North Korea's defenders are concentrated in the East City, and the North City is the weakest place, which should be captured first. I heard that the Qing emperor in China was in the northwest suburb.
Yuanmingyuan. As a result, the British and French allied forces bypassed Andingmen and Deshengmen, invaded Yuanmingyuan and looted it.
Created a "burning Yuanmingyuan" incident that shocked China and foreign countries.
Located in the northwest suburb of Beijing, Yuanmingyuan was built in the Ming Dynasty. 1709, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty gave the park to Zisiyin Town (later
Yong Zhengdi), and named it Yuanmingyuan. After more than 50 years of Emperor Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng/kloc-0,
Management, concentrated a lot of material resources, hired countless skilled craftsmen, and poured the blood and sweat of millions of working people.
The heart is built into a large-scale and beautiful detached palace.
Every summer, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty came here to spend the summer, listen to politics and deal with military and political affairs, so it is also called the Summer Palace.
Yuanmingyuan Fiona Fang10km is composed of Yuanmingyuan, Wanchun Garden and Changchun Garden. Yuanmingyuan is the largest, so it is unified.
It is called Yuanmingyuan (also known as Yuanming Sanyuan). In addition, there are many affiliated gardens located in the east, west and south of Yuanmingyuan.
Among them are Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan, Jingming Garden and Qingyi Garden in Yuquan Mountain (the later Summer Palace was built on this basis)
), etc. The total area of this park is over 5000 mu.
Yuanmingyuan not only brings together several famous scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River, but also creatively transplanted western garden buildings to collect ancient times.
A masterpiece of gardening art at home and abroad today. There are magnificent palaces, light and exquisite pavilions in the garden; This is a symbol of active market.
"Shopping Street" has a "mountain villa" symbolizing rural scenery; There are autumn moons in Pinghu and sunset photos of Lei Feng imitating the West Lake in Hangzhou.
There are scenic spots modeled after Suzhou Lion Forest; There are also poems and paintings modeled after ancient poets and painters, such as Penglai Yao.
Spring scenery in Taiwan Province and Wuling, etc. It can be said that Yuanmingyuan is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of the working people in China, and it was also built by the people of China.
Build a model of art and culture. Not only that, Yuanmingyuan has countless priceless treasures of various styles, which are extremely
Rare historical classics and rich and precious historical relics, such as calligraphy and painting, gold and silver jewelry, Song and Yuan porcelain, can all be called human beings.
One of the treasures of quasi-culture, it can also be said that it is the largest museum in the world.
10 year10.6, the British and French allied forces invaded Yuanmingyuan, and then carried out robbery crazily.
The first to break into Yuanmingyuan was the French invaders, who robbed everything they saw, and put the treasure in the pocket of every French soldier.
It's worth thirty or forty thousand francs. They came empty-handed and returned loaded. In the French military camp, there are rare clocks and five lamps piled together.
Ten colors of silk and satin, as well as precious works of art, are worth 30 million francs.
Although the British invaders came a little late, their pockets were full of gold and silver. To make matters worse, for those who can't move away.
The big porcelain and enamel bottles were broken.
After the British and French invaders looted the Yuanmingyuan, in order to eliminate the spoils and cover up the crime, Earle, the British plenipotentiary,
With the support of British Prime Minister Pa Max Don, Martin Luther King ordered the Yuanmingyuan to be burned down. Large-scale incineration * * * twice, the first time is
10 years 10 from 7 to 9 October, Yuanmingyuan was mainly burned, and the fire burned for three days and three nights, turning this world-famous garden into a scorched earth. this
A catastrophe, as the famous French writer Hugo described and attacked: one day, two robbers broke into the Summer Palace.
One robbed, the other set fire. Victory can be a robber.
(2) The destruction of Yuanmingyuan is an immeasurable loss in the cultural history of the motherland and the world!
Located in the northwest suburb of Beijing, Yuanmingyuan is a world-famous royal garden. It consists of Yuanmingyuan Garden, Wanchun Garden and Changchun Garden, so it is also called Yuanming Three Gardens. In addition, there are many small gardens, distributed in the east, west and south of Yuanmingyuan, surrounded by stars and arches.
