First, the time of pruning in winter
Grapes completely enter the dormancy period, that is, after normal physiological defoliation, the pruning period begins at 1 month and ends 25 days before bleeding. According to the climate characteristics and cultivation methods in the south, the lowest temperature month is 65438+ 10, and the best winter pruning period is from the end of February to the end of 10. Pruning too early, the nutrients of the branches and vines have not returned; Pruning is too late, sap begins to flow out, and the tree is bleeding, which will cause nutrient loss. Generally, plastic film mulching should be carried out in the middle and late June of 65438+ 10, and pruning should be completed before plastic film mulching.
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Second, the basis of winter pruning
1, expected output. The yield of mature high-quality vineyards is1250 ~1500 kg/667 m2; The yield of young trees bearing fruit in the first year should be 750 ~ 1000 kg/667 m2.
2. Quality of fruiting mother vine. Most varieties choose mature and full, small pith, no pests and diseases, and the diameter is about 1cm as the fruiting mother vine; For a few varieties, such as You Yong 1 and Jufeng, the diameter of the mother vine is about 0.9cm, and the branches above 1cm are easy to increase seedless fruit and aggravate fruit drop.
3. According to the characteristics and framework of flower bud differentiation, determine the number of fruiting mother vines and bud eyes. Varieties with good flower bud differentiation, such as European-American hybrids and most Eurasian species, mainly prune the middle branches with 5 ~ 6 buds, combine the middle and short branches, and the short branches with 3 buds can account for15% ~ 20%; For varieties with unstable flower bud differentiation, such as "Meirenzhi" grape, mature branches should be selected, mainly pruning the long branches with 10 ~ 12 buds, combined with 3 ~ 5 buds pruning. V-shaped frame, high-width vertical frame: in winter, branches and vines close to the trunk are selected as fruiting mother vines, and branches and vines far from the trunk are cut off together with the original fruiting mother branches. Tie the pruned branches and vines evenly on the shelf surface, leaving a gap of about 20cm between the two plants, which cannot extend to the shelf surface of the next plants. For example, varieties such as Red Globe and Xiahei have a tall, wide, drooping or V-shaped frame. Trees bearing fruit in the second year or above generally leave 1200 ~ 1500 fruiting female vines every 667m2, with 8 ~ 10 buds per fruiting female vine and 667m2. For "Beauty Finger", "Golden Finger" and other varieties, trees with high, wide, drooping or "V" shape and bearing fruit for more than the second year, generally, every 667m2 leaves 1500 ~ 2000 bearing female vines, and each bearing female vine has 10 ~ 12. Horizontal scaffolding: leave the branches near the trunk as fruiting vines, cut off the branches far away from the trunk together with the original fruiting vines, and bind the branches evenly on the frame surface. For example, Victoria, Ruby Seedless, Hutai No.8, the first young tree, and the horizontal shed generally leave about 1800 female vines every 667m2, with 3-4 buds per female vine and 6,000 effective buds every 667m2.
Third, the steps of pruning in winter
Step 1: Look: Look at the variety, tree age, tree potential, tree shape, frame, bud eye, maturity of branches and vines, and the growth of adjacent trees. According to the number of fruiting vines and bud eyes and expected yield determined by each variety, determine the pruning amount and pruning standard.