Simplicity is a must.
Iron painting not only has the charm of black and white Chinese painting, but also has the three-dimensional sense of western painting.
There are many kinds of iron paintings: figures and stones, mountains and rivers, flowers, birds and insects. In short, any iron painting that can be painted on paper can show its charm.
Up to now, there is a huge iron painting "Welcome Pine" hanging in the Great Hall of the People.
Overview of Iron Painting-Peacock Iron Painting has a history of more than 300 years, but it was not written by a great painter, but was born under the hammer of some unknown folk blacksmiths.
The clay figurine made a "clay figurine"; The dough kneading machine produced a "noodle man". Although there is no such thing as "iron painting Liu" and "iron painting Li" in iron painting, it is still "hammering out fine products".
Iron painting is very complicated and meticulous.
Most of its materials are dull iron plates. Craftsmen use hammers instead of pens to knock out the general shape of the iron plate, then carefully carve it, shape it hammer by hammer, and then cut out some decorations with scissors.
The most delicate process is welding, which is different from ordinary welding. It is pure silver with a little copper powder, welded bit by bit, and can't be careless.
That's not all. I want to draw a shaped iron painting.
Iron paintings to be painted are washed with acid water, rusted and sprayed with black paint.
When the paint is dry, it is nailed to the white floor, thus making an iron painting.
Low carbon steel is a metal craft painting welded by forging hammer according to the design draft.
Famous traditional arts and crafts in Wuhu, Anhui.
Also known as "Iron Flower".
According to legend, it was created by Tang Peng, a blacksmith in Wuhu, Anhui Province in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and then gradually spread to Beijing, Shandong and other places.
Themes include figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, etc.
There are stereoscopic and semi-stereoscopic forms.
In addition to vertical shafts, nave, banners and screens (generally with an outer frame), there are also iron painting lamps folded on all sides to form Yi Deng.
China iron paintings are mainly produced in Wuhu, Anhui.
Kangxi period of Qing dynasty (1662 ~ 1722)
Tang Peng, a blacksmith in Wuhu, pioneered iron painting.
Tang Peng, also known as Tang Tianchi, studied in an iron workshop since childhood. Because he is adjacent to the studio, he watches the painter splash ink every day. Over time, he became proficient in painting theory and was inspired. So he took iron as ink and hammer as a substitute for pen, and created an iron painting with landscape flowers as the theme, which was called rubbing iron painting and was known as "stunt".
Because Wuhu is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River with convenient land and water transportation, iron paintings soon became famous.
China's artistic painting Wuhu Iron Painting absorbed the brushwork and composition of China's ink painting, and comprehensively applied various artistic expressions and technological features such as jewelry, paper-cutting and sculpture. The picture is black and white, and the combination of reality and reality skillfully uses the thickness, density and concavity of iron wire to express the distance, light and shade and the back of the picture, which has a strong three-dimensional sense.
After baking, the surface can last for a long time without rusting.
The themes of iron paintings are landscape figures, flowers and trees, birds, animals, insects and fish, and celebrity calligraphy.
The main varieties are hanging screens, seat screens, bonsai, lanterns and other furnishings.
In the 1980 s, he created miniature porcelain plate iron paintings and new varieties such as gold plating, lead plating and enamel plating, and created some practical iron painting handicrafts.
Iron painting is based on drawings, taking low-carbon steel melted in red furnace, after forging, repairing, correcting, connecting fire, setting, annealing, baking paint and other processes, then assembling it into a painting, and finally matching it with accessories such as base plate, frame and flowerpot according to the variety.
Iron painting requires high technology. Only one forging process is needed, and the artist needs to swing the hammer 10000 times every day.
Iron painting has a good artistic effect, whether it is fine pine needles and moss traces, or vigorous rocks and horses.
Characteristic iron painting, also known as iron flower, is a traditional folk craft in Wuhu, Anhui Province.
