Nanguo pear is a bud variety of Nanguo pear bred by Fushun Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which is bigger and better in color than ordinary Nanguo pear. Excellent quality, well received by the market.
The cultivation techniques of high quality and high yield of Hongnanguo pear are summarized as follows.
First, build a garden. Select high-quality strong seedlings, with a spacing of 3m× 5m. Before planting, dig a planting hole of 1 m×/m× 0.8m, divide the subsoil into two parts, and mix1part with 15kg farm manure. When backfilling, first lay 20cm straw, then fill the pit with topsoil, then fill the subsoil mixed with farm manure in the middle, and finally cover the surface with a layer of 1 subsoil. Raise the soil platform, step on it and plant seedlings, so that the roots are higher than the ground, and the root neck sinks and is flush with the ground. After planting, irrigate, dry, cover with plastic film, and bag the trunk, which can not only prevent insects, but also promote the germination of lateral buds and improve the survival rate. Remove bags when budding and spreading leaves, and weed and control pests and diseases in summer. The self-flowering of Hongnanguo pear does not bear fruit, so it is necessary to configure pollination trees according to the ratio of 1:3-5, and select varieties with strong cold resistance, good pollination affinity, large pollen quantity and similar flowering period, such as Jinxiangxiang pear and Hongjinqiu pear.
The newly planted trees ensure the water supply. When the new shoots grow to 5-10 cm, the mound will be scattered during planting and repaired into a tree tray with an inner diameter of 0.8 m for watering in case of drought. Red Nanguo pear rarely grows twice, and the new shoots stop growing in the middle and late June of that year. Before the new shoots stop growing, the leaves of seedlings are sprayed with fertilizer for 2-3 times, mainly nitrogen fertilizer. Strengthen grass damage control and sprout removal, and remove sprouts below 20 cm in time.
Second, strengthen fertilizer and water management.
1. Fertilization: Increase the application of organic fertilizer. From August to September every year, we strive to achieve "one catty of fruit and one catty of fertilizer" by deep ploughing to improve the soil and applying high-quality organic fertilizer. Topdressing is generally carried out before flowering, after flowering and during fruit expansion, and NPK compound fertilizer is applied for topdressing. Nitrogen and phosphorus are dominant in the early stage and phosphorus and potassium are dominant in the later stage. According to the amount of fertilization, topdressing 0.6 -0.7 kg of pure nitrogen, 0.3 -0.35 kg of pure phosphorus and 0.3 -0.35 kg of pure potassium per 100 kg of pear fruit. In addition, according to the growth results, apply15-20kg of calcium superphosphate, 3-5kg of ferrous sulfate and 3-5kg of zinc sulfate to prevent element deficiency.
Combined with pest control, spraying 1000 times of amino acid liquid fertilizer or 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate before germination, after flowering and during fruit expansion can enhance tree vigor and improve fruit quality.
2. Water management: On the basis of irrigation after each fertilization, irrigation should be done in time before or after flowering and during fruit expansion to ensure the supply of soil water. Timely drainage in rainy season and strict water control in autumn.
Third, plastic trimming. This tree is spindle-shaped. The trunk height is 80-100 cm, and the central trunk is 1. The main branches of 10- 15 are directly planted on the central trunk, and extend around at will. The main branch spacing is about 20 cm, the main branch opening angle is 70-90 degrees, and the main branch length is less than 1 of the plant spacing. The fruiting branch group is directly planted on the main branch, and the main branch has no certain mode in culture method, which can also be regarded as a large fruiting branch group. After falling, the height of the tree is controlled at about 3 meters.
After the seedlings are planted, the stem height should be 80-100 cm, and 3-4 full buds should be left under the incision. 1-3 years, the extension branches of the central trunk were cut short and 40 -50 cm older. After 4-5 years, the tree body is basically formed, and the branches extending from the central trunk can be appropriately shortened or not. When the number of selected main branches reaches the required number, and the upper main branches have a certain growth, you can bow your head and keep the crown height about 3 meters. Choose strong branches when weak; Strong and weak choose weak branches. The main branches planted on the trunk should be opened in time. The basic principle is to ensure the absolute advantage of the center's work.
Fourth, pruning during the growth period. Pruning in growing season includes bud carving, branch pulling, cap pruning, girdling (cutting) and de-sprouting. So as to promote the growth of lateral branches and oblique branches, relieve tree vigor, inhibit vegetative growth, promote reproductive growth, facilitate the formation of flower buds and improve the fruit quality of Hongnanguo pear.