There are magnificent halls and exquisite pavilions in Yuanmingyuan. There are "buying and selling streets" symbolizing lively markets, as well as mountains and rivers and countryside symbolizing rural scenery. Many scenery in the garden is modeled after scenic spots all over the country. Such as the autumn moon in Pinghu, the sunset glow of Lei Feng in Hangzhou West Lake, An Lan Garden in Haining and Lion Forest in Suzhou. There are also many landscapes built according to the poetry of ancient poets, such as Penglai Yaotai and Wuling Chunjing ... There are not only ethnic buildings but also western landscapes in the park. Strolling in the garden is like roaming the distant south and enjoying the beautiful scenery at home and abroad; Wandering around, as if in a fantasy realm.
Yuanmingyuan is not only magnificent in architecture, but also contains the most precious historical relics. From the bronze ritual vessels in the pre-Qin period to the famous painters and calligraphers in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there are all kinds of rare treasures. Therefore, it was the largest museum and art gallery in the world at that time.
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The destruction of Yuanmingyuan (data)—
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10 5, British and French troops arrived at the gates of Beijing. According to the information provided by Russian diplomat ignatieff, the defenders of the Qing Dynasty were concentrated on the east side, and the north side was the weakest place, which should be captured first; I also heard that the Qing emperor of China was in Yuanmingyuan in the northwest suburb. As a result, the British and French allied forces bypassed Andingmen and Deshengmen, invaded Yuanmingyuan and looted Yuanmingyuan, creating a "burning Yuanmingyuan" incident that shocked China and foreign countries.
Located in the northwest suburb of Beijing, Yuanmingyuan was built in the Ming Dynasty. 1709, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty gave this garden to his fourth son, Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi), and named it Yuanmingyuan. After more than 50 years' operation by the five emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng/KLOC-0, we have concentrated a lot of material resources, entertained countless skilled craftsmen, poured the blood and sweat of millions of working people, and built a large-scale and beautiful detached palace.
Every summer, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty came here to spend the summer, listen to politics and deal with military and political affairs, so it is also called the Summer Palace. Yuanmingyuan Fiona Fang10km is composed of Yuanmingyuan, Wanchun Garden and Changchun Garden. Yuanmingyuan is the largest, so it is called Yuanmingyuan (also known as Yuanming Three Gardens). In addition, there are many affiliated gardens in the east, west and south of Yuanmingyuan, including Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan, Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain and Qingyi Garden (the later Summer Palace was built on this basis). , with a total area of more than 5000 mu.
Yuanmingyuan not only brought together several famous scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River, but also creatively transplanted western garden buildings, which was a masterpiece of gardening art at that time. There are magnificent palaces, light and exquisite pavilions in the garden; There are "buying and selling streets" symbolizing lively markets and "mountain villas" symbolizing rural scenery; Some are modeled after the autumn moon in Pinghu, the sunset photos of Leifeng in Hangzhou West Lake, and some are modeled after the lion forest scenic spots in Suzhou. There are also poems and paintings modeled after ancient poets and painters, such as Penglai Yaotai and Wuling Chunjing. It can be said that Yuanmingyuan is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of the working people in China, and it was also built by the people of China.
Build a model of art and culture. Not only that, Yuanmingyuan also contains countless priceless treasures with different styles, extremely precious historical classics and rich and precious historical relics, such as paintings, gold and silver jewelry, Song and Yuan porcelain and so on. It can be called one of the treasures of human culture and the largest museum in the world. 10 year10.6, the British and French allied forces invaded Yuanmingyuan, and then carried out robbery crazily.
The first to break into Yuanmingyuan was the French invaders, who took everything they saw. The treasure in each French soldier's pocket is worth 30 thousand to 40 thousand francs. They came empty-handed and returned loaded. In the French military camp, there are valuable clocks and watches, colorful silks and satins and precious works of art worth 30 million francs. Although the British invaders came a little late, their pockets were full of gold and silver. To make matters worse, they smashed those big porcelain and enamel bottles that could not be moved.