It is a wonderful art garden with an anvil as an inkstone, a hammer as a pen and wrought iron as a painting.
Iron painting has a long history, which was created by Tang Tianchi, a famous artist in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. It is a wonderful flower in China arts and crafts, and is known as "a unique skill in China".
"Iron painting" combines traditional Chinese painting, sculpture, paper cutting and other artistic techniques. It uses hammer instead of pen and iron as ink to forge a painting through techniques such as "treatment", "forging", "drilling" and "filing".
Appreciation of iron paintings Iron paintings are made of low carbon steel. The artist takes materials according to the drawings and puts them in the furnace. After forging, drilling, welding, shaping, annealing, baking and other processes, it is mounted and painted.
Drawing lessons from the layout of traditional Chinese painting and ink painting, iron painting integrates folk paper-cutting, woodcut, carving, gold and silver jewelry and other handicraft skills in one furnace, making the furnace hammer and painting theory connected, and combining painting with handicraft. Its picture is black and white, moderate in thickness, dignified, vigorous and simple, bold and chic, full of charm.
It is similar to Chinese painting and ink painting, but it is more three-dimensional and forms a unique artistic style.
"Iron painting" has a wide range of themes and rich connotations. Flowers and birds, Cordyceps sinensis, pines and cypresses, landscapes, scenic spots and various animals are auspicious, antique and interesting.
Gold painting combines the essence of iron painting and gold and silver jewelry, and is made of 24K or 18K gold, as well as pure gold, pure silver, copper and platinum.
Gold paintings have high appreciation value and collection value.
Iron painting not only has the charm of black and white Chinese painting, but also has the three-dimensional sense of western painting.
There are many kinds of iron paintings: figures and stones, mountains and rivers, flowers, birds and insects. In short, any iron painting that can be painted on paper can show its charm.
Iron painting technology combines the welding technology of ancient gold and silver hollow flowers, absorbs the advantages of paper-cutting, wood carving and brick carving, and combines the brushwork and composition of Chinese painting. The picture is bright and dark, with strong three-dimensional sense, which is unique in ancient arts and crafts.
The iron painting created by Tang Peng is a pearl in the treasure house of arts and crafts in China.
The giant iron painting "Welcome Pine" now displayed in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing and the poem "Long March" in the memorial hall are representative works of contemporary iron painting technology in China.
Iron painting has a history of more than 300 years, but it was not written by any great painter, but was born under the hammer of some unknown folk blacksmiths.
The clay figurine made a "clay figurine"; The dough kneading machine produced a "noodle man". Although there is no such thing as "iron painting Liu" and "iron painting Li" in iron painting, it is still "hammering out fine products".
Iron painting is very complicated and meticulous.
Most of its materials are dull iron plates. Craftsmen use hammers instead of pens to knock out the general shape of the iron plate, then carefully carve it, shape it hammer by hammer, and then cut out some decorations with scissors.
The most delicate process is welding, which is different from ordinary welding. It's pure silver with a little copper powder, welded bit by bit, and can't be careless.
That's not all. I want to draw a shaped iron painting.
Iron paintings to be painted are washed with acid water, rusted and sprayed with black paint.
When the paint is dry, it is nailed to the white floor, thus making an iron painting.
No wonder Lao Guo (Guo Moruo) described it as "creating beautiful pictures with iron materials and creating great China with iron will".
"
The national iron painting art Tang Tianchi's iron painting includes landscapes, figures, flowers and birds, trees and so on. , is a complete semi-relief painting, with "hammer instead of pen, iron as ink", rubbed with iron, becoming an appreciation art that can be painted independently.
It is different from a single iron flower.
Because iron flowers are just flowers, not paintings; It's also different.
The iron flower on the iron lantern, that kind of iron flower, is just a decoration attached to other utensils.
