1. incandescent lamp
Incandescent luminescence refers to visible photoelectric radiation produced by atoms excited by heat. Incandescent lamp uses the principle of incandescent light to make current pass through tungsten wire in vacuum, so that the tungsten wire emits visible light after being heated to incandescent light. The color temperature of ordinary incandescent lamps is 2800K, which is yellowish and warmer than natural light. Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamp: low cost, simple and convenient to use and install. It is suitable for frequent turning on, and the influence of turning off on the performance and life of the lamp is very low.
Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps:
Short service life and low luminous efficiency. The visible light radiation emitted by incandescent lamps is generally less than 10% of that of electric energy, and most of the energy is converted into infrared radiation, generating a lot of heat. In addition, the ultraviolet rays emitted by incandescent lamps are also relatively high, which will cause the fading of the irradiated items.
2. Fluorescent lamps and energy-saving lamps
Fluorescent lamps and energy-saving lamps are low-pressure mercury vapor arc discharge lamps, which are generally long tubes with electrodes at both ends. The lamp contains low-pressure mercury vapor and a small amount of inert gas, and the inner surface of the lamp tube is coated with a phosphor layer. Fluorescent lamps are divided into straight fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps. Straight fluorescent lamps can be divided into preheating start, quick start and instantaneous start according to the start mode, and can be divided into T 12, T8 and T5 according to the lamp tube. Compact fluorescent lamp is developed to replace incandescent lamp with high power consumption, which has the characteristics of low energy consumption and long service life. The life of ordinary incandescent lamps is only 1000 hours, and the typical life of compact fluorescent lamps is 8000- 10000 hours.
Advantages and disadvantages of fluorescent lamps and energy-saving lamps;
The main advantage of fluorescent lamp is its high luminous efficiency. The visible light emitted by a typical fluorescent lamp is about 28% of the input electric energy. The geometric size of the lamp tube, filling gas and pressure, phosphor coating, manufacturing process, ambient temperature and power frequency will all affect the luminous efficiency of fluorescent lamps. The color of the light emitted by a fluorescent lamp depends largely on the fluorescent powder coated on the inner surface of the lamp tube. The color temperatures of different fluorescent lamps vary greatly, from 2900K to10000 K. According to the colors, they can be roughly divided into warm white (WW), white (W), cold white (CW) and daylight color (D). Generally speaking, warm white (WW), white (W) and daylight (D) fluorescent lamps have average color rendering, cold white (CW), soft white and advanced warm white (WWX) fluorescent lamps can provide better color rendering, and advanced cold white (CWX) fluorescent lamps can have excellent color rendering. The light emitted by fluorescent lamps is scattered light, which is not easy to focus, so it is widely used in softer lighting, such as floodlighting, work lighting and soft accent lighting.
3. Sodium lamp
Also known as high-pressure sodium lamp, it is a kind of discharge lamp that emits light by sodium vapor discharge. In particular, it has high luminous efficiency, long service life, good adaptability to the environment and can work normally under various temperature conditions.
Advantages and disadvantages of sodium lamp:
The size of sodium lamp is large; Optical chromatic aberration is uncomfortable yellow-white cold light; The color rendering is poor, and the color rendering index of ordinary high-pressure sodium lamp is only 23. Therefore, ordinary high-pressure sodium lamps are mostly used in road lighting and other fields that require high light efficiency and life, but not high light color and color rendering. There is also an improved high-pressure sodium lamp with high color rendering, which has warm white color and the color rendering index is as high as 80%. This kind of lamp can be used in the field of display lighting, with obvious energy-saving effect.
4. Metal halide lamps
Metal halogen lamp, also known as metal halogen lamp, is a high-pressure gas discharge lamp. Its basic structure is a transparent glass shell and a high-temperature resistant glass arc tube. Nitrogen or inert gas is injected between the shell and the inner tube, and the inner tube is filled with inert gas, mercury vapor and metal halide. The basic working principle of metal halogen lamp: after entering the working state, the vapor of metal halide diffuses to the arc center, and is dispersed into metal atoms and halogen atoms under the action of high temperature, and the metal atoms participate in the discharge to emit visible light. When metal atoms and halogen atoms diffuse into the tube wall area around the arc tube, they combine to form metal halides.