After the British and French invaders looted the Yuanmingyuan, in order to eliminate the spoils and cover up the crime, the British plenipotentiary Erkin, with the support of British Prime Minister Pa Max Don, ordered the Yuanmingyuan to be burned. Large-scale burning * * * twice, the first time was 10/kloc-0, and it mainly burned Yuanmingyuan from October 7 to 9. The fire burned for three days and nights, making this world-famous garden a scorched earth. This catastrophe, as described and criticized by Hugo, a famous French writer, was that one day, two robbers broke into the Summer Palace, one robbed and the other set fire to it. Victory can be a robber.
Yuanmingyuan was brutally looted and burned by the British and French allied forces in the tenth year of Xianfeng, that is,1June, 860, which became a humiliating history in China's modern history.
By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the science and technology of the whole country had fallen far behind the West, and class contradictions were becoming increasingly acute. 1840 (20 years of Daoguang), western colonialists provoked the war of aggression against China-the first opium war. Then the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement against the rule of the Qing Dynasty broke out in China.
1856 10, Britain and France jointly launched the second opium war. Its purpose is to grab greater colonial interests. First, they started the Guangzhou War twice, but both failed to meet their expectations. In order to exert direct pressure on the Qing government, the capital of Chen Bing was decided. The invading army approached Tianjin1May 858, and the Qing government was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Britain, France, Russia and the United States respectively.
1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng) In July, the fleet of British and French aggressor troops rushed out of Dagukou again, and under the guise of exchanging contracts between British and French ministers in Beijing, they forcibly pushed forward and lured them to "make peace". However, it has repeatedly created troubles with the aim of forcing the capital of Chen Bing to yield. However, the corrupt and incompetent Qing government made up its mind to beg for peace, and it was too late to decide the strategy of war and defense. The invading army went straight to Tongzhou. On September 2 1 day, the Qing army lost the decisive battle at Bali Bridge in Tongzhou. The next morning, Emperor Xianfeng fled from Yuanmingyuan to chengde mountain resort. It's called "Traveling to the North", but in fact, it runs away regardless of its ancestral home. As a result, the capital has no owner, and all the officials are scattered, and the soldiers are afraid of the people.
654381October 6, British and French forces bypassed the northeast suburb of Beijing and rushed to Yuanmingyuan. At that time, the remnants of Monk Qin and Rui Lin resisted in the north of the city for a while and then fled. The French army went first, passed Haidian in the afternoon and arrived at the gate of Yuanmingyuan Grand Palace in the evening. At this time, more than 20 skilled eunuchs in Yuanmingyuan were fighting with the enemy at the entrance to Jindemen. "Don't be afraid of being killed, and strive to advance", but in the end, Ren Liang, the "eight-product head" of Yuanmingyuan, and others died because they were outnumbered. At 7 pm, the French invaders captured the Yuanmingyuan. Wenfeng, Minister of Landscape Management, died in Fuhai.
65438 10/7, the leader of British and French aggression against China broke into Yuanmingyuan, and immediately "sent three members of the British and French Committee to discuss the distribution of treasures in the garden." On the same day, French Army Commander Montaubon wrote to the French Foreign Minister: "I ordered French members to pay attention to the most valuable objects in art and archaeology first. Yu Xinghui dedicated the rare things of France to His Majesty the Emperor (Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte) and kept them in the French Museum. " British commander Grant immediately "sent officers to collect things that should belong to the British." The day after the British and French invaders entered the park, they could no longer resist the temptation of things. The officers and men rushed forward in droves to snatch the treasures of gold and silver and cultural and artistic treasures in the park.
