Definition: Inflammation process of oral mucosa, tongue and gums, which can cause ulcer, necrosis and secondary infection.

Etiology: The etiology of oral inflammation is quite complicated, and many reasons can cause oral inflammation.

① Virus factors: feline viral rhinotracheitis, feline calicivirus, feline leukemia, feline AIDS, etc.

② Bacterial factors: Clostridium and spirochete, as components of normal oral flora, can cause necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and stomatitis.

③ Chronic renal insufficiency, such as diabetes, nephropathy, xerostomia caused by dehydration, etc., leads to aggravation of the disease.

④ Uremia caused by systemic diseases.

⑤ Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause oral mucosal ulcer and periodontal disease.

6 vitamin deficiency: vitamin deficiency will directly lead to oral diseases, especially vitamin B deficiency will cause the seriousness of this disease.

⑦ Chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer can also cause oral diseases.

8 Cats eat foreign bodies that stab the oral cavity, such as sawdust, iron wire, fishhooks, burrs and sewing needles, causing oral inflammation or ulcers; In addition, eating or giving heavy metals and irritating drugs by mistake, and cats biting live wires by mistake can directly cause corrosive inflammation and burn inflammation in the mouth.

Pet-name ruby immune mediators:

A. pemphigus vulgaris. Most cases of cats have oral lesions, which often destroy the primary lesions and spread from scattered ulcers in lips and oral mucosa to tongue and gums to form lesions.

B. Systemic lupus erythematosus: discoloration of nose, lips and oral mucosa, and symptoms of gingival and oral mucosal ulcers may also occur.

Symptoms: specific symptoms, hunger, want to eat but dare not eat. When food enters the mouth, it stimulates the inflamed area and causes pain. The cat suddenly howls and runs away. Mouth drooling, some stick their tongues out of their mouths, and gradually lose weight over time.

Oral examination: generally sick animals resist oral examination and need safety protection to prevent bites or scratches. When the mouth is opened, it can be seen that the oral mucosa, tongue, soft palate, hard palate and gums have different degrees of redness, ulcers or granulation hyperplasia.

Treatment:

① Rinse the oral cavity with 0.2% chlorhexidine solution, and then smear the oral cavity with iodine glycerin.

(2) Antibiotic therapy and hormone therapy. After mixing antibiotics and hormones, intramuscular injection twice a day for 5-7 days can have a good effect. You can also take metronidazole tablets 50 mg/kg orally, three times a day.

③ Vitamin therapy: oral or intramuscular injection of vitamin B and vitamin E complex.

④ If gingivitis is caused by calculus, calculus should be removed first, and then antibacterial and anti-inflammatory treatment should be carried out.

⑤ Fungal stomatitis should be given antifungal drugs, such as amphotericin B, 0.5 mg/kg intravenous injection, every other day 1 time; Or give dakening injection intravenous drip.

6. Give foods and vegetables rich in vitamins to avoid partial eclipse of animals. If there is a partial eclipse, the car should pay attention to adjustment.

gastritis

Gastritis refers to acute or chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa. The clinical manifestations are vomiting, stomachache and dehydration.

Etiology: eating unclean or rotten food, eating too cold food and irritating drugs or foreign bodies. Secondary to some diseases, such as enteritis, cat fever, pancreatitis, nephritis, clonorchiasis, intestinal parasites and toxic diseases.

Symptoms: Vomiting is a typical symptom of this disease. It is chyme that vomits at the beginning of the disease, which is gastric juice with sticky foam. Sick animals feel thirsty, but drinking water will aggravate vomiting symptoms. Lack of energy, hunchback, sensitivity to abdominal pain, dehydration, decreased skin elasticity and sunken eye sockets.

Treatment:

① Fasting therapy: Animals with gastroenteritis should stop eating and drinking for 24 hours.

② Fluid replacement therapy: 5% sodium bicarbonate (20-40mg/kg) can be added to 5% glucose saline twice a day 1-2 times.

③ Antiemetic drugs: give antiemetic drugs, metoclopramide 1 mg/kg, twice a day, intramuscular injection.

④ Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, if necessary, gentamicin, kanamycin and dexamethasone.

⑤ Stomach-strengthening drugs can be taken orally after appetite, such as multi-enzyme tablets, lactic acid bacteria tablets and vitamin B complex.

Eosinophilic granuloma in cats

Eosinophilic granuloma in cats is an inflammatory disease in cats' oral cavity with unknown causes. Microscopically, the superficial epithelium of the lesion is necrotic, there is a leukocyte infiltration zone under it, and there are a lot of eosinophils in the deep layer. The most common parts are lips, tongue, soft palate, pharynx and oral mucosa.

Symptoms: Small round spots may appear on the above parts, gradually increasing, forming a typical brown dry appearance. The edge of the spot turns up, and the brown granulation in the mouth proliferates, highlighting the oral mucosa, which may lead to difficulties in eating, chewing and swallowing for cats. Often accompanied by peripheral eosinophilia. The disease can be seen in cats licking body hair and spreading to other skin, such as the skin on the inner thigh, elbow and abdomen.

Treatment: There is no satisfactory treatment at present. Some cats are treated well with corticosteroids. Severe cases can be treated with electrosurgical technique, surgical resection, repeated chemical corrosion and irradiation, all of which have different degrees of curative effect. Some people think that estrogen therapy can control oral eosinophilic granuloma. In addition, it can also be combined with symptomatic treatment, such as anti-inflammatory, vitamin supplementation, oral irrigation therapy and so on.

Foreign body in esophagus

Foreign bodies in esophagus refer to foreign bodies, such as bones, root foods (peach kernels, sweet potatoes, corn bone sticks), children's toys, iron wires, fish hooks, plastic products, etc. Stay in the esophagus.

Symptoms: When the animal is completely blocked, it behaves uncomfortable, with its head and neck straight from time to time, drooling, not eating and feeling thirsty. However, drinking water will reduce the amount of invisible water, which shows that a small amount of foam flows into the basin from both sides of the mouth. Incomplete obstruction is right, which can be manifested in that only liquid food can enter when eating, and solid food cannot pass through. Visible food reflux phenomenon, animals have a strong sense of hunger, with the passage of time, sick animals become thinner and thinner, lose weight. If not treated in time, it may cause local inflammation, infection or obstructive necrosis.

Diagnosis:

① According to clinical symptoms and chief complaints.

② Esophageal exploration: general anesthesia, gastric tube insertion. If the stomach tube can't be inserted into the stomach, or water can't enter the stomach, you can judge.

(3) X-ray diagnosis: barium meal was taken after gastric tube was used. After X-ray, it can be seen that there is a large amount of barium liquid in front of the obstruction, but there is no barium liquid behind the obstruction, so the position of the obstruction can be known.

Treatment: different treatment methods are adopted according to different blockages and different parts of blockages;

① Choose anesthetics with good muscle relaxation effect to give general anesthesia, such as compound thiamine 5 mg/kg; Or 0. 1 ~ 0.2 mg/kg of 846 mixture.

② Conditional animal hospitals are guided by endoscopes, and then foreign bodies are taken out with long-arm pliers.

③ For foreign bodies with small obstruction and smooth surface, a stomach tube can be used to pierce the foreign body into the stomach.

④ For metal objects, the esophagus can be taken out through the surgical incision, and the surgical approach can be determined according to the position where the metal objects are blocked.

⑤ Postoperative nursing, fasting for 3-5 days, nutritional therapy, intravenous supplementation of glucose, amino acids, electrolytes and antibiotics, and liquid food such as milk, highly concentrated broth or fish soup after 5 days.

Foreign body in stomach

This disease is that cats eat indigestible foreign bodies by mistake, such as large bone blocks, wood blocks, stones, plastics, cloth blocks, metal objects and so on. And these objects stay in the stomach, causing chronic gastritis secondary to gastric dysfunction in animals, causing long-term anorexia, vomiting and emaciation in animals.

Etiology:

① Miscellaneous addition, such as lack of vitamins, trace elements and minerals; Intestinal parasitic diseases and so on.

