In the 3rd century AD, the ancient book Gong Yu contained the words "Huaihai is only Yangzhou, and the unique treasure is Gongju pomelo". Quzhou belonged to Yangzhou at that time. According to records, in the Xia Dynasty 4000 years ago, oranges produced in Guangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei and other places in China have been listed as tributes. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, citrus production developed further.
Jiangxi has well-known production bases of citrus such as Jing 'an, Quannan and Zhantian Jingyuan.
Quzhou, Zhejiang has the reputation of "the hometown of citrus in China".
Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote in Notes on Water Classics: "The backwater flows eastward, and the Ding Ocean current flows into it. In Deshui, Su Mu inherited the cloth of Anxin County ... It is located in Dingyang County, surrounded by a stream on the shore. It is known that Zhi Zhu, local chronicles and Manglietia are mixed with frost chrysanthemum, golden orange and fine white sand stone, which looks like condensed snow. " (Xin 'an is now Quzhou in the text) Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records of Su Zou in the Western Han Dynasty records: "Qi will lead to the sea of fish and salt, and Chu will lead to the garden of oranges and pomelo", which shows that Chu (Hubei, Hunan and other places) and Qi (Shandong and other places) pay equal attention to citrus production, fish and salt production. "Historical Records" also mentioned: "There are thousands of oranges in Jiangling, Shu Han ... It can be seen that citrus production was quite large at that time. The above points fully prove that Quzhou has a long history of growing oranges. According to Zhu's records, the citrus history of Quzhou is at least 1400 years. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Quzhou citrus was sold in Lin 'an. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Quzhou citrus had become very famous in China. At that time, Quzhou citrus was mainly produced in Ke Cheng Airport and Changshan Zhao County. At that time, the airport was called "the hometown of oranges and pomelo". Qu County Records of the Republic of China said: "(Citrus) used to produce hundreds of thousands of tons every year. The self-evident tribute was not removed until the late Qing Dynasty. In the fifth year of the Republic of China (19 16), it was frozen. So far, growers have not yet become forests, and the output has been greatly reduced. " Later, the Japanese invaders invaded and destroyed twice, which caused serious losses in citrus production. In addition, the citrus in Quzhou gradually declined in the 1940s. After liberation, especially since the reform and opening up, the citrus production in Quzhou has developed rapidly. Quzhou is a veritable "hometown of citrus".
Guangxi Gongcheng Yao Autonomous County is also a famous ponkan producing area. Here, scientific planting methods are adopted, and biogas slurry fertilizer, biogas residue and farmyard manure are popularized, which has the advantages of large fruit and thin skin, bright color, crisp and tender meat, rich residue juice, sweet and delicious taste and unique flavor. The edible rate is as high as 68-75%, and the soluble solid content is above 65438 02%. According to the determination, the sugar content of 100 ml fruit juice is1-13 g, the acid is 0.5- 1 g, the vitamin C is 25-35 mg, and the calorie content is17/kloc-0.
Hubei Qingjiang Ponkan: mainly produced in Fatou Village, Qiu Zi Town, Changyang Tujia Autonomous County and Yansongping Village, Yuxiakou Town, Changyang National 5A tourist scenic spot, Hubei Province. Due to the abundant rainfall and sunshine in Qingjiang River Basin, the average temperature is 17.5℃, the lowest temperature is -3℃, and the annual effective accumulated temperature is 5500℃. Qingjiang Ponkan grown under this unique climate condition has regular fruit shape, bright color, sweet and delicious taste, crisp residue, single fruit weight130g and soluble solid content of 654,330g. 1985, 1987 and 2000 won the title of high-quality fruit in Hubei province three times. Changyang Qingjiang Ponkan is a main variety selected locally and approved by Hubei Crop Variety Approval Committee, and it is produced in strict accordance with green food standards. Its fruit shape is beautiful, sweet and delicious, crisp and tender, and it is favored by experts, scholars and consumers. It won many titles such as Yichang famous fruit and Hubei high-quality fruit, and obtained the national A-level green food certificate in 2002. It is famous for Jingchu and best-selling Kyushu, and can be called the best fruit in China.