Therefore, as soon as the iron painting appeared, it was immediately concerned and loved by people. Not only many locals buy it, but even foreigners hear its name, "buy more from distant customers"; Not only do ordinary people love it, but they also buy it as "Zhaibiya Opera". Tang Tianchi and Tiehua are both "famous ministers and middle ministers".
Most of the iron paintings made by Tang Tianchi in his early days were "small-scale landscapes", with immature techniques and unsatisfactory artistic effects. As for the large-scale iron paintings with higher artistry and more complicated technology, it is even more difficult, especially the large-scale iron paintings with mountains and rivers that accommodate many scenes. Tang Tianchi was very upset that "the mountains and rivers failed to cherish first" and "the law can't get worried."
It is precisely because Tang Peng's cooking stove is adjacent to Xiao Chimu, a great painter in Wuhu, that his paintings are coarse and fine, and his brushwork is concise and clean, which is his unique style in landscape painting.
Tang wants to ask Xiao for advice and help solve the problems of "skill" and "technique".
Therefore, I often go to Xiao's home to see paintings, learn painting skills and the artistic treatment of the "quotient position" of the picture, and then quote it to iron paintings.
In addition to "looking at its ink potential", when you see the subtleties, "looking at its industry and painting" even ignores business.
In addition, Tang Tianchi felt that Xiao Chimu's paintings were very suitable for wrought iron paintings, so he "went to Xiao Chimu and asked for his manuscript".
Tang Tianchi, founder of Tiehua, is a native of Dang Ming, Lishui County, Jiangsu Province. When I was a child, I fled to Wuhu, the hometown of iron smelting, to avoid the shortage of soldiers. At that time, Wuhu's iron smelting industry was very prosperous, and many skilled iron smelting workers were concentrated. Therefore, folk proverbs have the reputation of "iron becomes steel in Wuhu".
Tang is a beginner in playing iron. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, he rented a storefront that was once the great-grandfather of Qianlong and Huang Yue scholar, and started his own iron workshop.
At that time, Wuhu was not only the artery of land and water transportation and the distribution center of various materials, but also close to Jiuhua Mountain, one of the four famous Buddhist mountains in China. There are not only thousands of businessmen and crowds, but also many pilgrims. They all like to buy colorful iron flower branches and lanterns produced by Wuhu Tiepu as a way to worship Buddha on the mountain.
Tang Tianchi also made these products.
Later, the iron flower was transplanted with the content of the iron flower lantern. First of all, it is "refined to make it thin, and then it is analyzed to stretch out with music", and then it is tempered and forged to be "for the landscape, for the bamboo stone, for the decline of the lotus, for the decline of the willow, and for embarrassment.
The location arranged by Guo Suo, just like Danqing's home, made an iron painting with a unique artistic style of "landscape flowers, each wonderful".
Iron painting-iron painting of Tang Tianchi Tang Tianchi, including landscapes, figures, flowers and birds, trees, etc. , is a complete semi-relief painting, with "hammer instead of pen, iron as ink", rubbed with iron, becoming an appreciation art that can be painted independently.
It is different from a single iron flower.
Because iron flowers are just flowers, not paintings; It is also different from the iron flower on the iron flower lantern, which is just a decoration attached to other utensils.
Therefore, as soon as the iron painting appeared, it was immediately concerned and loved by people. Not only many locals buy it, but even foreigners hear its name, "buy more from distant customers"; Not only do ordinary people love it, but they also buy it as "Zhaibiya Opera". Tang Tianchi and Tiehua are both "famous ministers and middle ministers".
Today, iron paintings in Wuhu are all made of low carbon steel. Artists use hammers instead of pens, furnaces as inkstones, iron as ink, and drills as examples. According to the drawings, they take the materials and put them in the furnace. After forging, welding, drilling, shaping, rust-proof baking and other new technologies, it is lined with white background and framed into a picture.
The picture keeps the true color of iron and is not painted.
