Cultivation and management techniques of tall roses
Rose is a native flower in my country and is known as the "Queen of Flowers". It is a flower that can bloom in all seasons. Common roses are low shrubs with white, pink, yellow, red and other colors. They have rich colors, beautiful flower shapes, and extremely high ornamental value. Currently, there are more than 25,000 rose varieties, including more than 1,000 in China alone. The tall rose is also called tree rose or rose tree. It mainly grafts the scion to the top of tall roses and other plants. After many times of grafting, pruning and growth, it forms an umbrella shape, fan shape or cliff. Shape-shaped rose. Compared with ordinary shrub roses, tall roses have a more beautiful and generous appearance, can give people a more aesthetic visual experience, and have good greening effects, so they can be planted and cultivated in a wider range. In-depth research on the cultivation and management techniques of tall roses is an important basis for obtaining better appreciation value of roses, and is of great significance for promoting the research, development and popularization of tall rose varieties.
1 Advantages of tall roses
1.1 High appreciation value
Tall roses have obvious trunks and can be used for upright trunk gardening. They are generally 1.5m high. There are many flowers on the branches, and the branches are green without burrs. Each branch has 3 to 7 leaves. The branch is about 15cm long. The base of the branch is generally round or oval. The trunk area has no leaves, burrs or hairs. The flowers grow on the branches. The length of the pedicels is 4cm. The flower clusters are very compact and full of three-dimensionality. The tall-stem type rose is overall tangible and has good ornamental value whether it is a single plant or combined with other types of flowers.
1.2 Strong adaptability
Tall roses have complex root systems and can absorb a large amount of nutrients from the soil through their roots. They usually have a high survival rate and can adapt to a variety of environments. In addition, because the trunk of the tall rose is relatively high, the flower part is separated from the soil by a certain distance, so it is not easy to be infected by diseases and insect pests.
1.3 Wide range of applications
The tall rose has a taller trunk and can be planted in gardens, scenic spots, communities, parks and on both sides of roads to beautify the environment. Currently, tall roses are used as green plants and play a major role in building the urban ecological environment.
2 Cultivation technology of tall roses
Tall roses are composed of rootstock and scion. The selection of rootstock is very critical. The height, strength and resistance of the rootstock are all determinants of the quality of tall roses. When selecting a rootstock, you need to fully meet the relevant needs of ordinary rose rootstocks. It should also have the characteristics of being tall, healthy, strong, strong and thick in diameter, and strong in resistance to diseases and pests. The deeper and wider the root system, the more suitable. Rootstocks are generally selected from the original species or variants of roses that are easy to propagate. In China, biennial wild roses and other variants are commonly used for tall roses, such as "Baiyutang" rose, "Fantuan" rose or "Lotus" rose, and vine roses. Rose varieties are used as rootstocks, while in Europe and the United States, wild roses, dog roses and Dutch roses are more commonly used as rootstocks. In recent years, rose resources in regions such as Gansu and Xinjiang in my country have been gradually discovered and poured into the market, such as yellow roses, flat-thorn roses, and corymbose roses. These types of roses not only have strong root systems, thick and upright stems It has good sex and mostly grows wild in mountains, forest edges or meadows. It has good cold resistance and disease resistance, and is very suitable as a rootstock for tall roses. It is currently in the stage of domestication and introduction. When cultivating tall roses, the most critical step is grafting, and the management of scion growth and shape is also critical. The scion can be selected according to the needs of the producer and the market. Taking into account the physiological and biochemical effects of the plant itself, in the process of selecting the scion, it is necessary to consider the affinity between it and the rootstock. On this basis, determine the quality of the scion. Pattern and color. In addition, more analysis is needed to determine the differences between grafted varieties to prevent nutrient competition among varieties with inconsistent growth.
Cultivation of tall roses can be divided into two types, the primary grafting method and the secondary grafting method. Most of my country's small tall roses are cultivated using a one-time grafting method, that is, selecting and cultivating rootstocks, then using existing rose plants, selecting a branch that is strong and upright as the rootstock, and cutting all other branches from the base. Then graft the rose on top of it, and then cut off all the upper rose branches after it survives. Later, we will focus on pruning and topping to cultivate the desired tree shape.
3 Selection and preparation of nursery land
In terms of nursery land, it is necessary to select an area with open, flat geology, good ventilation, good lighting, convenient water conservation and drainage, and the soil quality It should be deep and fertile, with a pH value of neutral to slightly acidic, preferably around 6.5. In order to make the cultivated base stock quickly grow a strong and huge root system, it is necessary to follow 5×103kg·667m-2 organic fertilizer, 20kg·667m-2 nitrate phosphorus, 10kg·667m-2 urea, 5kg·667m-2 during cultivating. Fertilizer prepared with a proportion of -2 carbofuran particles is used as base fertilizer. Sprinkle it evenly on the soil surface, and then plow it. The depth is controlled at 25-30cm. If conditions permit, it can be plowed multiple times, which is beneficial to improvement. The degree of soil fragmentation allows the soil to more fully accept disinfection by sunlight exposure. The soil used in the transplanting field needs to be treated with high temperature, and pests and diseases are killed with bisulfide plus carbofuran.
