Cultivation and management techniques of yellow peach ⅰ. Characteristics
The cultivation of yellow peach in our province shows the characteristics of fast growth, early fruiting, high yield, excellent quality and good benefit. Peach rootstock grafted seedlings are sown in spring and begin to bear fruit in the second year, and enter the full fruit period in 4-5 years, and the yield per mu in the full fruit period can reach 3000-4000 kg. Yellow peach peel pulp is golden yellow or orange yellow, with high hardness, no solute, strong sour taste and aroma. After ripening, the pulp has no red pigment and can withstand high temperature cooking. Yellow peaches are not resistant to storage and are mainly used for processing. Can be processed into canned food, dried fruit, peach juice, peach sauce, preserved peaches, peach slices or frozen into diced peaches for dessert or freezing point.
Second, excellent varieties
Native to the United States. The fruit is round, with an average single fruit weight of 200 grams and a maximum fruit weight of 350 grams. The flesh and peel are yellow. Sticky nucleus, small nucleus, soluble solids 13%. Mature in early September. Anti-gummosis, high and stable yield.
Native to the United States. The fruit is round, with an average single fruit weight of 230 grams and a maximum fruit weight of 270 grams. The flesh and peel are yellow. The peel is dense and sticky. Soluble solids 17.5%. Mature in mid-September.
Cultivars cultivated by Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute.
The fruit is round, the flesh is golden yellow, and the core is small and sticky. The average fruit weight is 250 grams, and the maximum fruit weight is 530 grams. Soluble solids 13%. Mature in late July, resistant to brown rot and high yield.
Cultivars cultivated by Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute.
The fruit is round, with an average weight of 200 grams. The flesh and peel are yellow, and the nucleus is big and sticky. Soluble solids 14%. Mature in late August, disease-resistant and high yield. 5. yellow peach 47. Varieties cultivated by Shandong Fruit Research Institute. The fruit is round, with an average single fruit weight of 200-300g and a maximum fruit weight of 5 17g. The pulp skin is golden yellow, sticky and very small. Soluble solids 13.6%. Disease resistance, barren tolerance and high yield.
Third, cultivation management.
Yellow peach is a shallow-rooted tree species, and its roots are mainly distributed in the soil layer with a depth of 20 ~ 40 cm. The depth of fertilization and deep ploughing in orchard in autumn should be controlled at 15 ~ 20 cm. Rake it flat after plowing to keep the soil moisture. Fertilization is mainly based on autumn, with 5000 kilograms of basic fertilizer per mu. Variety can choose farm manure such as chicken manure, pig manure, cow dung and balanced slow release fertilizer. The application amount of base fertilizer should account for more than 70% of the total fertilization amount in the whole year. Advocate balanced fertilization, and orchards with conditions can implement new technologies such as nutrition diagnosis and formula fertilization. Mature orchards should be covered all over the garden, and young orchards should be covered around the tree tray. Water germination, pre-flowering water, post-flowering water, fruit swelling water and frozen water. After July, water should be properly controlled according to soil moisture to prevent the growth of new shoots, fruit cracking and dry gum, so as to improve the quality of peach fruit. In the year of rainstorm, Taoyuan should be drained in time.
In areas prone to freezing injury during flowering, methods such as painting the trunk white, watering before flowering, spraying water and smoking are adopted to prevent the flower buds from freezing. Artificial pollination can be carried out at flowering stage. This method is to gently roll the peach blossom with a feather duster for three times during the whole flowering period. Auxiliary pollination methods can also be used, such as artificial feeding, bee release during flowering, hanging bottles on trees, cutting flowers, etc. Spraying 0.4% borax and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution at full flowering stage can effectively improve the fruit setting rate. Timely fruit thinning after fruit setting: the first time is 15 ~ 20 days after flowering, and the amount of fruit left is determined according to the size of fruit shape and the strength of branches. Generally, 2 ~ 4 long fruit branches, 1 ~ 3 middle fruit branches and 1 short fruit branches are left. Weak branches and bouquets of fruit trees generally do not bear fruit, and the prepared branches do not bear fruit. The second fruit thinning is about 20 days after the first fruit thinning, and the fruit can be left according to the fruit distance, 15 ~ 20 cm, depending on the fruit size.
