First, the shed room construction
The cold shed is designed and built on the basis of arched plastic greenhouse for vegetables, so it is called cold shed because it does not need heating facilities. The width of the cold shed is determined according to the plot conditions and planting forms, generally 8 meters to 12 meters, and there are also sheds with 15 meters to 20 meters, and the length is determined according to the plot conditions and needs, generally 80 meters to 120 meters, and also 200 meters to 300 meters long. The cold shed is supported by cement columns, steel wires (or wooden poles) are beams, bamboo poles and bamboo shawls with the thickness of 10 cm ~ 15 cm are arches, the wood square between the beams and the arches is 8 cm ~ 10 cm as a cushion, the purple light film made in Dalian is the top film, and the nylon rope is the pressing line. The shed direction is better in the north-south direction, and the south side is equipped with import and export.
In recent years, the cold shed in Li Guan has also adopted steel frame, steel pipe frame and mixed materials with FRP as the skeleton. Although the cost is high, it is durable.
Second, the choice of varieties and planting forms.
There are many varieties suitable for growing grapes in protected areas. Lizamat is the main town in Li Guan, and there are also Kyoho, Jingya, Hongti, Seedless White Heart, Guifei Rose, Hongqi Tezao Rose, Victoria and August. The selection principle is to give priority to early and middle maturity, supplemented by listing in the wrong season, and try to choose varieties with large grain, sweet taste, good color, unique flavor, strong disease resistance and good storage and transportation resistance.
The planting form is mainly 3 ~ 4 meters shed, with hedges on both sides of the middle shed and sheds on both sides of the middle hedge. The planting density is 55 cm ~ 70 cm, which is more suitable for a grape tree.
After the shed section is selected, it is necessary to dig a planting ditch and fill it with straw, agricultural fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, and plant it around May 1. The management method is the same as open field planting. Strengthen management, and grow to more than 1.5 meters in that year, so as to ensure that the branches and vines are mature and the buds are full, so as to ensure the yield after the shed is buckled.
In recent years, due to the high price and good benefits of grapes in cold shed, some farmers directly detained the grapes produced in the open field and transferred them to protected fields for production, which also achieved good benefits.
Third, temperature and humidity control.
Grapes are planted in cold sheds. Generally, it will be pruned at the beginning of June 5438+ 10, planted for cold protection at the end of June 65438+ 10, and closed in February 65438+mid-February. Around February 20, the plant has successfully passed the dormancy period. The soil removal should be carried out step by step according to the thawing situation of the soil in the shed and the temperature outside the shed. After the soil is cleared, it should be covered with cold-proof materials and twigs. The temperature during germination should be controlled at 15 ~ 25℃, 22 ~ 28℃ before flowering, 28 ~ 30℃ during flowering and 25 ~ 33℃ after fruit setting. The control method is to roll up the film and let the air out. When the temperature is stable at 18 ~ 20℃, the film can be rolled all day. After being put on the shelf, the grape border should be covered with plastic film to increase the temperature and moisture, and at the same time, attention should be paid to keeping the ground temperature synchronized with the greenhouse temperature.
The relative humidity of the air in the shed: 70% during germination, 80% before flowering, 60% during flowering and 80% after fruit setting.
Fourth, the management of branches, vines and flowers and fruits.
Grape branches planted in greenhouse are easy to grow thin and thin, and the quality of flower bud differentiation is different, so the management of branches and vines should be in place in time, and bud wiping, branch fixing, core removal, secondary shoot removal, beard removal and binding should be connected before and after. When the ear of fruit can be judged and confirmed, it is necessary to set branches and leave enough fruiting branches, nutritious branches and ready-made branches. There should be 8 ~ 10 new shoots per square meter, and the ratio of fruiting branches to vegetative branches is 1: 2. By pruning and fixing the branches, the branches are evenly and symmetrically arranged on the main vine.
Before flowering, plant nutrients and regulators should be sprayed on leaves. Generally, phosphorus and potassium powder, sea green, PBO and Bihu are selected. After fruit setting, ear shaping and grain thinning should be carried out. Shaping is mainly to pick the tip of the ear. The number of ears should be determined according to the yield index and the number of grains should be determined according to the quality standard. After the fruit is set, the fruit should be thinned continuously, and ultra-small grains, deformities and pests and diseases should be removed in time. Fruit bagging is carried out after physiological fruit setting.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) fertilizer and water management
Under the basic condition of applying sufficient basic fertilizer (organic fertilizer) before harvest, attention should be paid to pre-flowering fertilizer (mainly nitrogen fertilizer), topdressing fruit-setting fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium), skillfully applying fruit-expanding fertilizer (mainly phosphorus and potassium) and supplementing foliar fertilizer (calcium and trace elements). The amount of fertilization should be determined according to soil conditions and the needs of plant growth indicators.
On the basis of sufficient freezing water, water is poured once before germination and once again before flowering, and fruit setting and coloring water is poured once again according to soil conditions and plant growth needs after fruit swelling. Normal temperature water and high temperature deep well water should be used, and regenerative irrigation should be used if conditions permit. Because the grapes in cold shed are ripe in rainy season, they are generally not watered before harvest.
Six, pest control
Attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by high temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation when planting grapes in cold shed. The main diseases in the cold shed are gray mold, downy mildew, anthracnose and other diseases, thrips, blind stinkbug, mites and other pests. On the basis of comprehensive prevention and control measures, the mixture of light medicine, stone and sulfur should be well laid, and then prevention and control should be carried out according to the occurrence law of diseases, so as to control diseases and eliminate pests.