According to the descriptions of British and French officers, priests and journalists who witnessed the looting, officers and men, British and French people flocked to Yuanmingyuan from all directions in order to seize the treasure, and they were eager to take whatever they wanted. They beat each other and even fought for the treasure. Because there are so many treasures in the garden, they don't know what to take at the moment. Some of them moved cloisonne porcelain bottles, some coveted embroidery, some chose high-grade leather clothes, and some went to get wall clocks inlaid with pearls and jade. Some carry big bags, which are full of all kinds of treasures. Some people put gold bars and leaves in the big pockets of their coats; Some are wrapped in brocade; Some hats are filled with rubies, pearls and crystals; Some people wear jade collars around their necks. There is a mountain of high-grade silks and satins in one wing, which is said to be enough for half of Beijing residents, and all of them are carried away by soldiers in carts. A British officer plundered a golden Buddha from a temple with 500 Buddha statues, with a value of 1 200. A French officer robbed property worth 600,000 francs. The treasure plundered by the son of Montaubon, commander-in-chief of the French army, was worth 300 thousand francs and filled several carriages. A British private named Hollis once stole two golden Buddha pagodas (all three stories, one 7 feet high and the other 6.4 feet high) and a lot of other treasures from the garden, and found seven strong men to carry them back to the barracks for him. This man got the nickname "China Zhan Mu" because he plundered and enjoyed his life in Yuanmingyuan. In addition to robbery, the invaders destroyed countless things. Several rooms were full of silks and satins, and clothes were dragged out of the box and thrown all over the floor. People can almost cover their knees when they walk into the room. The engineer with a big axe smashed all the furniture and took the jewels from it. Some people break big mirrors, others shoot candlesticks for fun. Most French soldiers waved sticks and smashed everything they couldn't take with them. 654381October 9 When the French army temporarily evacuated Yuanmingyuan, this beautiful garden was destroyed.
Just as the Qing government bowed to the invaders and promised to accept all the conditions of "negotiation and peace", on the other day, when signing the contract, British leaders Erjin Palace and Grant brazenly ordered the burning of Yuanmingyuan on the pretext that their prisoners were abused in order to give people the impression that their aggression against China was "extremely bad". 65438+1October 18 and 19, three or four thousand British troops set fire everywhere in China, and the fire didn't go out for three days and three nights. This unique garden masterpiece, a rare artistic treasure at home and abroad, was burned together. Afterwards, according to the official investigation of the Qing Dynasty, there were only 20 or 30 temples, pavilions, temples, official doors, value rooms and other buildings in the huge Yuanming Three Gardens, but many doors and windows were uneven, and the indoor furnishings and several cases were looted. Since then, some buildings of Qingyi Garden in Wanshou Mountain, Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan Mountain and Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain have also been burned down.
According to relevant records, when the British invaders burned Anyou Palace on June 6th, 10, the eunuch in charge of Anyou Palace locked the gate, and 300 people in Anyou Palace, including eunuchs, maids and craftsmen, were burned alive.
When Yuanmingyuan fell into a sea of fire, Erjin proudly declared: "This move will shake China and Europe, and its effect far exceeds the imagination of people thousands of miles away." . The main emissary of the fire regarded this behavior as a great achievement, and upright people all over the world were angered by this barbaric crime. Hugo wrote in 186 1: "One day, two robbers walked into Yuanmingyuan, one robbed something and the other set fire. It seems that if you win the war, you can engage in robbery. In the face of history, these two robbers, one is called France and the other is called Britain. " This passage represents the voice of millions of upright people.
When Yuanmingyuan was still burning, Prince Gong, who was ordered to stay in Beijing, agreed to all the conditions of the invaders. Soon, the Tianjin Treaty text was exchanged with Britain, France and Russia, and the Beijing Treaty was signed. In this way, the imperialist powers occupied China's Kowloon Peninsula and a large area of northern territory, and extorted huge military compensation of162,000 silver.
Why did the British and French allied forces burn the Yuanmingyuan? Or what was the reason or excuse for the British and French Coalition forces to burn the Yuanmingyuan?
On the one hand, people think that the blood and fire nature of imperialism's external expansion determines the barbarity wherever it goes.
On the other hand, it is caused by "kowtow diplomacy". At that time, Britain and France asked for negotiations with the Manchu, "Beijing embassy, mainland exchanges, Yangtze River trade." In other words, people will establish diplomatic relations with you and set up embassies and consulates with each other. Foreigners can travel to Chinese mainland and trade with China.