Qingshen Ponkan was planted in the early 1970s and has been developed for more than 30 years. The area of ponkan in the county is 1.07 million mu, with an annual output of more than 80,000 tons and a total output value of over 100 million yuan. 560 yuan, the per capita income of farmers in the county, accounts for about a quarter of the per capita income of farmers in the county, which is the planting structure layout of "Dongguo, Xicha, Nanzhu and Beicai" in our county. 1999 10 was named as "the hometown of mandarin oranges in China" by the organizing committee for the recommendation and publicity activities of the hometown of specialty in China. Qingshen Ponkan won the title of IPM product in 20065438+0. In the first half of 2002, it was named as the production base county of pollution-free Ponkan products by Sichuan Provincial Department of Agriculture. In March 2003, it successfully applied for the green food label.
Luxi, Hunan Province is one of the most famous towns of ponkan in China, producing high-quality and pollution-free ponkan. For thousands of years, citrus in western Shandong has been a tribute of the imperial courts. After liberation, it was exported in large quantities and enjoyed a high reputation. Once exported to Russia, sold to 6 yuan/Jin. In 1980s, "8304" and "8306", two excellent strains of ponkan bred by senior agronomist Yang Shengtao, won the second prize of 1990 Hunan Agricultural Science and Technology Progress Award. Luxi Ponkan (1998, 1999, 2000) won the "Gold Award" in Hunan Province for three consecutive years. In 2002, it was rated as a famous brand agricultural product in Hunan; In 2003, it was rated as the best-selling brand in China consumer market. In 2004, it was rated as a food safety brand in China consumer market, and won the Best-selling Product Award of China Green Food in 2004 Shanghai World Expo, a trusted brand of Hunan consumers and a well-known trademark of China. 1999 has passed the "Green Food" certification of China Green Food Development Center, and is the first product in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture to obtain the green food certificate. Luxi ponkan has the characteristics of early fruiting and high yield. It also contains a variety of trace elements needed by the human body, with excellent quality and storage resistance, which is favored by consumers. On October 6th, 2008, the Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce officially announced the geographical indication trademark of "Luxi Ponkan". On June 5438+February 65438+February 2009, the opening ceremony of the 5th China Luxi Ponkan Festival and a large-scale theatrical performance of CCTV's Happy China Tour-Charming Luxi were held here.
Ponkan special
The tree shape of Ponkan Huagan No.2 is relatively open and strong. The crown diameter of 10 tree is 3.5m from east to west, 3.8m from north to south and 3.3m from high. The leaves are rectangular, blunt and notched. In terms of germination rate, the buds at the top of branches are easy to cluster and the branching ability is weak. It germinated in Yichang in early March, sprouted in early and middle April, and blossomed in late April. Generally, it is a single flower, mainly the top flower and leafy flower, and the fruit setting rate is above 13%. Results The length of the mother branch was 12 ~ 36cm, and the length of the bearing branch was 7 ~ 15cm. Under the condition of ventilation and light transmission, the fruiting branches inside and outside the tree are in good condition The main fruiting branches are spring shoots and early autumn shoots, and the spring shoots bear better fruits. The fruit is oblate, short-necked and flat-pedicled. Mainly flat-pedicled, the peel is orange and shiny, and the oil cells are fine and concave. The average longitudinal diameter of the fruit is 6. 13cm, the transverse diameter is 7.42cm, the skin thickness is 0.30cm, the weight of a single fruit is 149.6g, the size is even, and the edible rate is over 78%. The middle column is full. The acid content is 0.7%, the flavor is rich and the taste is refreshing. Vitamin C content is 33.2mg/ 100g juice, and there are about 6 fruit seeds. The maturity period is1late October to early February. Good grafting affinity with citrus such as bitter orange, mandarin orange and sweet orange.
cultivation techniques
Ponkan Huagan 2 is suitable for cultivation in citrus producing areas with accumulated temperature of 5300 ~ 6500℃. The most suitable planting area is the area below 550m above sea level in Qingjiang River Basin, with the plant spacing of 3× 4 m, and attention should be paid to the selection of base stock and intermediate stock during high grafting. The acidic soil base material containing Fructus Aurantii is better, the alkaline soil base material red orange is more suitable, and the intermediate base material is better than this material, mandarin orange and common sweet orange. Due to the high fruit setting rate, attention should be paid to proper flower thinning and fruit thinning. Because Ponkan has the habit of bearing fruit at the top, attention should be paid to cultivating inner and lower bearing branches, controlling summer shoots, avoiding the contradiction between branches and fruits and the outward migration of bearing parts, and it is better to apply strong fruit fertilizer in mid-June.