The composition adopts the layout and brushwork of Chinese painting, with sparse lines from a distance and thick layout of near objects, which makes the landscape interesting, the pavilions have a sense of perspective, the figures are vivid, the bird and flower postures are realistic, the hammering skills are connected with painting theory, and painting and handicrafts are combined.
In recent years, artists have constantly innovated and created three-dimensional iron paintings, porcelain iron paintings, pure gold and gold-plated paintings.
There are many kinds of iron paintings with a wide range of themes and complete specifications. There are huge iron paintings murals and three-dimensional iron paintings that can be decorated in various building halls, as well as hanging iron paintings and various exquisite iron paintings for ordinary interior decoration.
Xiao Jimu, a master of Chinese painting with iron paintings and natural scenery, often comes to see paintings when he sees soup. He feels that his hard-working and sincere teaching meets the requirements of Tang. "Xiao Junxian is like Shen Zhou, sending love poems to entertain and repair, and the soup needs to be made, not thick to reduce the pen."
Hanshan Ancient Temple is suitable for late autumn, and occasionally there are declining Vulpix boats. Please look at the original iron pen, fruit and Xiao painting.
Nothing else. "
This greatly improved the artistry of iron painting.
Because of the combination of blacksmith master and artist, the artistic conception beauty of art is captured, and the craftsman spirit of "too similar" in the past is abandoned, so that the iron painting achieves the artistic effect of "both form and spirit".
Therefore, people call soup "the ingenuity of hammer casting, unprecedented."
This anecdote in the art world has also been handed down.
Liang pointed out with deep feelings that Tang Tianchi struggled to make iron paintings: "This skill can also be compared to learning, which can penetrate my Confucianism." .
In order to inspire future generations, he also made two iron painting songs to sing with his friends.
Few iron paintings made by Tang Tianchi have been handed down from generation to generation. The only known ones are Flowers and Birds in Four Seasons (collected by the Palace Museum), cursive couplets with bamboo dew flowing in the eyes and green buds in the night rain (collected by the Anhui Provincial Museum) and Mist in the Western Hills (collected by the Zhenjiang Museum).
Because the iron painting is "between famous officials" and "famous people laugh at gold", Tang Can made a fortune from it. But because of Tang Tianchi's decadent nature, he was not urged.
So he is still a poor blacksmith living among the people.
Sometimes after work at night, there is no money to buy wine to drive away the hard work of the day.
Therefore, Wei Qianheng, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, sang sympathetically: "I am alone in my strange skills, and I am empty at dusk."
What's more, after working hard for a year, I couldn't even pay the rent by the end of the year, so I had to make up for it with iron paintings.
Huang Yue, the great-grandson of the owner and a great painter in Wuhu, wrote in Preface to the Song of Tang Tiehua: "Peng Zi Tianchi, a Gao Xiangren, was very detailed when he was young, and rented a house from his first great-grandfather, so he was very poor.
Therefore, when Huang Yue saw the iron paintings of Tang Tianchi collected at home as rent, he could not help but sigh: "My family has a house near the village, and the soup has been rented for a long time, and there is no salary. I often paint at the end of the year, and the light screen is much hidden. "
Judging from these data, it is enough to explain the true face of Tang Tianchi.
Chu Yanqing, a famous iron painter, was born in Zongyang Town, Tongcheng County, Anhui Province. He was born in the 28th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty-1902. He is an ironworker and has six brothers and sisters, ranking fourth.
When my father died at the age of six, I went to my uncle's house to herd cattle.
At the age of twelve, my mother died again, and my eldest brother, elder sister and fifth brother died one after another. My second sister was adopted as an adopted daughter.
I am young and have no life, so I have to lead my little sister to beg along the street.
The neighbors are very sympathetic to his brother and sister's misfortune. Introduced by neighbor Wang Xingfa, Chu Cai entered Wang Yonghe Tiepu as an apprentice.
19 17 After three years of apprenticeship, he was introduced to Anqing-Yangtie as a helper.