Advantages and disadvantages of metal halogen lamps:
The biggest advantages of metal halogen lamps are high luminous efficiency and long service life. The luminous efficiency, color temperature and color rendering of metal halogen lamps are very different because of the different lamp body structure and metal halide filled. Inferior metal halogen lamps have high luminous efficiency, but poor color rendering; A good metal halogen lamp emits a light color close to natural light white, which is visually comfortable and has good color rendering. The working characteristic of metal halogen lamp is that it cannot be lit immediately, and it takes about 5 minutes to heat up to achieve full brightness output. After the power supply is interrupted, it takes 5-20 minutes to cool the bulb and then restart it. Metal halogen lamps are sensitive to the fluctuation of power supply voltage. When the power supply voltage changes more than 10% of the rated value, the color of the lamp will change. And different working positions will also affect the color of light and the life of the lamp.
5. Ceramic metal halogen lamp
Ceramic metal halide lamp is a kind of metal halide lamp with translucent ceramic as arc tube. It combines the ceramic technology of timely metal halide lamp and sodium lamp, and integrates their advantages. It is a relatively new and high-quality lighting source.
Advantages and disadvantages of ceramic metal halogen lamps;
Ceramic metal halide lamp has the advantages of high luminous efficiency, long service life, more stable light color during service life, small size, good color rendering and Ra >:80. Moreover, ceramic tubes can filter out most of the ultraviolet radiation and reduce the fading of objects caused by light. In view of these advantages, ceramic metal halide lamps are becoming an important light source in the design of display light effect.
6. Light emitting diodes
LED, also known as light emitting diode (LED), is a new type of light source that directly converts electric energy into visible light by using the principle of electroluminescence. Electroluminescence refers to the phenomenon of luminescence due to the interaction between appropriate substances and electric fields.
Advantages and disadvantages of LED;
As a new type of semiconductor light source, LED has the following advantages compared with the traditional light source: long service life, long luminous time of 100000 hours; The startup time is short, and the response time is only tens of nanoseconds; Solid structure, as a solid all-solid structure, can withstand strong vibration and impact; High luminous efficiency and low energy consumption, and is an energy-saving light source; The luminous body is close to the point light source, and the radiation model of the light source is simple, which is beneficial to the design of lamps; The direction of light emission is very strong, and it is not necessary to control the irradiation direction of light with a reflector, so it can be made into a very thin lamp, which is suitable for occasions without much installation space. It is generally believed that LED is the fourth generation light source after incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp and high-pressure discharge lamp. With the progress of new materials and manufacturing technology, the performance of LED has been greatly improved, and its application range has become wider and wider. More than 80% reflector, light-transmitting cover with light transmittance of more than 90%, high IP grade to prevent mosquito and rain infiltration, reasonable light distribution cover and internal structure to prevent glare from affecting the safety of pedestrians and vehicles. , wire cutting 2, welding lamp bead 3, lamp making board 4, lamp measuring board 5, coating heat conductive silicone grease 6, fixing lamp board 7, welding wire 8, fixing reflector 9, installing glass cover 10, installing plug 1 1, connecting power cord 12, and detecting aging/kloc.
Detailed steps of lamp production:
Cut the wire as the conductor, and take 1.0mm? Multi-stranded wire with red and black copper core, each strand is cut into 6 sections of 40mm, with 5mm heads peeled off at both ends and dipped in tin. Make the lamp board lead, and take YC2X 1.0mm? Double-core wire, cut a section of 700mm, peel the inner end of 60mm, peel the brown wire of 5mm, and then dip tin; The blue wire is stripped 5 mm and dipped in tin. The outer end is stripped 80mm, and the brown line is stripped 20mm；; Strip the blue line by 20 mm
1) Line length and stripping head size shall be strictly consistent.
2) When peeling the outer skin of the subscriber line, don't hurt the inner layer.
