Combined with local experience, the diagnosis and prevention of rabbit coccidiosis are as follows.
Pathogen of
There are more than ten species of Eimeria in rabbits, and the main rabbits have Eimeria tenella perforation, such as Eimeria gigantea. Parasitic on intestinal epithelial cells, causing intestinal coccidiosis, parasitic on liver, causing mixed infection of hepatic coccidiosis. Feces and coccidia cysts are called round or oval under the microscope and under certain conditions.
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Aggressive maturity.
be popular
From 6 days to 8 months, the new onset of coccidiosis lasted for one month. Rabbits of different breeds and ages are easy, mainly 1? Three months old. Generally, it doesn't happen to adult rabbits, but the operator coccidia spreads pathogens. This disease may lead to a large number of deaths, with a mortality rate as high as 80%? 100% is often popular.
Under general feeding conditions, the disease is spread through human rabbit cages, rabbit houses, feed, tools and livestock feed contaminated by feces, as well as rats and mosquitoes, so coccidiosis spreads.
The incidence of rabbit coccidiosis must be parasitic by coccidia, and it is also related to many other factors, such as physical factors, such as transportation, noise, dry heat, cold humidity, climate change, chemical factors, such as ammonia, air, drugs and so on. Biological factors, such as weaning, microbial infection, reloading, respiratory infection, age, pest species, immunogenicity, etc.
The pathogenic factors of rabbit coccidiosis were analyzed.
Coccidiosis infection and aging in rabbits: the age when the severity of coccidiosis infection in rabbits is low. 4-month-old rabbits are vulnerable to coccidia. After the onset, the mortality rate of rabbits is very high, generally reaching 40% to 70%. After a long period of physical recovery, the growth and development are seriously affected, and the weight loss is 12%, generally 27%.
The onset season of rabbit coccidiosis is related to environmental factors. There is a certain relationship between temperature and humidity of rabbit coccidiosis, and the incidence rate is the highest in summer with high temperature and humidity.
The commonly used disinfection methods have a good effect on the flame of rabbit coccidia infection disinfection blowtorch, which is commonly used at present. Rabbit coccidiosis is difficult to control. The main reason for disinfecting rabbits is the behavior of eating feces, and rabbits eating soft feces are the main places to store coccidiosis cysts.
At present, drug-resistant rabbit coccidiosis is widespread in most farms, especially chlorpheniramine, sulfonamides and Gram's ball powder, and the effect is not obvious even if the drug is doubled.
The influence of nutritional status on diet can significantly affect the degree of infection and incidence of coccidiosis. Studies have shown that feeding a feed with high crude fiber content will lead to more low fiber diet and rabbit coccidiosis. When coccidiosis in rabbits with nutritional diet constitutes a major event, the deficiency of dietary vitamins B 1, B2 and B 12 will aggravate coccidiosis infection. When the contents of vitamin E, vitamin A and vitamin K in rabbits are low, the influence of coccidiosis is small. When rabbits are fed a low-protein diet, the incidence of coccidiosis is much lower than that of rabbits fed a high-protein diet.
symptom
According to the species and parts of parasitic coccidia, rabbits with symptoms of coccidiosis can be divided into intestinal type, liver type and mixed type, but mixed type is more common in clinic.
Type A occurs in rabbits aged 20-60 days and is more acute. Mainly manifested in different degrees of diarrhea, intermittent diarrhea and mucus mixture and a large number of bloody diarrhea, often due to dehydration, poisoning and secondary bacterial infection and death.
Liver-type rabbits are prone to develop at the age of 30-90 days, mostly in a chronic state. Sick rabbits are characterized by anorexia, fatigue, diarrhea (especially in the later stage) or constipation, hepatomegaly and ptosis, which leads to enlarged abdominal circumference, pain in palpation of liver area, purple eyes and yellow conjunctiva staining, and often immature neurological symptoms (spasm or paralysis). Except rabbits, few people die.
