Grape planting time
1. Improve the survival rate:
The temperature change in autumn is smaller than that in spring, and the air and soil humidity are higher than that in spring. These conditions are very conducive to the healing of wounds and the growth of new roots of grapes. Spring sowing needs to go through a change stage from low temperature to suitable temperature. At this stage, grapes need to slowly enter the growth and development stage from dormancy, but autumn planting avoids this stage. Therefore, the survival rate of grapes planted in autumn can generally reach more than 90%. In contrast, the survival rate of grapes planted in spring is higher.
2. Shorten seedling raising time:
There is no need to extend seedlings in autumn sowing, and the germination and growth time is about 30 days earlier than that in spring sowing, and some even can blossom and bear fruit in the same year (it is not recommended to bear fruit), and high yield can be achieved in the next year. However, planting grapes in spring requires a long seedling extension and seedling raising period, and generally only the whole growth process can be completed in that year (starting from the budding flower buds).
3. Avoid competing with other crops for water and fertilizer;
In autumn, other crops basically enter maturity and late maturity, and there is less demand for water and fertilizer. Therefore, planting in autumn can effectively reduce the contradiction of competing with other crops for water and fertilizer, help meet the demand of grapes for water and fertilizer, and ensure the quality of growing environment for grape planting.
4. More time:
In the Yellow Sea region of China, the autumn planting time of grapes starts from the middle of 10 and ends at the end of 1 10, which lasts 45-50 days, which is obviously longer than the spring planting period 15-20 days.
Grape planting method
First of all, the most important thing to plant potted plants is pots, which should not be too small or too big. Just as people should wear clothes that fit them, fruit seedlings should also have suitable pots, and at least 30 cm pots are the most suitable. In order to increase air permeability, some coarse sand can be added to the soil.
Breathability is very important for farming, and it is best not to use airtight pots.
It is best to cultivate a grape in a jar. Don't plant two kinds of grapes at the same time, and don't mix them with other fruits.
Many people like to water a lot when raising plants, which is not good and will accelerate the death of plants, so we must control the amount of water.
When putting up a shelf, you don't need an iron or a shelf with fast heat transfer.
In order to make grapes bear more fruits, it is necessary to increase fertilization when it is growing vigorously.
In order to make the roots of plants breathe better, it is necessary to loosen the soil regularly.
In order to make plants grow better and more beautiful in the coming year, we must pay attention to pruning branches and leaves.
Cultivation method of grape
temperature
Different grape groups have different requirements for temperature at different growth stages. For example, when the average temperature in early spring reaches about 10℃ and the soil temperature of 30cm underground is 7- 10℃, hybrids from Europe, Asia, Europe and America begin to germinate; Vitis amurensis and its hybrids can germinate when the soil temperature is 5-7℃. With the increase of temperature, the germinated new buds will accelerate their growth, and the most suitable temperature for the growth of new buds and flower buds is 25-38℃. When the temperature is lower than 14℃, it is not conducive to flowering and pollination. The optimum temperature for berry ripening is 28-32℃. When the temperature is lower than 16℃ or higher than 38℃, it is not conducive to the development and maturity of berries and the quality is reduced. The temperature at which roots start to move is 7- 10℃, and the fastest growth is at 25-30℃. Varieties with different maturity need effective accumulated temperature. For example, the early-maturing variety Saba Pearl needs an effective accumulated temperature of 2 1℃, the middle-maturing variety Vineyard Queen needs 25℃, and the late-maturing variety Longan needs 33℃ to fully mature. The tolerance of grapes to low temperature varies with different groups and organs, such as the hybrids of Eurasian species and European and American species, and the buds can tolerate -3 to- grapes when sprouting.
Low temperature of 4℃; Young leaves, young leaves and inflorescences were frozen at-65438 0℃ and 0℃ respectively. During the dormancy period, the winter buds of mature branches of Eurasian varieties can tolerate-16℃ to-17℃, and perennial lianas are frozen at -20℃. The cold resistance of root system is weak. The roots of longan, rose fragrance and vineyard queen in Eurasia were slightly frozen at -4℃ to -5℃, and froze to death for two days at around -6℃. Using Vitis amurensis or Vitis amurensis as rootstock in northern China can improve the cold resistance of root system, and its root system can tolerate low temperatures of-16℃ and-1℃, and the critical lethal temperatures are-18℃ and-14℃ respectively, which can reduce the cold resistance in winter.