3) Peeling and tin dipping should be even and smooth. Weld the lamp beads, make the lamp disc, take the aluminum substrate, lay it flat on the workbench, and evenly apply a proper amount of heat-conducting silicone grease within the icon range of the lamp beads. Pick up the lamp bead, look at the positive and negative poles, and stick it on the lamp bead icon correctly. Weld the positive and negative pins firmly with soldering iron and tin to make the lamp board.
Important points to note:
1). Find the positive and negative poles.
2). The lamp beads should be placed correctly and close to the aluminum substrate to prevent the reflector from dislocation.
3) The amount of heat-conducting silicone grease should be moderate (about 0. 1mg per lamp bead) and spread evenly. Be careful that silicone grease pollutes the surface of lamp beads, surrounding objects and human body.
4). The solder joint is bright, full and free of burrs. Measure the 45V DC power supply of the lamp board, identify the positive and negative poles of the lamp board, and connect and test. 45V DC power supply, illuminance meter, multimeter.
Attention to detail:
1) Pay attention to safety to prevent electric shock.
2) Look for positive and negative poles. Coat with thermal conductive silicone grease.
3) The dosage should be moderate (about 0.03g) and the coating should be uniform.
4) Pay attention to the pollution of silicone grease on the surface of lamp body, surrounding objects and human body. Fixing lamp plates Put the lamp plates coated with silicone grease on the bottom of the lamp shell one by one, so that the two screw holes of each lamp plate are aligned with the corresponding fixing holes of the lamp shell. Fasten with M3X5 round head cross stainless steel screws.
5) The lamp boards shall be installed in the same direction and arranged neatly to avoid uneven installation or gaps of the reflector.
6) Tighten the screws. Welding wire: Take the prepared wire, with the red wire facing the positive electrode and the black wire facing the negative electrode, and weld all the lamp boards in parallel with a soldering iron. Take the prepared lamp board lead, with the red line facing the positive electrode and the black line facing the negative electrode. Weld the tin-plated end on the middle lamp board with a soldering iron, and lead the other end to the lower plug along the inner edge of the lamp shell. The wire is flat. The solder joint is bright, full and burr-free. Fix the reflector Take the reflector, put it on the lamp board, aim at the position of the fixing hole, so that all the lamp beads are exposed from the circular hole of the reflector, and tighten them one by one with M3X 12 stainless steel round-headed cross bolts. Do not touch the reflector surface directly with your hands. The reflector surface is smooth and seamless. Install the glass cover, and cut waterproof silicone rubber strips at both ends, the length of which is 2CM longer than the long side of the glass cover. Press the waterproof rubber strip into the grooves on both sides of the lamp housing with tweezers and a small screwdriver, leaving 1CM at both ends. Two people respectively tighten the two ends of the waterproof tape, and the other person inserts the glass cover into the groove with the front face up, and cuts off the redundant tape at both ends.
7) When pulling the rubber strip, the force should be even and moderate, not too hard to prevent it from breaking.
8) Do not touch the glass surface directly. Plug installation uses M5X20 stainless steel hexagon socket bolts, all of which are inserted into waterproof bolt aprons. Take the upper end plug and the corresponding waterproof rubber washer, align them with the corresponding fixing holes, and fix them on the lamp shell with the hexagon socket head bolts with rubber rings. Take the waterproof head, insert the lead wire of the lamp board and tighten it with the self-contained nut. Remove the end plug and the corresponding waterproof rubber washer, and install the waterproof head with a fork wrench. 14- 17. Align the corresponding fixing holes and fix them on the lamp housing with hexagon socket head bolts with rubber rings. M5 hexagon wrench and number. 14- 17 fork wrenches are all connected to the power cord. The AC220V power supply is tested and aged, and the brightness and illuminance are measured several times (pay attention to the irradiation distance and range) to see whether it meets the industry standards, enterprise standards and customer requirements. Normal, power on for 24 hours to age, otherwise return to maintenance.
9) Pay attention to electricity safety to prevent electric shock.
10) average test data.
1 1) Aging time is at least 24 hours, and inspection and labeling are required.
12) Check the product appearance, functional parameters and safety parameters comprehensively.