4 Rootstocks
4.1 Selection of rootstocks
Before germination in early spring, select a strong two-year-old wild rose with no pests and diseases and a ground diameter of about 3cm as rootstock and cut it off upper branches. Rose plants used as base stock can be propagated by sowing seeds or cuttings. If sowing is used for propagation, the seedlings need to be transplanted and transplanted at the 3- to 5-leaf stage to disconnect the main roots so that lateral roots can develop. When cultivating the base stock, it is necessary to remove the sprouting tillers in time, and do a good job in fertilizer and water management, and then combine with methods such as topping to increase the growth and development speed of the stem thickness. In addition, permeable watering is required 7 days before grafting to allow it to grow more vigorously and robustly, speed up the flow of sap, and facilitate grafting healing.
4.2 Cuttings of tall rootstocks
Keep cuttings at right angles or 45° to the seedbed; the spacing between plants is 10cm × 10cm, and the depth and angle of the cuttings should be based on the cutouts. Determine the branch length. Usually the height of the tree trunk is about 65cm, and cuttings can be made at right angles, and the depth of the cuttings is about 15cm; if the height of the tree trunks is about 90cm and 120cm, the cuttings can be made at an angle of 45°, and the cutting depths are 18cm and 22cm respectively.
4.3 Transplanting of high-stem rootstocks
When the rootstock cuttings take root, they need to be transplanted immediately. The transplanting site should have good ventilation, lighting, and good water retention. Use 2kg·m-2 of decomposed poultry manure or other types of organic fertilizers, 20g·m-2 of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as the base fertilizer, spread it evenly on the soil surface, and plow the soil to the required depth. Control it at about 25-30cm. It is better to carry out secondary plowing if conditions permit. Transplanted rootstocks are usually planted in Yangqi holes. The spacing between plants in the planting holes should be 1m × 1m. This distance can ensure sufficient space for later growth and allow the crown to grow in a balanced manner.
5 Scions
5.1 Selection of scions
Choose tea with strong dryness, strong growth, many branches, expanded crown, good crown shape and fragrant tea aroma Young plants of rose, Fenghua rose and other fine varieties or strong current-year branches in the outer and middle parts of middle-aged plants are used as scions. The branches cut during winter pruning can be mixed with sand and stored in the cellar for later use, or they can be harvested and used at will.
5.2 Preservation of scions
In order to improve the survival rate of grafting, extend the grafting time and avoid the steps of burying soil and moisturizing after grafting, the scions can be sealed before grafting. Specific measures: Collect small segments of branches with a length of 5cm and 2 to 3 buds at the upper end, melt the paraffin and heat it to about 90°C, quickly immerse the scion in the paraffin liquid for about 1/10s, and let the surface carry it A very thin layer of paraffin film, put into a plastic bag and stored at low temperature, and placed in a humid environment as a backup.
6 Grafting methods
6.1 T-shaped bud grafting method
This method is one of the more commonly used methods in rose grafting cultivation. Cut the rootstock dry, and use a short-edged vertical blade to make a straight cut downward from the cross-section incision. The length of the incision is about 1.5 to 2cm, leaving a T-shaped opening in the cortex of the rootstock. Cut the ear strips from the mother plant, remove all the leaves and leave the petioles. Select the plump buds and use a sharp knife to make a horizontal cut about 0.5cm above the buds to a depth of about 3mm, and then use a knife to Push upward from about 0.5cm from the lower end of the grafting bud, where it just connects to the xylem, to the incision at the upper end of the grafting bud. Use a knife blade to uncover the cortex at the T-shaped incision of the rootstock, insert the grafting bud into the incision, and align the grafting bud and the transverse incision of the rootstock with each other, and do not expose the cambium layer of the rootstock. Use plastic bags to tie them, and be careful to expose the buds.
6.2 Portal budding
The survival rate of this method is relatively high. Make a cut about 1cm from the front and back ends of the buds, reaching the xylem. Then make a cut vertically on both sides and gently remove the rectangular bud pieces. Trim the cut on the rootstock into an I-shape, reaching the depth of the xylem. The cortex needs to be pulled apart from the middle to both sides, and the bud pieces should be put into the incision immediately. It should be noted that the upper and lower ends of the bud pieces should be tightly connected. At the same time, the peeled-out cortex should be covered and tied with rope.