At that time, Britain and France requested to negotiate with China on the above three points. According to the current understanding, various disputes between China and Britain are very normal in state-to-state relations and should be resolved through bilateral consultations and negotiations.
However, Di Hua believes that China has been the center of the world since ancient times, the emperor is the master of the world, all countries are vassals of China, and everyone kowtows when they see the emperor. The traditional diplomatic theme of the Manchu Dynasty was to make Yidi kowtow, which established a complete diplomatic model called "Tribute System" by Fei Zhengqing. Therefore, the trouble is that Yidi refuses to kowtow, and they will stay in Beijing for a long time. When an envoy enters Beijing, he is bound to see the emperor, but the ceremony of not bowing to the emperor will violate the concept of "the world is unified." At that time, the British and French allied forces demanded to negotiate with the Manchu, and if they wanted to negotiate, they had to see the emperor. Meeting the emperor, according to tradition, foreign envoys kneel down when meeting the emperor, that is, kowtow instead of kowtow.
The culprit in the burning of Yuanmingyuan was James Bruce, the eighth Earl of Elgin. Erjin ordered the Yuanmingyuan to be burned in retaliation for the Qing government's arrest of ministers and mistreatment of prisoners of war. In September, 1860, Harry Parkes, the British envoy, and Henry Locke, the private secretary of Erjin, went to Tongxian County to negotiate with the Qing government under the white flag of truce, and were arrested by Zai Yuan and Sengqin. He was taken to Beijing with a group of British and French soldiers who were ambushed and captured alive, and was imprisoned for more than a month. The Manchu emperor and government always regarded Parkes as the commander-in-chief of the British and French allied forces. According to the traditional strategy of "catch the thief first, then capture the king", they planned to capture Parkes before the Tongzhou negotiations, expecting that after Parkes was captured, the British and French allied forces would be leaderless and chaotic, and then seize the opportunity to suppress it on a large scale, which would undoubtedly win. During their imprisonment, these people suffered all kinds of torture and humiliation. Of the 39 prisoners, 20 died in custody, including Thomas Balbi, a reporter from The Times of London.
When Erkin learned of the atrocities committed by the Qing government, he decided to take revenge. Erjin will burn the Forbidden City. Later, after several days of deliberation, he chose Yuanmingyuan as the target of revenge. Erjin's decision to burn Yuanmingyuan instead of the Forbidden City has another meaning. Erkin believed that the Forbidden City was the seat of the China government (Britain and France were negotiating the Beijing Treaty with the Qing government at that time); Yuanmingyuan is a royal garden, privately owned by Emperor China. Erkin wanted to send a message by burning Yuanmingyuan: It is the Emperor China and his minions who should be responsible for the atrocities such as arresting officials and abusing prisoners, not the people of China. A few days before the retaliation, Erkin ordered the following announcements to be posted all over Beijing, declaring the purpose of the British and French allied forces to burn the Yuanmingyuan: "No one, no matter how high his position, can escape responsibility and punishment after committing fraud and atrocities; Yuanmingyuan will be burned on (1860 10) 18 as a punishment for the treachery of Emperor China; Only the Qing imperial government should be responsible for this, and people who have nothing to do with atrocities do not have to worry about being hurt. " (translated from English)
The detention and mistreatment of British and French diplomats not only violates the Western international law as viewed by Lord Elgin, but also violates China's code of conduct of "the two countries should hand in their troops and not cut their envoys" since ancient times. The destruction caused by the burning of Yuanmingyuan is not only the crime of the British and French allied forces, but also the historical reason caused by the pedantry and incompetence of the Manchu emperor and government.
After the destruction of Yuanmingyuan, it is still a royal forbidden garden. During the Tongzhi period, he was ordered by Empress Dowager Cixi to try to rebuild it. At that time, it was planned to restore more than 20 temples, mainly in Qian Chao District, Houhu District, West District and North District of Yuanmingyuan, as well as Gongmen District of Wanchun Garden and Xiaqing Hall at the entrance of Fuchun Hall. However, less than 10 months after the project started, it was forced to stop work for maintenance due to the exhaustion of funds. Since then, Empress Dowager Cixi has repaired the Summer Palace, but she has not completely abandoned the restoration of Yuanmingyuan. Until Guangxu 22-24, she also restored Shuanghezhai and Jinongxuan in Yuanmingyuan. 1900 (in the 26th year of Guangxu), Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, and Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu, which led to chaos in both capital city. Eight Banners soldiers, bandits and local ruffians took advantage of the fire to rob, and nearly 100 buildings that remained in the park and were basically restored were demolished and robbed one after another, which completely destroyed the buildings and ancient and famous trees in Yuanmingyuan.