Later, he was introduced by Yang Jinian, a relative of Wuhu Tiepu owner Yang, and went to work at Yangtongxing Tiepu 1920 in Wuhu West Garden.
Later, he left because of disagreement.
Later, I lived on the streets and lived in the Old Town God Temple at night, interacting with a group of beggars.
Chu Yanqing learned from the folklore handed down by beggars that Tang Tianchi, an iron worker in Wuhu in Qing Dynasty, created iron paintings, and in order to improve the artistic level of iron paintings, he learned the tortuous course of Tang Tianchi from the painter Xiao Chimu.
This story is about a blacksmith, and I am also a blacksmith, so I am particularly interested and have a deep memory. Although I had never seen iron painting at that time, I had the idea of learning to paint while the iron was hot.
In the second year of Chu Yanqing's handed down treasure "Green Bamboo Shadow", I heard that Shen Yixing, the owner of the iron shop opened at the head of the temple, was nicknamed Shen Fatty, so he introduced Shen as a teacher and learned to draw iron.
Years of hammering helped him master the ironmaking techniques such as forging, ignition and rapid folding.
In this way, after more than a year of hard study, I can forge iron paintings independently.
From 1957 to 65438+
At the symposium of old craftsmen, the service staff introduced to President Zhu De that when Chu Yanqing was making iron paintings, President Zhu De held Chu's hand and asked about the iron paintings. Chu told the story of the iron painting in the Tiegongtang Tianchi of Wuhu in Qing Dynasty, and the process of excavating and restoring the iron painting in Wuhu after liberation.
After hearing this, Chairman Zhu smiled and said to Chu, "Old Chu, the poor are always ambitious, and Tang Tianchi is an ambitious person. Is Tang Tianchi's iron painting good? Of course it's good, but as long as we are willing to work hard, we will definitely surpass him! " Soon, the newly-built Great Hall of the People in Beijing ordered a batch of large iron paintings for interior decoration. This task was led by Chu to Hefei Model Factory for forging.
When President Zhu De visited Anhui on 1960, he met Chu Yanqing again, held Chu's hand tightly and said, "I haven't seen you for three years, and I still remember your story of painting while the iron was hot in Tianchi.
How is your team doing with the iron painting now? After listening to Chu's report, he said, "Look, Lao Chu, we are all old, and we should consider the issue of successors in all undertakings.
Iron painting techniques should also cultivate people well! 1959, during an inspection tour in Anhui province, the chairman visited the iron paintings displayed in the provincial museum and said that they were "very good", and took a group photo with the secretary of the provincial party Committee in front of the iron paintings of "Running Horse" stored by Chu.
1962, Chu Yanqing, who was already in her prime, constantly improved the art of iron painting.
Wood carving, paper-cutting, gold and silver jewelry inlay and other techniques are also integrated into the iron painting techniques. When forging, there are problems in artistic techniques, which are often discussed with painters Wang Shicen, Zhang, Huang, Huang Yecun, Wu, an old painter of lacquer painting, Xie Baishui, an old painter of grass painting, etc.
Try your best to maximize the artistry of iron painting and pass on the experience to artists without reservation.
1964, Vice President Guo Moruo visited the factory. He carefully watched the forging process of iron paintings and repeatedly praised: "It is creation, it is creation!" He immediately wrote the inscription "Create a beautiful picture with iron materials and create a great China with iron will", and spoke highly of the contribution of iron painting art and artists.
In the same year, Chu Yanqing was elected as the representative of the Third China People's Congress and went to Beijing for a meeting. During the meeting, he sat at the same table with state leaders, next to Puyi, the last emperor of China.
Faced with this situation, I was full of thoughts and thought, "I was a beggar of a poor blacksmith, and it is the kindness of the party to have this lofty honor today."
I can't repay the kindness of the party even if I am smashed to pieces.