The pruning of modern peach gardens pays attention to the pruning of four seasons, mainly in summer and supplemented by pruning in winter. Taking the happiness of two main branches as an example, this paper introduces the main points of shaping and pruning of yellow peach: the happiness of two main branches can be dwarfed and densely planted, with 83 plants per mu. The height of the trunk is between 40 and 60 cm, and the whole tree has only two main branches, one facing east and the other facing west. In the year of planting, when the new shoots grow to about 30 cm, the first coring treatment is carried out. When the second new tip is about 30 cm long, the second coring is carried out. If there is room for the three new buds, stay and control their vigorous growth to facilitate flowering. When pruning in winter, leave about 20 flowering branches on each tree for long-tip pruning, and all other branches are thinned out. In the second year, when the new branches grow to 20 ~ 25 cm, the first coring is carried out, and when the new branches grow to 20 cm, the second coring is carried out, and the upright branches, competitive branches and over-dense branches in the inner chamber are thinned out. Determine the number of branches according to the yield.
Yellow peach has a high planting density, which is prone to the phenomenon that the peach garden is closed and flourishing. Spraying 200 times of 15% paclobutrazol twice every year in the middle and late June, with an interval of about half a month, can prevent trees from closing branches and new shoots from growing white, transform vegetative growth into reproductive growth, and promote flower bud formation.
Implement the principle of integrated control, and combine agricultural control, biological control and chemical control. In winter, the orchard is cleaned, the fallen leaves are concentrated to accumulate fertilizer, the rotten fruits are concentrated to be buried deeply, the cut branches are transported out of the orchard, the old bark of the trunk is scraped off in winter and spring, and it is collected and destroyed. Do a good job in forecasting pests and diseases, and take comprehensive control measures to control aphids, mites, stinkbug, pink-necked beetles, peach moth, bacterial perforation, brown rot and other pests and diseases. Chemical and biological pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity, low residue and little harm to natural enemies are selected, and pesticides prohibited by the state are prohibited. The main pesticides used are imidacloprid, deltamethrin, diflubenzuron 3, matrine and avermectin. The main preventive drugs are: sulfur mixture, zineb, thiophanate methyl, sodium pentachlorophenol, carbendazim, 843 rehabilitation agent, etc. Pesticide varieties should be used alternately to reduce the drug resistance of pests and diseases and improve the control effect. Advocating safe interval medication can effectively reduce pesticide residues. It is forbidden to use any pesticides 20 days before picking peaches.
Planting method of yellow peach seedlings Cultivation of yellow peach seedlings
Yellow peach nursery should choose sandy loam plots with convenient irrigation and drainage and loose and fertile soil to avoid continuous cropping. Peach kernel should be the peach harvested that year, or the peach harvested on the mountain. It can be divided into autumn sowing and spring sowing. Autumn sowing should be done before soil freezing, and dried peach seeds should be soaked in clear water for 48 hours before direct sowing. Spring sowing seeds should be stored in sand before freezing, and can only be sown after breaking dormancy. Sand storage method: soak the peach pit in cold water for 48 hours, mix the clean river sand with water, hold it in your hand and knead it into a ball, and it is appropriate to feel loose. Mix 1 seeds with 3 parts of wet sand, and ditch in the shade. The depth of ditch is 60 ~ 70cm, and the length and width depend on the number of seeds. First, spread wet sand with a thickness of 10cm on the bottom of the ditch, then put seeds mixed with sand on it and pile them to a depth of 10cm above the ground, and then spread wet sand with a thickness of 10cm.
Grafting method of yellow peach seedlings
Ungrafted seedlings are called seedlings or hairy seedlings. Grafting is necessary to cultivate yellow peach seedlings. There are two kinds of grafted seedlings of yellow peach: one is the finished seedlings: in early June, when the seedlings grow to about 60 cm high, they should be grafted. Ding? The grafted seedlings can grow to a diameter of about 65438±0cm in autumn, and can leave the nursery in the same year. Second, bud seedlings: also known as semi-finished seedlings or autumn seeds, usually grafted in the middle and late August, using? Ding? The grafted peach buds did not germinate in the same year, and were cut from the top of the grafted buds 1 cm in the following spring to cultivate large yellow peach seedlings.
Planting method of yellow peach seedlings
Peach seedlings are sown from June 1 1 to March of the following year, mainly in autumn. Seeding before the soil is completely frozen after defoliation can delay seedlings quickly, and the survival rate is high next spring. Traditional planting is usually 3 meters apart? 4 meters, 55 plants per mu. The close planting cultivation method of Daxing fruit professional cooperative in Pingyi County, Shandong Province is based on the spacing of 1 m? 3 meters, yield about 220 plants per mu, spindle-shaped trees, simple management, labor saving, premature delivery and high yield, which are more suitable for large-scale development.