illuminate
Grapes are light-loving plants and need high light. The length of illumination time has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of grapes. When the light is insufficient, the new shoots grow thin, the leaves are thin, the leaves are pale, the ears are small, flowers and fruits fall off in large numbers, the yield is low, the quality is poor, and the winter buds are poorly differentiated. Therefore, when building a garden, it is required to choose a place with good light, pay attention to improving the wind and light conditions on the shelf surface, correctly design the row direction and row spacing, and adopt reasonable shaping and pruning techniques.
moisture
Water plays an important role in the life activities of grapes, and nutrients are transported to various organs after being dissolved in water, so water is the carrier of nutrients, which can regulate the body temperature of trees and promote the absorption of water and fertilizer through water transpiration. If the soil is too dry, it is difficult for the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and photosynthesis is weakened, which is easy to make old leaves turn yellow and fall off, and even plants wither and die. However, excessive water is harmful to growth, and flooding in flood season generally does not exceed 1 week, and it can still grow as usual after water infiltration; Flooding for more than 10 days will suffocate the roots, and also cause yellowing and shedding of leaves, insufficient new shoots, poor flower bud differentiation and even plant death. Grapes have different water requirements in different phenological periods. Beautiful fingers (grapes) sprout in early spring.
Adequate water supply is needed in bud stage, new shoot growth stage and young fruit expansion stage, and it is generally appropriate to irrigate every 7- 10 day/time, so that the soil water content can reach about 70%. It is better that the soil moisture content reaches about 60% before and after berry ripening. However, in the case of excessive rainfall, attention should be paid to timely drainage to avoid excessive humidity affecting the quality of berries and prone to diseases. If there is too little rain, irrigate 1 time every 10 day, otherwise it will easily crack fruit and cause economic losses if it rains for a long time.
land
Grapes are very adaptable to soil. Except swamp and heavy saline-alkali land, all kinds of soil can be cultivated, and fertile sandy loam is the most suitable. Different soils have different effects on the growth, filling and quality of grapes. In unsuitable areas, soil improvement and planting can be carried out through agricultural engineering and cultivation techniques. For example, in the saline-alkali area of Panjin, Liaoning, the soil content is above 0.3%, so it is impossible to survive by directly planting grapes. However, after 2-3 years, the soil salinity can be reduced to below 0.2%, and grapes can be planted by digging ditches and terraces, irrigating and washing salt, replacing soil with green manure or local soil, and selecting salt-tolerant rootstock varieties.
other
In grape cultivation, we should not only consider the requirements of grapes for suitable climatic conditions, but also pay attention to avoiding and protecting disastrous climate, such as long drought, flood, severe frost, strong wind and hail. All these may cause great losses to grape production. For example, strong winds in the growing season often break new buds, scrape off fruit ears and even destroy vines. Hail in summer often damages branches and leaves and ears, which seriously affects the yield and quality of grapes. Therefore, the frequency and intensity of a certain disaster factor should be taken into account when building a garden, and the location of the garden should be reasonably selected, the suitable direction should be determined, the shelterbelt should be built, and other corresponding protective measures should be taken.
Soilless culture technology
Now I will provide you with the technical points of soilless cultivation of grapes in protected areas, hoping to help you.
Culture form and matrix formula
The formula of grape soilless culture substrate must be a mixed substrate with organic substrate as the main substrate. The substrates used are peat, organic fertilizer and plant straw, each accounting for 1/3, and 5% river sand and 5% vermiculite are added. The cultivation form is geosyncline type. First, dig a grape planting ditch with a depth of 60cm and a width of 100m, and lay stones at the bottom of 10cm for underground drainage, which is connected with one end of the ditch and the waist ditch. The upper part of 50cm is a substrate layer. Peat, organic fertilizer and river sand are mixed in the substrate layer, and plant straws and vermiculite are spread on it. The substrate is rinsed with pouring water, and then grape seedlings are planted.
Management technology
The fertilization method is mainly solid inorganic fertilizer. According to the needs of grape growth and development, topdressing urea three times (twice less than soil culture) in the first year of planting, with 50 grams per plant each time; The ternary compound fertilizer is applied twice, each time100g/plant, and 9 kg of urea and 12 kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied per mu throughout the year, which are 1/5 and 1/4 of the top dressing amount per mu of soil cultivation respectively. Supplementing trace elements by foliar spraying, combined with spraying for 2-3 times throughout the year.
Because of the vigorous growth and huge root system of grapes cultivated in substrate, the ability to resist pests and diseases is greatly improved. The drug was used 3~4 times in the first year of planting, and as a result, it was used less than 5 times in the growing season that year.
The trellis for soilless cultivation of grapes is better than the hedge trellis. Because the hedge frame is short and the grapes grow vigorously, the fruit is not as good as the trellis. From the test results, it is easy to produce high yield and improve quality in the early stage by using flat shed small X plastic surgery.
Output and quality