emperor's carriages and horses; the Tingwei is The highest judicial official, in charge of prisons, case trials, etc.; Dahonglu, also known as Dianke or Daxingling, is responsible for foreign affairs and ethnic affairs; Zongzheng is responsible for managing the affairs of the royal family and clan; Da Sinong, also known as Zhi Su Neishi Or the Great Agricultural Order, which is in charge of grain, taxes, taxes, levies, finance, etc.; the Shaofu is in charge of taxes on mountains, seas, and ponds to support the emperor. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was also a Shaoqing under the Zhengqing, which continued through the generations and was not abolished until the end of the Qing Dynasty.

The theory of the Three Gongs also started very early. In the Zhou Dynasty, Sima, Situ, and Sikong were the Three Gongs. In the Western Han Dynasty, the Prime Minister (Da Situ), Taiwei (Da Sima), and Yushi Dafu (Da Sikong) were the three Gongs. Sangong. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the names had changed to refer to Taiwei, Situ, and Sima. Sangong is also called "Three Divisions", and he is also responsible for military and political affairs.

Examples of naming ancient poetry collections

Middle school Chinese textbooks involve many ancient poetry collections. In addition to the naming of these collections of poetry (such as "Mencius", "Sunzi", " Liezi"), name type (such as "Cen Can Collection", "Lu You Collection"), word type (such as "The Complete Works of Li Taibai"), nickname type (such as "Bai Xiangshan Poetry Collection", "Dongpo Complete Works"), There are other naming methods, such as:

① Title style. In ancient times, kings often gave titles to their ministers, and the titles could also be used as collective names. For example, Liu Ji in the Ming Dynasty, whose courtesy name was Bowen and was given the title Chengyibo, had a collection of his works called "Collected Works of Chengyibo". Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty was granted the title of Duke of Jing. His collection of works includes "Notes on Wang Jinggong's Poems".

② Posthumous title style. After the death of a senior official of an ancient emperor, the court would give the deceased a title that praised good and evil deeds, called a "posthumous title", based on his deeds during his lifetime. "Posthumous title" can also be used to name poetry collections. For example, Fan Zhongyan, a writer in the Song Dynasty, was given the posthumous title "Wenzhenggong" after his death, and his collection of works was named "Fan Wenzhenggong Collection"; Ouyang Xiu was given the posthumous title "Wenzhong" and his collection of works was named "Fan Wenzhenggong Collection". Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhong.

③Official style.

Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty served as Taishi Ling, and was known as Taishi Gong in the world. His "Historical Records" is also called "Taishi Gong Shu"; "Collection of the Ministry of Industry"; Song Lian, a litterateur in the early Ming Dynasty, was a scholar of the Imperial Academy, and his collection of works includes "Collected Works of the Scholar of the Song Dynasty".

④ Place of origin. In ancient times, calling people by their place of origin showed respect or modesty, and was often used as the name of a collection. For example, the Tang Dynasty writer Liu Zongyuan, who was born in Jie County, Hedong, also known as Liu Hedong, has a collection of works called "Liu Hedong Collection"; the Song Dynasty essayist Wang Anshi, who was born in Linchuan, Fuzhou, has a collection of works called "Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan".

⑤ Place name type. That is to say, poetry collections are named after the place where they work or live in seclusion. For example, the Tang Dynasty writer Du Mu's villa was in Fanchuan, so he had "Fanchuan Collected Works"; the Northern Song Dynasty writer Shen Kuo lived in seclusion in "Mengxi Garden" in Runzhou in his later years, so he had "Mengxi Garden". conversation by writing".

⑥Study style. The ancients often chose the name of their study by themselves or by congratulations from others. The name of the study can also be used as the name of a collection of poems and essays. For example, Yao Nai, a prose writer in the Qing Dynasty, had his studio name "Xibao .

⑦Era name style. The poetry collection is named after the emperor's reign. For example, Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty had the "Bai Shi Changqing Collection", which was named after it was compiled during the Changqing period of Mu Zong of the Tang Dynasty; Su Xun had the "Jiayou Collection", and Jiayou was the reign name of Renzong of the Song Dynasty.

⑧Explicit style. The title of the book indicates the purpose of writing the book. For example, Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty edited "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", whose purpose was to "learn from the rise and fall of the past and examine the current mistakes." Song Shenzong gave it the name "Zi Zhi Tong Jian".