Mixing in early diseases to reduce appetite must be wasted later. Good spirit, often prone, weak and emaciated. The secretion of eyes and nose increases, and the secretion of saliva increases. Diarrhea or diarrhea and constipation alternate, frequent urination or sick rabbits often show urination posture, abdominal circumference increases, and liver palpation hurts. The conjunctiva is pale and sometimes yellow. Some rabbits showed nervous system diseases, especially rabbits, which were convulsed or paralyzed and died of extreme exhaustion. In most cases, the symptoms of enteritis die within 4-8 days, with a mortality rate as high as 90%.
Clinical diagnosis of
The general manifestations of the diseased rabbits are anorexia, lack of diet, unkempt hair, listlessness and fixation collapse. Conjunctiva is yellowish staining, and the secretion of eyes and nose increases; Frequent urination or frequent urination, severe bloody stool when diarrhea and constipation occur, and serious pollution of feces often persists at the end of the year; Intestinal gas expands and the bladder fills, thus increasing the abdominal circumference. The end of neurological diseases, accompanied by spasms or paralyzed limbs, is the last great failure. Acute rabbits generally don't show any symptoms or death. Some acute rabbits suddenly fall sideways, their hind limbs and neck muscles twitch and stiff, and their heads lean back, giving a scream and dying quickly.
Anatomical injury
Type B can be found in small intestine and large intestine. The blood vessels in the small intestine are blocked and the mucosa is congested, which is a bit like bleeding. The small intestine is full of gas and a lot of mucus, sometimes covered with tiny red intestinal mucus. In chronic cases, the intestine is light gray, and there are many small countries and hard white nodules (containing a large number of oocysts) in the mucosa (especially the appendix of cecum), and sometimes purulent necrotic foci can be seen (Figure 1).
Figure 1 gray squash nodule
The liver is hepatomegaly, and there is a large nodular lesion as big as a white or yellowish pea on the surface and substance of the liver (Figure 2), which is distributed along the bile duct. Considering the microscopic lesion of the pressure piece, we can see that coccidia at different development stages calcify into powdery substances. Sometimes the thin abdominal cavity is filled with colored liquid. In chronic cases, lobular hyperplasia and contraction of connective tissue between bile duct and part of bile duct lead to the decrease of hepatocyte and liver size, the enlargement of gallbladder and the thick and dark common bile duct.
Fig. 2 Effect of coccidia oocysts on liver
diagnose
Diseases that can be preliminarily diagnosed by pathological changes. If oocysts are found, they can be diagnosed by scraping smears of materials from feces or intestinal mucosa, liver tuberculosis and bile, and detecting oocysts, merozoites and merozoites.
prevent
First of all, it is
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It is necessary to clean up the rabbit market. Cancel the plot of keeping rabbit manure in cages in stadiums every day and pile it up in a fixed place for fermentation. In order to prevent feces from polluting feed, drinking water, trough, water and grass-roots frame, rabbit cages should be built higher to reduce the chance of coccidiosis cysts.
The second is to concentrate on isolated farming. Separation of young rabbits and adult rabbits, because rabbits have certain resistance to coccidia, even if coccidia infection is not obvious, there are a lot of oocyst feces. Poor rabbits are anti-infective, so they are different from women except for necessary breastfeeding. The recovery of sick rabbits and rabbits is the main source of infection, and rabbits must be raised in vitro and healthy.
Third, it is necessary to disinfect and sterilize regularly. Ketchiko gas flame, or disinfectant bleaching powder solution containing 20% or 5% fresh lime water. In the manger, wash the water with boiling water to kill the coccidia oocysts.
Fourth, rabbits should be given preventive drugs: 1, dilute iodine solution: women who are pregnant for 25 days will give birth to rabbits five days later. Rabbits were fed with 0.0 1% iodine solution diluted with 100 ml every day, stopped taking medicine after 5 days, and then fed with 0.02% iodine solution diluted with 15 days continuously, 200 ml every day. From the day of weaning, 0.0 1% diluted iodine solution, 50 ml per day, continued to take 10 day, stopped taking medicine after 5 days, and then switched to 0.02% iodine solution for 15 days (70? 100 ml). The existing dilute iodine solution is used for direct mixing in feed. 2. Chloroguanidine: to prevent traffic, the concentration in the compound feed is 150ppm (i.e. 10.5g), and the processing capacity is 300ppm (i.e., 3g per10 kg), even the weaned rabbits basically survive. 3, rabbit ball spirit: 0. 1% ratio, according to the feed mix, let rabbits eat freely, continuous feeding for 2 to 3 weeks, can effectively prevent coccidiosis.
treat cordially
In order to realize early detection, early treatment and comprehensive treatment of rabbit coccidia infection.