Later, the cultural relics of Yuanmingyuan were plundered by bureaucrats, warlords and profiteers for a long time, and even destroyed by government authorities in a planned way. The dignitaries of Beiyang government, including some people responsible for the protection of Yuanmingyuan site, relied on their power to transport a large number of stone carvings and Taihu stones from the park to repair their gardens. Such as Wang Huaiqing, Commander-in-Chief of the Garrison in Gyeonggi, Cao Kun, the Governor's Ambassador (who was later bribed to be elected President of the Republic of China), Nie Xianfan, Commander of the Bujun Army, Che Qingyun, Commander of the Gendarmerie in the capital, and Wang Lanheng, Secretary-General of the Government, all have such misdeeds. Only Jing (equivalent to the later mayor of Beiping) Liu Menggeng forcibly removed 623 cars of Taihu Stone from Changchun Garden within 25 days of 1922. At that time, the 13th Division of the Army, the 16th Division of the National Army, the 11th Division, the 53rd Army of the Northeast Army and the 29th Army of the Song Dynasty were stationed in Xiyuan area successively. They have forcibly demolished the walls of Yuanmingyuan, sold bricks and stones privately, or used them to build a playground in Xiyuan. The Summer Palace, Zhongshan Park, yenching university, Beiping Library and other places also carried away a large number of stone chips. In the early 1930s, when the high beam bridge was rebuilt on the ballasted road from Haidian to Yuquan Mountain, with the approval of the Beiping Special Government, all the tiger-skin stone fences in the south (4,800 meters) and east of Yuanmingyuan were demolished and smashed into ballasts to pave the way. Prior to this, it also publicly sold bricks, tiger skin stones, mica flakes, and even the remaining marble columns of the West Building for many times, which turned the Yuanmingyuan into ruins.
Yuanmingyuan, a famous garden, was destroyed by British and French invaders and by the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government. Its destruction is not only a witness to the brutal destruction of human culture by western invaders, but also a proof that ancient civilization will be beaten if it falls behind.
Yuanmingyuan is a treasure of garden art in China. It has the reputation of "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens", which means that there are all kinds of gardens here. Indeed, if today is the same as 140 years ago, this super giant garden is well-deserved "the king of world gardens". She was originally an unparalleled royal garden in the Qing Dynasty. 1709 started construction, and 1809 was basically completed, which lasted for a century. Since then, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng have been renovated and expanded for many times, lasting 150 years. In the past, the Yuanmingyuan was actually composed of Yuanming, Changchun and Qichun (later renamed "Wanchun"), with a total area of 347 hectares. Its land is 10000 square meters, and its peripheral perimeter is about 10 km. The water area is equivalent to a Summer Palace. Three gardens are separated by walls; In front of it is Wanchun Garden, followed by two parallel gardens, Yuanmingyuan on the left and Changchun Garden on the right. Yuanmingyuan is a waterscape garden, the water surface accounts for more than half of the whole garden area, and some landscapes are directly named after water. Surrounded by mountains and waters, there are more than 40 scenic spots 140, which combine the characteristics of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time and the essence of ancient gardening art in China. With the artistic technique of gardens in gardens, poems and paintings are integrated into ever-changing scenes. More than 50 scenic spots, such as Autumn Moon in Pinghu, Xiao Chun in Su Causeway, Bright Moon in Santan and Wind Lotus in Quyuan, are all from the Ten Scenes of West Lake in Hangzhou, which not only imitate the architecture, but also copy the names. There are also Spring Scenery of Wuling in imitation of Peach Blossom Garden, Xifeng Flower in imitation of Lushan Mountain, Stone Maze in imitation of Lion Forest, Ruyuan in imitation of Zhanyuan Garden and Zhao He Deng in imitation of Gushan Crane Pavilion. , bringing together the essence of countless world famous places and gardens. There is also a western-style garden scenic spot in Yuanmingyuan. The most famous "watching water method" is a western-style fountain, a flower maze and a western-style building, all of which have the style of Italian Renaissance. There is also a model of the city of Venice on the Heye River, where the emperor can enjoy the "water city scenery" thousands of miles away. Yuanmingyuan not only has exquisite furnishings and decorations, but also collects and displays China's rare treasures, cultural relics, celebrity calligraphy and painting, secret house classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and rare cultural relics, which condenses the essence of ancient culture. 1860 and 1900, Yuanmingyuan was looted and burned by the British and French allied forces and Eight-Nation Alliance.