Tips for buying yellow peach saplings
When planting yellow peach seedlings, strong seedlings should be selected, and the seedling nodes should heal well, with a diameter of more than 0.5 cm. The root system should be developed, the main lateral roots should be uniform and complete, and there should be no mechanical damage, nodules and waterlogging. Try to buy yellow peach seedlings from the main producing areas of planted yellow peach varieties, because there are large areas of fruit trees there, so as to ensure the use of high-quality yellow peach scions and ensure the purity of yellow peach seedlings. Many nursery bases only rely on light to raise seedlings, and there are no peach trees in the local area. Scions have to go to other yellow peach bases to buy, which can't guarantee the purity of peach seedlings at all. In addition, if peach seedlings are grafted and propagated for many times, the quality will decline, so the first generation of peach seedlings should be selected as far as possible to avoid multi-generation peach seedlings. We should not be superstitious about some novel varieties in advertisements. Some seedling traders introduce a variety from other places, and then take a random name to maliciously speculate that it is a new variety, misleading growers. We must pay attention to this problem and try our best to plant seedlings of varieties with stable characters identified by agricultural authorities.
Pest control of yellow peach seedlings
There are not many diseases and insect pests of yellow peach seedlings. According to the actual situation, all localities can spray pesticides such as triadimefon, carbendazim or zineb to control powdery mildew and perforation of yellow peach seedlings, and spray imidacloprid to control aphids. The prevention and treatment of root nodule disease of yellow peach seedlings is the most important. In mid-May, 5 kilograms of lime-sulfur mixture (Bomei 3 degree) can be used per mu, diluted evenly with irrigation water, and poured into Miao Di for root irrigation control. Dichlorvos and Bordeaux mixture will cause serious phytotoxicity to yellow peach seedlings and should be strictly prohibited.
Planting method of yellow peach. Selection and preparation of nursery land
Both grafted peach seedlings and rootstock seedlings have the characteristics of drought tolerance and waterlogging tolerance. Therefore, peach orchards should generally choose cultivated land with higher terrain, flat ground and no water accumulation. In view of the characteristics of continuous spring drought in our province in recent years, the nursery should choose places with irrigation conditions and prepare for watering rootstocks in spring drought; Where there is no water source, it can also be used as nursery land, but the sowing amount should be increased accordingly. After the nursery land is selected, it should be turned over in autumn, and base fertilizer should be applied in combination with autumn turning, preferably decomposed farmyard manure or 50 kg diammonium phosphate per mu (1000 square meter, the same below). When the rootstock is ridged, the height of the ridge platform should be 3-5 cm lower than that of the corn field, which is convenient for winter cold protection.
Generally speaking, ordinary cultivated land without salinization or waterlogging can be used as a peach garden, but it needs to be emphasized that the cultivated land that has been used as a peach garden and poplar nursery before can be used as a peach garden again after 2-3 years of fallow rotation.
Second, the cultivation of rootstock seedlings
Prunus tomentosa, Prunus tomentosa and Prunus armeniaca can all be used as peach rootstocks. Prunus tomentosa and Prunus armeniaca are widely recommended rootstocks in the Central Plains. These two varieties have developed roots (taproots), are resistant to barren land, have strong affinity after grafting and flourish. In order to develop splendid yellow peach in our province, it is best to choose Prunus tomentosa as rootstock, because Prunus tomentosa has shallow root system and no obvious taproot, and the fruit trees are dwarfed, which is convenient for cooling down.
Prunus tomentosa ripens early and seeds can be harvested in June. After harvesting, the pulp is washed and dried in the shade for use. It is best to sow Prunus tomentosa in autumn. Before sowing, soak it for 24 hours, then soak it in 0.5% copper sulfate 1000 times solution for 2 hours, rinse it and sow it.
Spring-sown Prunus tomentosa seeds should be sown in layers. Layering treatment should be started in the middle and late February of 1 year at the latest. Wet river sand and seeds should be fully mixed according to the ratio of 3: 1, and the moisture should not be too large. Hold hands together, fingers will not drip when they see water, and put them when they touch. After mixing, put it in a container with a temperature of 2-5 degrees, and sow it after 130- 140 days. It is appropriate to sow before April 15 in our province. Layered seeds are not as drought-tolerant as autumn sowing. In case of severe spring drought, irrigation should be done in time to prevent seeds from drying and affecting germination.
In recent years, caves have also been planted to build gardens. That is to say, determine the row spacing of the orchard first, put 3-5 seeds directly after the fixed point, and do not move the seedlings after grafting, which can play the role of early seedling and early fruit.
Sowing amount (ridge sowing): autumn sowing seeds are calculated according to per mu 10 kg; Spring sowing seeds are 7.5- 10 kg per mu. The sowing amount in particularly arid areas should exceed 15 kg, and the sowing amount per mu with irrigation conditions should reach 7.5.
Kilogram layered seed. Generally, this sowing amount can guarantee about 5000 cherry rootstocks per mu/kloc-0. If there are more than 20,000 plants per mu, the seedlings should be properly thinned to ensure the Miao Zhuang and reach the grafting thickness of that year.