Citrus consortium came into being. Quzhou, Zhejiang, known as "the hometown of citrus in China", is the largest citrus producing area in China. The rural economy takes the cultivation and sales of citrus as its industry. China Citrus Network, Quzhou Citrus Association and Quzhou Citrus Cooperative are located in Tangyutang Citrus Park, Gaojia Town, Qujiang District, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province. They were founded on June 5438+February 1 2006, led by Wu Gentu, the backbone of citrus technician sales, and guided by network information. They are the market window for Chinese citrus to circulate in the whole country and locally.
plant
It is required that the soil layer is deep (60㎝) and fertile; The ph value of the soil is 5.5-7.0; The slope of the orchard is less than 25 degrees. When planning a garden, there should be necessary roads, irrigation and drainage, water storage and ancillary building facilities. In terms of specific planning, we should concentrate on one place as much as possible and build gardens in places with good traffic and water conditions.
time
Generally, it is planted after the autumn bamboo shoots mature in September-165438+10 or before the spring bamboo shoots germinate in February-March.
density
The planting density is 3m× 4m, and 55-60 plants are planted per mu.
Planting technique
Digging planting holes in the soil: pulling wires at regular intervals, digging planting holes with a depth of 80cm and a width of 80cm, then pressing green manure with a depth of 50cm, and backfilling the soil with a height of 40cm for planting; Ridge planting: 8 meters, 60-80㎝ wide and 40-60cm deep, with 2 ridges per grid (width 1.5m, center distance 4m, height 20-30cm). When planting, the roots of seedlings should be trimmed appropriately, placed in the center of the planting hole, stretched and righted, and the seedlings should be gently lifted upward while filling the soil, so that the roots are closely connected with the soil. Water the roots, make a 1m tree tray around the seedlings, and cover it with chaff.
soil management
It is necessary to dig holes and solidify soil, prohibit planting tall plants such as corn and wheat in the garden, and do a good job in rational intercropping and intertillage weeding in the orchard.
Principles of fertilizer management and fertilization
It is necessary to fully meet the demand of blood orange for various nutrients, advocate more application of organic fertilizer, and rationally apply inorganic fertilizer and formula fertilizer. According to the results of leaf analysis, orchard soil analysis and blood orange phenology, fertilization is guided.
Fertilization method
Mainly based on soil fertilization, combined with foliar fertilization. The methods of annular furrow application, strip furrow application, hole application and soil surface fertilization were adopted. (3) Fertilization of young trees: apply less fertilizer, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and apply fertilizer 5-6 times in spring, summer and autumn when bamboo shoots emerge, (March, May, June, July, September, 65438+February, and apply 0.4 kg ammonium bicarbonate or 0.2 kg urea to each plant each time. 1-3 young trees should be applied with pure nitrogen 100-400g every year, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is1.0: (0.4-0.5):1.0. Adult trees should be fertilized four times, that is, germination accelerating fertilizer, fruit protection fertilizer, fruit strengthening fertilizer and fruit picking fertilizer. Generally, the amount of fertilizer applied is 2-3 kg of chemical fertilizer and one load of manure. Fruit-keeping fertilizer 1-2 kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer+1 kg chemical fertilizer; Strong fruit fertilizer 1-2 kg chemical fertilizer+1-2 kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; The fruit picking fertilizer (base fertilizer) is mainly organic fertilizer, and each plant is applied with 50- 100 kg organic fertilizer+1-2 kg chemical fertilizer. (4) Moisture: Irrigation when soil is dry, and drainage when water accumulates. Plastic trimming 1, principle. Adjust measures to local conditions, prune trees, properly raise and lower them, and ventilate and transmit light to achieve three-dimensional effect. 2, plastic surgery (natural and happy appearance). The trunk is 20-40cm high, and the trunk branches (3-4 branches) are scattered on the trunk. The branching angle of the main branch is 30-50 degrees, and 2-3 auxiliary main branches are left on each main branch. Generally, after the third main branch is formed, the central trunk of this kind is cut off and twisted to one side to form a fruiting branch group.