Prevention and drug control of rabbit coccidiosis;
The dosage of sulfaquinoxaline is 0. 1%, which is used to treat drinking water, and the preventive dosage is 0.05%, which is widely used in rabbit coccidiosis.
Pyrimethamine, according to the test, adding 0.0025% pyrimethamine into feed is effective in preventing and treating hepatic coccidiosis.
Sulfonamide increases the use of drinking water, and the therapeutic dose is 0.05? 0.07%, preventive dose: 0.025%; According to the body weight, 1.2 g/kg body weight every day, and after four days, the course of treatment was repeated for five days at the interval of 0. 1 g/kg body weight; The ratio of drug to feed is as follows: the first day 1 day, mixed with 0.32% concentration, and the dosage after 4 days is 0. 15% concentration.
With 0.02% sulfanilamide, Federal Reserve 1 or Class 2 (5? 10 day), the liver can prevent coccidiosis, therefore, the mortality of rabbit liver and rabbit disease is obviously reduced, and some oocysts are mixed with 0.0 15% to control death and get sick. The dosage of 0.04% for diseased rabbits and 0.02% for asymptomatic people, and the treatment of Federal Reserve 1-2 can reduce the mortality caused by the disease and reduce the oocysts, but it can't alleviate the disease.
More than once, some sulfonamides should be stopped for 4 ~ 5 days and then used for 4 ~ 5 days. If drinking water is provided, the water must be clean. Rabbits should drink less water when they drink a lot of water, such as carrots and grass root feed.
Except sulfonamides against coccidia, long-term use will have a certain degree of toxicity. Antagonists, such as pyrimethamine, can improve their efficiency and use sulfonamides to reduce the dose.
Long-term use of sulfonamides residues in the body is likely to affect pollution-free production and meat export, rather than actual production or not ideal, if you use drugs, you should leave at an appropriate time.
Monensin all reported adding drugs to stop animal feed, 0.005? Mixing 0.02% monensin into feed for rabbits, including coccidia in liver and small intestine, has been controlled, but the drug will lead to weight loss due to its influence. Compared with 0.004% and 0.002% mo-fed rabbits, infection control rabbits and non-discriminatory low-dose rabbits can tolerate the disease well within 2 1 day after high-dose drugs can completely prevent it, but they can control the disease to some extent. 0.002% monensin was mixed or combined into pellet feed and fed to rabbits aged 1 ~ 2 months, and the preventive effect was obtained.
Chinese medicine treatment:
Jiuwei oral coccidia powder. The prescription of Baijiameng Insect 100g, rhubarb, peach kernel and Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga 50g, Pulsatilla chinensis, cassia twig, Poria cocos, Alisma orientalis and Polyporus 40g, and the total internal inspection was carried out in every 3G field, three times a day.
Animal feeds such as amaranth, garlic, onion and fresh leek, such as plantain, Commelina communis, neem leaves and cornflower, are chopped and fed with mixed feed.
Changshan, Bupleurum and Glycyrrhiza each 150g. According to the size, each dose 1.5g? 3.0g, twice a day for 5 to 7 days.
Meet the requirements of 0.0 1% cold water trichlorfon to solve drinking water, three times a day, for five consecutive days. If you don't recover in five days, Lv Ping will take 500 grams of decoction.
In recent years, coccidiosis has been characterized by prolonged seasons and years, widespread drug resistance, serious drug toxicity and complex mixed infection, atypical clinical symptoms and mortality ranking, which has caused many difficulties in prevention and control, and most of them should be highly valued by farmers.
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