② Animals compete with each other for food during eating; When an animal is playing with a toy, the owner grabs it and makes the animal swallow a foreign object.

Symptoms: The sick animals have poor appetite and intermittent vomiting. Gradually emaciation, abdominal pain symptoms, standing or lying on the ground can be seen bow and waist, muscle tremor, sensitive abdominal pain before palpation.

Diagnosis:

① According to the symptoms.

(2) The owner did see that the animal ate a foreign body and pulled it out without defecation.

③X-ray or barium meal radiography can show obvious foreign bodies in the stomach.

Treatment:

(1) conservative therapy, oral laxatives such as wax oil 5-50ml/time.

② To induce vomiting, emetic can be taken orally10-50ml of 0.5% copper sulfate solution. If animals eat foreign bodies by mistake after feeding, there have been cases of spitting foreign bodies after intramuscular injection of anesthetic.

③ If the foreign body is relatively large and cannot be spit out or discharged by the above methods, it is necessary to cut the stomach wall by surgery to take out the foreign body.

pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory reaction caused by pancreatin digesting autologous acinar tissue. The clinical manifestations are abdominal pain, shock and hypoglycemia. Chronic pancreatitis is mainly vomiting and indigestion.

Etiology: Long-term feeding of high-fat food; Obstruction or infection of pancreatic duct; Bile or intestinal juice flows back into the pancreatic duct and causes infection. Due to the above reasons, pancreatic ischemia and necrosis lead to the release of active proteolytic enzymes or lipolytic enzymes. Digestion of pancreatic tissue and surrounding tissues causes pancreatic fibrosis, excessive insulin release and hypoglycemia.

Symptoms: high depression, loss of appetite or abandonment, severe vomiting, sensitive abdominal pain by palpation, and some cases can be seen lying on the ground and standing on the hind legs. Blood pressure is seriously reduced, hypothermia, in a state of shock.

Chronic pancreatitis is more common in cats. Mainly vomiting and indigestion.

Treatment: inhibition of pancreatic secretion, analgesia and anti-infection.

① Analgesia, morphine hydrochloride 0. 1 1-2.2 mg/kg, intramuscular injection. Pethidine hydrochloride 5- 10 mg/kg, intramuscular injection.

② Inhibition of secretion, atropine 0.05 mg/kg, intramuscular injection.

(3) Replenish electrolyte to make the specific volume, blood pressure and renal function return to normal, and inject compound normal saline 20 mg/kg intravenously. At the same time, add 25 mg/kg ampicillin or 20,000-50,000 international units of gentamicin.

④ If the condition is serious, fasting and drinking should be considered to reduce pancreatic secretion, and nutritious liquid food should be given when the condition improves.

enteritis

Enteritis is inflammation of intestinal mucosa and its deep tissue, and mixed inflammation of gastroenteritis is common in clinic.

Etiology: Most of the causes of gastritis can cause enteritis. Pay attention to whether it is common enteritis or viral or infectious enteritis.

Symptoms: The main symptom of enteritis is diarrhea, which can cause vomiting when the duodenum is inflamed. When the intestinal mucosa bleeds, the stool is black or black-red, and when the large intestine and colonic mucosa bleeds, there is blood or blood clot in the stool. Enteritis caused by bacterial infection includes elevated body temperature, listlessness, loss of appetite or abandonment. Animals show dehydration, emaciation, acidosis, bending and abdominal pain, and are sensitive to contact with abdominal wall. Chronic enteritis has mild systemic symptoms, but repeated diarrhea leads to dehydration, emaciation and malnutrition in animals.

Treatment:

(1) Oral rehydration salts were given, and highly nutritious and digestible foods were given.

② Anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial, using broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as gentamicin, kanamycin, vidicon, iodine amine, etc.

③ Supplementing nutrition and electrolyte solution to prevent acidosis.

④ Symptomatic treatment: giving antiemetic, stomachic and astringent therapies. Hemorrhagic enteritis should pay attention to hemostasis.

⑤ Enteritis caused by parasites should be treated with anthelmintics.