Shortly after the Cultural Revolution, iron painting was described as a "black painting" of "sealing, funding and repairing".
Iron painting handicrafts were smashed, arts and crafts materials were destroyed, and the craft factory was merged into the automobile motor factory. Chu Yanqing was first criticized, then transferred, and other artists changed careers.
I worked hard to dig up the iron paintings and cut them down with one knife.
When Chu Yanqing witnessed all this, he fell ill with anxiety. Lying on his deathbed, he always missed the fate of iron painting and repeatedly said: "Iron painting is a flower cultivated by the party with painstaking efforts.
"1973, in accordance with the spirit of the central document, the Municipal Revolutionary Committee approved Wuhu Arts and Crafts Factory, which was composed of automobile motor factory and iron painting artists from two other units, in order to resume the production of iron paintings.
Chu Yanqing and his artists were ecstatic. With their weak bodies after illness, they led artists to create fine works such as Song Ying and Huangshan Mountain Landscape and traditional popular iron paintings such as Four Gentlemen and Running Horse for the national arts and crafts exhibition.
However, during the "Cultural Revolution", Chu Yanqing, who suffered serious mental and physical injuries and was over 72 years old, fell ill again and finally passed away at the age of 72 on February 28th, 1974.
Chu Yanqing, a generation of master artists who played a key role in the inheritance and development of iron painting art, passed away. Funeral committee received wreaths from the National People's Congress, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Anhui Provincial Department of Light Industry, Wuhu Municipal People's Congress, Wuhu Handicraft Bureau and Chu's old friends, expressing deep condolences.
Development1949 In April, Wuhu Municipal Committee excavated folk crafts according to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's literature and art policy. After many investigations and interviews by the handicraft department of the city, it is known that Chu Yanqing has the ability to paint while the iron is hot, but he has not been in this industry for more than 20 years and is the only surviving iron painter.
Now people are almost 60 years old, and so is technology.
Has been abandoned, if not rescued in time, iron painting skills will be on the verge of "death."
Wuhu Municipal Committee made a decisive decision and appointed the Municipal Handicraft Bureau to be responsible for the restoration of iron paintings.
People from the technical department of the bureau and Chu Yanqing set up an iron painting restoration team together. Chu said with deep feelings: "I am a long-rod blacksmith and I know less than one rod." The party and the government respect me so much, and I must dedicate my iron painting skills to serve the people. "
After preparing equipment, purchasing raw materials, collecting data, designing drawings and selecting artists to work, a red stove and an anvil were built in the yard behind our house, and after half a year's trial forging with artists, an iron painting based on the legend of the white snake was born.
Chu and the artists happily held iron paintings painted red to report good news to the municipal party Committee.
The leaders of Wuhu Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government warmly received and expressed heartfelt congratulations, and encouraged them to improve their skills and create more exquisite iron paintings.
After the trial production of iron painting was successful, the provincial leaders attached great importance to it and strongly supported it. They appointed two teachers, Wang Shicen and Song Shaohu, from the Art Department of Anhui Normal University, to help design the painting, educate the iron painting workers and improve the artistry of the iron painting.
Chu and two teachers get along day and night, talking about the integration of Chinese painting and iron painting, and talking about the artistic conception of iron painting.
When forging the iron paintings designed by the teachers, the two teachers explained the artistic effect that the brushwork on the paintings should have when forging.
Therefore, Chu River artists not only mastered the knowledge of painting, but also mastered the skills of combining painting and forging, so their skills improved significantly and their friendship became intimate friends. This time, the cooperation between artists and blacksmiths is better than that between Xiao Congyun and Tang Tianchi in Qing Dynasty.
During this period, iron paintings such as Guan Shanxue, Lotus Peak in Huangshan Mountain, Song Ying, Hua Die and Smile of Cowherd and Weaver Girl were selected and sent to Budapest.
Held in Paris
Highly praised by Chinese and foreign people, the reputation of iron painting is getting higher and higher.