13) qualified labels shall be affixed to the specified positions in the same direction. Packaging and warehousing: put the qualified garden lights into inner packaging (rigid transparent plastic bags), fasten the foam boxes and put them into cartons. Put away the packing list, instructions, certificate of approval and warranty card. Seal the carton with adhesive tape. Indicate the product name, specification, quantity and production date on the carton; Stamp the inspection certificate. The storage environment should be ventilated and dry, and the room temperature is about 20℃, which can prevent moisture, corrosion, mildew and rats.
14) The surface of the package shall be clean and free of stains, dust and other handwriting.
The outer packing should be hard to facilitate long-distance transportation.
16) clearly marked, easy to store, easy for users to count.
17) Safe storage. The main materials of courtyard lamp poles are: equal-diameter steel pipe, anisotropic steel pipe, equal-diameter aluminum pipe, cast aluminum pole and aluminum alloy pole. Commonly used diameters are: φ 60, φ 76, φ 89, φ 100, φ14, φ 140, φ 165. According to the different heights and places, the thickness of the selected materials is divided into: wall thickness 2.5 and wall thickness 3.0. (The above is the normal size)
Manufacturing technology: 1, blanking 2, bending 3, welding 4, grinding 5, shaping 6, trimming 7, installing bottom plate 8, welding bottom plate 9, opening door 10, welding door rod1/electric rod 12, and locking.
Detailed steps of lamp pole production:
1. Cut
1. 1 Before cutting, adjust the inclination of the slitter to match the required longitudinal cutting ruler.
1.2 set the position of the steel plate, ensure the maximum size of the surplus material, and utilize the surplus material.
The length dimension of 1.3 is guaranteed by the opening time, the width dimension is ≤ 2mm, and the blanking dimension tolerance of high pole is positive at the big end of each pole; General: 0-2m. Take negative tolerance for small head, adjust the size of -2-0mm, and finish it with cutting and adjusting machine and automatic cutting machine.
1.4 equipment: during the shearing process, check the operation of the rolling shearing equipment, remove the sundries on the track, and keep the equipment in good operation.
Step 2 bend over. Bending is the most critical process in lamp pole production. The bending of the lamp post directly affects the quality and cannot be repaired after bending. Specific precautions are as follows:
2. 1 before bending: firstly, remove the slag from the sheet to ensure that the mold is not crushed by the slag during bending.
2.2 Check the length, width and straightness of the metal plate. Linearity ≤11000. If the straightness meets the requirements, correct it, especially for polygonal rods.
2.3 Increase the bending depth of the bending machine and determine the placement position of the sheet metal.
2.4 Correct marking with an error of ≤1mm..
2.5 Correct alignment, correct bending, minimize pipe joints, and at the same time, the height and bottom of both sides shall not exceed 5 mm.
3. welding. When welding, straight seam welding shall be carried out on the weld of elbow. Automatic submerged arc welding is mainly used because the welder should have more responsibilities and adjust the welding position at any time to ensure the flatness of the weld.
4. Repair and polishing. Grinding is to repair the defects of the tube blank after automatic welding. Repair personnel should check them one by one, and repair welding should be carried out where defects are found. After the repair welding is completed, it should be polished again. The polished joints are basically the same as those welded automatically.
5. Plastic surgery. The forming process includes straightening the lamp pole, rounding the two ends of the blank pole and the size of the diagonal of the polygon. General tolerance:
6. Go hand in hand. The trimming process is to flatten both ends of the bent tube blank to ensure that the nozzle is perpendicular to the center line, and there is no uneven angle and height. At the same time, after flattening, the end face is polished.
7. Install the bottom plate. The key of spot welding between bottom flange and rib plate is to ensure that the bottom flange is perpendicular to the straight center line of the lamp, and the rib plate is perpendicular to the bottom flange and parallel to the straight bus of the lamp.
8. Weld the bottom flange and rib. Welding requirements refer to national welding technology to ensure welding quality. Weld should be beautiful, without air holes and slag inclusion.
Open the door. In this process, we must be bold and cautious (1). First of all, we should look at the drawings to determine the direction of the door, and then locate it according to the size of the drawings. Dimensions include: up, down, left and right, door frame size. When plasma cutting, be careful to ensure that the cutting seam is in a straight line. At the same time, the serial numbers of the cut door panels and lamp posts are burned by electric welding.