Cherry rootstock seedlings can generally grow to 30 cm in height at the beginning of July. At this time, the core should be removed to help the rootstock thicken.
Third, grafting.
(1) scion adoption: Jinxiu yellow peach has a certain number in our province, belonging to domesticated varieties, especially after the severe cold of 200 1 and the drought in 2003, which shows that this variety has adapted to the local climate conditions. Therefore, the adoption of scions should be based on this province and choose orchards with good tree potential.
(2) Autumn bud grafting of rootstock in that year: autumn bud grafting is suitable for our province from late July to late August. According to the grafting amount, the grafting should be done sooner rather than later, and it can be completed before August 25th.
Grafting start date = August 25th-grafting quantity? (grafting number/day? 1500 trees/person)-rainy days and days affected by uncertain factors.
It was completed on August 25th for two reasons. One reason is that this is the last peeling period of Prunus tomentosa rootstock. The second is to prevent the buds from sprouting early and being frozen. It should be emphasized that the budding part should be as close to the ground as possible, so as to cover the soil for cold protection before freezing. The soil covering at seedling stage can be carried out in the first ten days of 1 1 10, and the soil is turned over with a plow to cover the buds.
(3) Spring grafting of overwintering rootstocks: scions can be collected and stored in pits after defoliation in autumn, or harvested after removing cold-proof soil from fruit trees in spring, and the grafting time is between mid-April and mid-May.
(4) Bud grafting: Bud seedlings refer to seedlings transplanted after grafting and before bud seedlings grow. Take the autumn bud grafting method, and the bud grafting position should be higher than the ground 15-20 cm, so that the grafted buds will not be buried in the soil after transplanting. This grafting method has high scion position, strong drought resistance and early fruit bearing.
Fourth, plastic surgery in the nursery.
At the end of April of the following year, take out the cold-proof soil to sprout seedlings. When the temperature rises to about 10, untie and break the rootstock, and topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer can be appropriate in barren land. After the grafted seedlings are grafted in spring, the rootstock should be folded more than 5 cm above the joint, with a connection of about 65,438+0/3 to supply nutrients for the newly grafted buds and roots. When the grafted bud grows to about 5 cm, the rootstock should be broken and unbound at 0.5 cm above the joint. The survival rate of grafting in spring is relatively low, and buds can be cultured from the side branches of rootstocks in autumn.
After breaking the anvil, the root buds should be smoothed continuously to promote the rapid growth of peach buds. Peach trees grow vigorously and can differentiate into secondary branches that year. Therefore, plastic surgery in the garden is beneficial to early formation, flower bud differentiation and early fruiting.
The splendid yellow peach in our province needs creeping cultivation and winter cold protection. Its shape is different from other areas, and it should be fan-shaped pruning, which can be palm fan-shaped (left in the picture), creeping fan-shaped (in the picture) or wing-shaped (right in the picture). The general requirement is that the main lateral branches should be on a horizontal plane, which is convenient for cold protection.
I advocate creeping fan-shaped pruning of the splendid yellow peach in our province, that is, keeping 3-4 elongated branches at the same height on a horizontal plane can increase the yield in the young tree period, and gradually shorten the middle fruiting branches in the full fruit period to form a two-winged tree, which can enhance the light and improve the fruit quality. Palm fan management is simple, and the fruit yield is large. If it is used as a raw material for deep processing, it is an ideal tree shape, but this tree shape uses a lot of soil for cold protection.
5. Classification of seedlings and heels.
Peach seedlings grow vigorously, especially after a long period of growth, so the classification of peach seedlings should be based on root system, ground diameter and plasticity in the garden instead of height. Therefore, peach seedlings with developed root system, thick ground diameter, branches extending in a horizontal plane and large opening should be classified into one category when raised. However, the roots are underdeveloped or cracked, the ground diameter is thin, and the branches are irregular, so they are classified into one category and sold separately.
Planting peach seedlings is a key technical link. The following-in of peach seedlings in our province can be completed before mid-June 1 1, and the mountain area should be advanced accordingly. Dig roots in the ditch before emergence, the width is 1m, the depth is 0.5m, and the length is not more than 10m. If there are many seedlings, dig another heel in the ditch, with a spacing of more than 20cm, so as to avoid too much heel and thermal injury.
Bundle the picked peach seedlings with straw according to twenty or thirty trees, fasten the grade label, obliquely pile them in the ditch that follows, and cover them in rows at a small angle with the ground, leaving the seedlings slightly for the time being. When the temperature drops below 0 degrees, cover the seedlings with a layer of soil, pat them slightly at noon and leave pores.
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