6.3 Inlay budding
First use a grafting knife to make an oblique cut on the rootstock from top to bottom, with a depth reaching directly to the xylem. There is no need to cut too deep or too large to avoid the incision healing too slowly. , cut the xylem of the epidermis about 1 to 1.5cm, and then make an oblique cut from top to bottom below the cut, to the depth of the xylem; the two knives can just remove the cut skin and xylem of the rootstock, forming a relatively small hole on the rootstock. Smooth cuts and grooves. To cut the scion, start cutting from 0.5cm on the upper side of the bud, and then cut downwards in an oblique manner until the depth reaches the xylem position. The length of the cut should be 1cm past the lower side of the bud, and then cut at the lower side of the bud. Cut the lower section with a knife at an angle and take out the bud. The lower side of the bud is a smooth cut surface and the bottom is a bevel. Insert the removed bud into the cut of the stock stock and align the skin of at least one side of the cut of the bud and the stock stock. , the slope below the scion bud point and the groove of the rootstock should be exactly aligned and inserted tightly. Use your fingers to press the bud and the rootstock firmly, and use grafting tape to bind them tightly, leaving only the bud point exposed.
7 Post-grafting management
7.1 Water and fertilizer management
If the land is in a drought state during open-field grafting, it needs to be watered immediately; if the facility grafting method is used, it can be more Conveniently and accurately control the ambient humidity, and maintain indoor humidity for a long period of time after watering. Humidity is mainly divided into two major aspects, air humidity and soil moisture. After grafting, the relative humidity of the air needs to be maintained at around 95%. The soil humidity at this time should rather be wet than too dry, but it should not be too wet or waterlogged for a long time. If the temperature inside the facility is too high and the humidity is too high, ventilation is required. If the temperature is too low, effective insulation or heating measures can be taken. Within about 20 days of grafting, the nutrients stored in the rootstock and scion are sufficient to supply the demand, and fertilization is usually not required to prevent the relatively young new roots and scion from suffering fertilizer damage. The period from grafting to the time when the tree crown grows is the forming stage. During this period, the tree grows and develops quickly and its life activities are very active, so it needs more water, and more frequent watering is required. At the same time, due to the rapid growth, the demand for inorganic nutrients is gradually increasing, and fertilization work must also be handled in place, so that thin fertilizers are applied frequently. Fertilization can be carried out at the frequency of applying ternary compound fertilizer once every 10 days, and every time Do not apply too much fertilizer. You can also dissolve compound fertilizer in water and water 2.5‰ of the fertilizer solution. If conditions are sufficient, you can also water the rose nutrient solution every 7 days.
7.2 Bud wiping and bud removal
The bud wiping work is very important. Since the newly grafted scion and rootstock have not fully healed, and the tiller buds of the rootstock itself grow faster than the scion, if they are allowed to grow freely, they will deprive a lot of nutrients, thus threatening the survival of the scion. and growth. Therefore, the budding work must be done in place, and budding should be carried out every 3 to 5 days. When the scion survives and matures enough, the plant's growth center will shift to the scion, and the number of tillers will naturally decrease. Flower buds appear at the top of the scion branches. They need to be removed when the flower buds grow to the point of splitting and revealing color, to prevent the flower buds from taking away a lot of nutrients and bringing excessive load-bearing to the branches. As the branches gradually become more numerous and longer, they need to be pruned in time to maintain the beautiful appearance of the crown and make the tree grow better.
8 Plastic pruning
After the high-stem rose grafting survives, the pruning work can be subdivided into dormant period pruning (winter pruning) and growing season pruning (post-flowering pruning). It should be noted that winter pruning should be slightly heavier and combined with appropriate shaping. First, dead branches, diseased branches, cross branches and weak branches with poor growth and development should be cut off from the base, and then according to the growth status of the plant. When pruning, attention should be paid to the master-slave relationship between each branch. Pay attention to the timing of winter pruning. Pruning too early can easily cause new branches to germinate, causing the plants to suffer frost damage. Pruning after flowering in summer and autumn, shortening the branches can promote flowering. In order to concentrate nutrients more quickly and make new branches sprout faster, the principle of pruning should be followed: strong branches should be pruned lightly and weak branches should be pruned heavily, so as to make the tree shape better. Growth and development remain balanced. After multiple prunings of rootstock buds and rose branches, we focused on cultivating the grafted rose crown, and paid attention to the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, so as to promote the crown to grow in a full, neat, round and compact direction. develop.
9 Conclusion
The core of the cultivation and management of tall roses lies in the selection and arrangement of the nursery, trunk cultivation, scion, grafting and post-grafting management. The high-pole rose has the functions of beautifying the environment and enriching the greening effect. It has strong adaptability and various application functions. It has extensive application value in garden decoration and urban greening projects.