decrease
(1) Young trees: mainly light pruning. After selecting the extension branches of the class center and the main branches and the extension branches of the auxiliary main branches, moderate or even severe pruning is carried out, and the growth balance among the main branches is adjusted according to the pruning degree and the direction of cutting buds. In addition to properly thinning the over-dense branches, the inner branches and weaker branches in the middle and lower part of the crown should generally be retained. (2) Initial fruiting stage: continue to select short cutting to treat the trunk extension branches at all levels, erase the summer shoots, and promote the autumn shoots to be robust. In autumn, measures such as ring cutting, root cutting and water control are taken to promote the flowering of Wangshu. (3) Full-fruiting period: the fruiting branches, falling branches and declining branches are retracted in time, and the light-blocking branches, dead branches and insect branches are cut off.
Insect anthracnose
Strengthen cultivation management to prevent biased application of nitrogen fertilizer; In spring and summer, before new shoots germinate and fruits mature, mancozeb, cupric acid, zineb and chlorothalonil can be sprayed on the crown every 15 days for 3-4 times continuously.
root rot
Timely drainage, improve the lighting and ventilation conditions in the park, and strengthen the prevention and control of trunk pests such as longicorn beetles; Selecting disease-resistant rootstocks such as Fructus Aurantii, Fructus Aurantii Orange and tangerine, and replacing infected plants with disease-resistant rootstocks. Drug prevention: apply drugs after scraping the diseased spots. Commonly used drugs are carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl.
mite
Citrus red spider, four-point yellow spider rust tick. Before and after flowering (March-May) and autumn (9-165438+1October) are the key periods for controlling red spider: the population density reaches 1-2 heads/leaf before flowering, and it needs to be controlled after flowering and when it reaches 5-6 heads/leaf in autumn. The main periods of controlling rust lice are spring shoot sprouting, young fruit and fruit expansion: rust color appeared on the back of spring shoot leaves in that year; When the insect population density on leaves or fruits reaches 2-3 heads per leaf, control it immediately. Commonly used pesticides are hexythiazox, propargite, bromopropyl ester, chlormeuron and so on. Pay attention to the protection of natural enemies, such as bearded mites, blunt mites, mite-eating ladybugs, Japanese beetles, lacewings, etc.
balance
Arrow scale, red wax scale, cotton scale, etc. ). The key period of drug control: the first generation nymph stage of scale insects, the damage stage of a large number of terminal branches in the larval stage of scale insects (usually from early May to mid-June), and the peak period of scale insects. Commonly used drugs include buprofezin, methidathion, matrine+nicotine, levobuprofezin, oil emulsion and so on. Pay attention to improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the park; Protect and utilize natural enemies such as Japanese square beetles, red-lipped ladybugs, lacewings, golden aphids, Australian ladybugs and red ladybugs.
aphid
The killing rate of new shoots is 25%, and it should be sprayed immediately. Commonly used pesticides include chlordimeform, dimethoate and butachlor. Attention should be paid to the protection of ladybugs, Chrysopa grandis, Syrphidae, Aphididae, etc. Cut off the overwintering eggs and reduce the number of pests.
Leaf miner
The key period of control is the emergence of bamboo shoots in summer and autumn (mid-July). Wipe off the scattered new shoots in summer and autumn in time, and combine fertilizer and water management to promote the healthy and tidy new shoots of plants. Chemical control: spray new shoots every 7- 1-2cm for 2-3 times continuously. Commonly used pesticides are avermectin, cartap and cypermethrin.
Cerambycidae
From May to August, the adults of Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora glabripennis were killed artificially at noon on sunny days, and the adults of Anoplophora glabripennis were killed in the evening; Remove eggs and newly hatched larvae in time and cut off damaged branches; Soak pesticides such as dimethoate in cotton or cotton yarn, then block the wormhole, and then seal the wormhole with soil to poison the larvae.
Bud maggot
When budding, methyl chloride powder, diazinon granules, etc. After selection, it is mixed with fine soil and sprinkled on the soil surface of the tree tray once every 7 days for 2-3 consecutive times; When the diameter of the bud is 2-3mm (white), spraying phosphorus and trichlorfon on the crown; Remove the damaged flower buds as soon as possible, and concentrate or boil them deeply; Deep digging in the garden soil in winter can kill some overwintering pests pupae.