1860 10 6 18, the British and French allied forces began to burn the world-famous imperial garden of the Qing dynasty-Yuanmingyuan.
In the autumn wind in October, we can't help feeling the beauty of classical gardens in Yuanmingyuan, a model of garden art in the western suburbs. As the British chaplain said, "You must have a poet, painter, art connoisseur, China scholar and other talented people to describe the scenery and give you some ideas ..." The tragic ruins left after the robbery ushered in countless mourners in the 20th century, which triggered people's reverie.
-French writer Hugo praised the garden as a miracle of oriental art.
The western suburbs of Beijing are picturesque, with not only verdant mountains stretching for hundreds of miles, but also flowing spring water in the mountains, which flows down from the southeast plain and flows into famous rivers and lakes such as Kunming Lake. The rulers who established the capital in Beijing from Liao, Jin and Ming Dynasties successively established many gardens and detached palaces here. After living in seclusion in the northeast and entering the Central Plains, the Manchu royal family became infatuated with the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and learned some European luxury buildings from foreign missionaries (unfortunately, they were not interested in their technology and culture), and decided to integrate the known world beauty into the Royal Yuanmingyuan.
Yuanmingyuan was built in 1709, burned in 1860, and * * * was put into operation on 15 1 year. Several generations of Qing emperors spent a lot of money and material resources in the world to build this unprecedented royal garden. The garden consists of Yuanmingyuan, Wanchun Garden and Changchun Garden, so it is also called Yuanmingyuan. The total area of the three gardens is 5,200 mu, which is 850 mu larger than the Summer Palace, the largest existing royal garden. Garden perimeter 10 km, construction area10.6 million square meters, equivalent to the construction area of the Forbidden City in Beijing. There are more than 0/00 scenic spots in Sanyuan/KLOC, and countless platforms, halls, pavilions and pavilions are surrounded by mountains and rivers.
The Yuanmingyuan has inherited the excellent gardening art of China in the past dynasties, gathered famous garden attractions all over the country, and boldly absorbed western architectural forms, resulting in a number of "Western architecture" combining Chinese and Western styles. China gardens can be called a mixed form of landscape and architecture, which is not only different from western gardens with architecture as the mainstay, but also different from Japanese gardens with landscape as the mainstay. Yuanmingyuan has three gardening styles: Chinese, Japanese and Western Europe. Its reputation has already spread to the west, and it is as famous as the Palace of Versailles in France, and is known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". There are also many rare books, celebrity calligraphy and painting, Ding Yi ritual vessels, gold beads and bronze and porcelain antiques in the park, which are one of the treasures of human culture. Hugo, a famous French writer, once described it in a letter to Captain Butler: "In a corner of the world, there is a world miracle. This miracle is called Yuanmingyuan. Art has two sources: one is ideal, which produces European art; One is fantasy, which produces oriental art. Yuanmingyuan's position in fantasy art is just like that of the Parthenon in ideal art.
-In order to scare the Qing emperor, the British and French allied forces burned the whole garden after the robbery.
Nowadays, when people come to the site of Yuanmingyuan, all they can see is the dimly discernible stone foundation, tortuous waterways and paths. Only a few pillars of Dashuifa and Yuanyingguan still stand there, overlooking the ruins and tiles, like a monument.