1. Bud carving: For 1-4-year-old trees, select appropriate parts on the central trunk for bud carving before germination to promote branching and keep the main branches as alternatives.
2. Pulling branches: When pulling branches, properly remove new branches that are too dense. For the new tip of the golden mean, you can leave 5-6 leaves at the base to cut it off. In this way, 20% of new shoots can form flower buds in that year, and the overgrowth of back branches can be controlled.
3. Pruning with a hat in the growing season: In the middle and late July, the golden mean branch standing upright on the back of the main branch is pruned at the junction of 1-2 years, which can control its overgrowth and promote the formation of flower buds at the lower part.
4. girdling (cutting): girdling (cutting) the trunk and main branches of young trees with excessive growth potential. The girdling (cutting) time is from May 25th to June 10, the girdling (cutting) width is110, and the cutting depth reaches xylem. It healed completely in 25-28 days after girdling.
5, except sprouting: erase the sprouting tillers below 20 cm on the trunk of the planting year. After the second year, the lateral buds below the top bud of the main branch, the new branches at the base of the main branch and the capped short branches are removed; Remove too many new buds on the trunk and too many new buds on the back of the main branch.
Five, flower and fruit management
1. Prevention of frost damage during flowering: Hongnanguo pear blooms earlier, usually in late April, and Fushun area is prone to late frost damage. The method of covering trees in winter to delay the thawing period of orchard soil can delay the flowering period and reduce the impact of freezing injury; Use smoke to prevent frost when the cold wave comes during flowering.
2. Artificial pollination: Take measures such as artificial pollination at flowering stage, releasing bees at flowering stage and high grafting of pollinated branches to improve fruit setting rate. Generally, bees are released every 10 mu in flowering period 1 box; Artificial pollination can collect pollen from Sydney, Pak Lei, Li Tang, red pear and crisp pear. When 60-70% of the flowers in the center of Nanguo pear tree are in full bloom, artificial seeding, liquid pollination or bee release are carried out to improve the fruit setting rate. Grafting Jinxiang, Pingxiang, Hongjinqiu and other pear varieties with meeting florescence and large pollen can also effectively improve fruit setting rate and fruit quality. In addition, spraying 0.2-0.3% urea solution, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 0. 1% borax mixed solution before and after flowering can also improve fruit setting rate and fruit quality.
3. Reasonable adjustment of tree load: thinning flowers and fruits directly affects the fruit quality and tree vigor of the year, leaving 1-3 flowers per inflorescence. When pear trees bear too much fruit, we should pay attention to fruit thinning, which should be carried out two weeks after flowering. The method of "three 1" is adopted for fruit setting, that is, 1 fruit per 30-40 leaves, 1 fruit per inflorescence and 15 -20 cm.
Through artificial pollination and thinning flowers and fruits, the average fruit-setting rate of inflorescence is over 65%, and the high-quality fruit rate is 85%. The price of red Nanguo pear per kilogram is around 6 yuan.
4. Measures to promote fruit coloring. In addition to applying more organic fertilizer and reasonable pruning, we should also remove the leaves in the depression and serious shading on the surface of the fruit 35-40 days before the fruit matures. When one side of the fruit is colored, hold the fruit by hand and turn it clockwise to turn the reverse side of the fruit to the front side.
5. Integrated pest control. It is mainly used to prevent and control pear moth, pear psylla, pear weevil and pear scab, and at the same time to prevent and control pear moth, pear stem bee, rot, ring rot and other pests and diseases, and the fruit setting rate of pests and diseases is controlled below 0.5%. In order to control the serious pear fruit borer, 2.5% triadimefon EC or 3,000 times 2.5% Kung Fu EC was sprayed at the initial stage of germination and fruiting of overwintering larvae. To control pear psylla, when pear buds are swollen and white, overwintering adults are out of sting, when they don't lay a lot of eggs, and when most nymphs don't secrete mucus, spray 4,000 times of 1.8% avermectin emulsifiable concentrate or 2,000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder. Control of pear weevil by spraying 20% metronidazole1500-2,000 times or 2.5% deltamethrin EC1500-2,000 times during the emergence period. In the two critical stages of pear scab, that is, the inflorescence separation stage before flowering and the 70% flowering stage, 65,438+0 times were sprayed respectively, and 800 times of 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 65,438+0,000 times of 40% manganese-zinc wettable powder and 65,438+0,000 times of 40% Fuxing emulsifiable concentrate were used alternately.