10. Weld the door lever, electric lever and lock seat. When welding door strips, the 20mm wide door strips should be placed at the position of 8- 10mm, especially when spot welding, the door strips should be close to the lamp post and welded firmly. Welding pole and lock seat is mainly based on the position of the drawing. The lock seat is welded in the middle of the door, with an error of less than or equal to ±2mm, and the top end is kept horizontal and cannot exceed the lamp post.
1 1. The fork bending process is the same as the door opening, so be bold and cautious. One is to pay attention to the direction of the door, and the other is to pay attention to the bending point and angle of the third optical fork. The traction speed can not be fast or slow, which really promotes the yield of 100%.
12. Galvanizing. Galvanizing directly affects the quality of lamp poles. Galvanizing shall be carried out in accordance with national standards. After electroplating, the surface is smooth without color difference, and there can be no sag. The severely drooping lamp post must be re-plated.
13. Plastic spraying. The purpose of plastic spraying is for beauty and anticorrosion.
13. 1 polishing: use polishing grinding wheel to smooth the surface of the galvanized lamp post, so as to ensure the smooth surface of the lamp post.
13.2 straightening: straighten the polished lamp post and shape the mouth. The straightness of light pole must reach11000, and the caliber requirements are: small column ≤1mm; High pole ≤ 2mm.
13.3 door panel
13.3. 1 Treat all door panels after galvanizing, including zinc hanging, zinc leakage and zinc storage in keyhole.
13.3.2 when drilling screw holes, the electric drill must be perpendicular to the door panel, and the gaps around the door panel should wait until the door panel is flat.
13.3.3 After the screws are fixed, the door panel must not be loose, and the fixation must be firm to prevent it from falling off during transportation.
13.3.4 plastic powder spraying: put the lamp post with the door installed in the plastic spraying room, spray the color of plastic powder according to the production plan, and then enter the drying room. The temperature and heat preservation time of the drying room must be strictly in accordance with the requirements of each plastic powder to ensure the quality requirements of plastic powder such as adhesion and smoothness.
14. Factory inspection. Factory inspectors carry out ex-factory inspection, and the ex-factory inspectors carry out item-by-item inspection according to the items of lamp post inspection. The inspector shall record and file at the same time, and the goods can be delivered only after the inspector signs it.
15. Bandage and delivery.
15. 1 bandage according to customer's requirements.
15.2 before delivery, the warehouse will go through all the formalities before delivery together with the finance department. The quantity, weight and amount of products are settled according to the contract, and the goods can only be delivered after the financial department issues an invoice, and the doorman can only go out with the exit card. Flange is an important part of courtyard lamp pole and ground installation. Installation method of the garden lamp: Before the installation of the garden lamp, it is necessary to weld the foundation cage with M 16 or M20 (general specification) screws according to the standard flange size provided by the manufacturer, then dig a hole with appropriate size at the installation site, put the foundation cage into it, and after leveling, pour cement concrete to fix the foundation cage. After 3-7 days, the cement concrete is completely solidified, and the garden lamp can be installed. (Note: The embedded pipeline shall be led out when the courtyard lamp foundation is poured).
Installation steps:
When installing the garden lamp, open the package, check the integrity of the garden lamp, and refer to the product manual for assembly and wiring. The general steps are as follows: open the lamp shell, install the light source and supporting electrical appliances (please refer to the electrical specification for electrical wiring), lead the lead-out wire from the threading hole to the bottom of the lamp post, then connect the lamp cap with the lamp post, pay attention to tighten the fastening screws, and then align the garden lamp flange with the screws of the foundation embedded parts and stand vertically. Then, after leveling with nuts or washers, tighten the mounting nuts.
Wiring of courtyard lamp circuit:
After the installation of the courtyard lamp, it can be wired according to the instructions and electrical specifications. It should be noted that the installation wiring needs to be grounded, and the general courtyard lights will reserve grounding terminals for grounding to prevent potential safety hazards.