It was the British and French allied forces that caused the disaster. Hugo, a French writer, once angrily condemned this atrocity committed by his country and Britain. He said, "In the judgment seat of history, one robber is called France and the other is called Britain."
1840 After the British invaders launched the Opium War and opened the door to China, they demanded to open more concessions and send envoys to Beijing. However, it was not satisfied with launching the Second Opium War in 1857, and Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's ruling France also sent troops to share the spoils. 1In September, 860, the British and French allied forces landed in Tianjin and advanced on Beijing. Emperor Xianfeng fled to chengde mountain resort, leaving tens of thousands of defenders to retreat within the city wall (that is, within the scope of the Second Ring Road now), leaving the suburbs plundered by the invading army. 6543810.6, the British and French allied forces rushed into Yuanmingyuan, and a few invulnerable Qing soldiers were defeated in World War I, so the minister of protecting the garden had to throw himself into the water. Seeing the magnificent palace garden, the dazzling invading army immediately began to plunder crazily. Then, the Allied Command issued a notice of "free robbery", 1000 more than British and French officers and men came and went, scrambling to enter the park, and all returned with full loads.
After several days of looting, the British monopolist Er Jin put forward: "Only burning Yuanmingyuan is the most feasible ... this will make Dihua suffer the greatest shock." British Prime Minister david palmer not only agreed with this, but also said, "I will be very happy if Beijing Palace is treated in the same way." A planned greater atrocity began.
10 year 10 month 18, a disastrous day in the modern history of the Chinese nation, 3,500 British soldiers entered Yuanmingyuan again with torches and lit them everywhere. More than 300 eunuchs, maids-in-waiting, and craftsmen were buried in the fire. The huge palace rose in flames for three days, and the smoke and the moon continued. It can really be said that "a torch destroys a famous garden, leaving traces of mountains and rivers throughout the ages."
After the Yuanmingyuan was burned, the British and French allied forces threatened the Qing court, and if they did not yield, they would go into the city to burn the palace. The corrupt and incompetent Manchu rulers immediately signed the Beijing Treaty, ceding land for compensation in exchange for the invaders' retreat.
-The Westernization Movement after the Yuanmingyuan disaster brought about national awakening and progress.
From a cultural point of view, the destruction of Yuanmingyuan is an unprecedented tragedy in the history of human civilization. Judging from the historical process, this tragic disaster, which was beaten behind, shocked people of insight in China. In the second year after the disaster, that is, 186 1 year, the Westernization Movement began to be established, but the national goal of "self-improvement" was delayed due to numerous obstacles, and Yuanmingyuan itself and even the whole of Beijing and China continued to suffer.
After the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan, it can be seen from the photos that most of the architectural remains are still relatively complete. The Qing court still regarded it as a heavily guarded forbidden park for more than 30 years, and carried out a series of restoration projects. Tongzhi, Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi often visit. Just because of domestic troubles and foreign invasion, the Qing court was short of financial resources, so it could only misappropriate naval funds to build the Summer Palace and was unable to take care of it.
1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, not only the Summer Palace was looted (later restored in 1903), but also the site of Yuanmingyuan was completely destroyed. Due to the escape of the garden management organization, the idle flag soldiers and hooligans in the park began to steal building materials. During the Republic of China, the ruins were even more neglected. Warlords of all factions and even many rich people come here to carry stones to build tombs and gardens. In the past twenty or thirty years, there have been an endless stream of stolen carriages almost every day, and the remnant garden has become a "stone yard". It was not until the founding of New China that the site of Yuanmingyuan was protected, and it has been restored to some extent in recent years.
Sadly, the cultural relics of Yuanmingyuan plundered by the invaders have been exhibited and sold in European and American markets for a long time in the past hundred years. Until 1987, there was no report about the auction of Yuanmingyuan fountain clock in new york market. Ruthless facts show that the people of China, the so-called "disseminators of western civilization", are so barbaric in the land of China. The disaster in Yuanmingyuan has also aroused the self-esteem and self-improvement of countless Chinese sons and daughters, and strived to get rid of their sufferings.