Constipation of large intestine

Constipation is a kind of abdominal pain disease, which gradually changes from stagnation of intestinal contents to sclerosis, leading to intestinal obstruction.

Etiology:

① Long-term feeding of dry and solid food, insufficient supply of liquid food and drinking water.

② Injurious diseases of lumbar vertebrae and lumbar muscles in young cats, such as lumbar trauma, lumbar injury and vitamin A poisoning (long-term feeding of animal liver causes lumbar depression and oppression of rectum causes constipation, which is most likely to happen in cats under 4 months old).

3 Different hobbies, for example, cats have the habit of eating dirt.

④ Decreased vagal excitability and idiopathic Hirschsprung's disease in aged cats.

Symptoms: delayed defecation, frequent defecation posture, but no defecation, sometimes howling defecation. Loss of appetite, intermittent vomiting. Abdominal palpation showed that abdominal pressure was increased and tenderness was sensitive, and a large number of hard enema-like fecal blocks could be felt in the abdomen. In the late stage of the disease, the symptoms are depression, dehydration and increased specific volume. If not treated in time, it may lead to heart failure and death.

Treatment: dredge intestines, correct dehydration and prevent acidosis.

(1) enema: enema with warm soft soapy water, while filling and compressing the constipation intestine until the stool becomes soft. Clot can be used when it is close to the anus.

② Oral paraffin oil 5-30ml.

③ Intravenous injection of glucose saline and sodium bicarbonate solution. Taking gentamicin is beneficial.

④ If enema is ineffective, surgery should be performed. Anti-inflammatory and infusion are needed after operation.

ileus

Intestinal obstruction is a kind of physical or functional intestinal obstruction, and the most common site is small intestine. Mechanical obstruction of intestinal cavity or irreversible change of normal physiological position of small intestine (intussusception, occlusion, torsion, etc.). ). Small intestinal obstruction not only causes mechanical obstruction of intestinal cavity, but also causes serious local blood circulation disorder, leading to severe abdominal pain in animals. Vomiting or shock changes, such as sudden onset of illness. The course of disease develops rapidly and the prognosis is cautious. If the treatment is not timely, the mortality rate will be high.

Common causes are: foreign bodies in the small intestine, such as bones, stones, rubber, cloth strips, plastics, hairballs, and a large number of parasites. Intestinal atresia caused by intussusception and hernia. Secondary intestinal adhesion after abdominal surgery. Intestinal stenosis is caused by new organisms, tumors and granulomas in the intestinal cavity. Under normal circumstances, it is common for cats to lick and comb their fur, which leads to the entanglement of hair and feces into hair balls and blockage of the intestines.

Diagnostic points: Abdominal pain, sensitive abdominal palpation, abdominal wall tension, often touching the dilated intestine filled with gas and liquid in front of the obstructed intestine. During intussusception, the abdomen can touch "sausage-like objects". Vomiting may be an early symptom of foregut obstruction. The initial vomit contained indigestible food and mucus. Then the vomit contains bile and intestinal contents. Persistent vomiting can lead to dehydration. Electrolyte disorder and alkalosis. In the late stage of uremia, he eventually collapsed and died of shock.

Prevention and treatment: after the diagnosis of small intestinal obstruction, surgical treatment (and corresponding supplementation of body fluids and electrolytes) should be performed immediately to relieve the obstruction. If the obstructed intestinal segment is necrotic, it should be removed and intestinal anastomosis should be performed. On the day of fasting after operation, liquid food was given after 6-7 days. Intravenous rehydration is required during the hunger strike, and antibiotics are used all over the body.

Cat respiratory syndrome

Chlamydia, respiratory enterovirus, calyx virus and herpes virus are the main pathogens of the disease.

Symptoms:

① Chlamydia pneumonia: conjunctivitis in both eyes or one eye, conjunctival edema in different degrees, serous, mucinous and even purulent secretions; Anorexia, high body temperature and poor spirit; There are no symptoms of pneumonia, only local pulmonary interstitial injuries.

② Respiratory tract enterovirus: photophobia, shy tears (serous), with mild symptoms, which can generally heal itself without treatment.

(3) Calyx virus: mainly invades lung and oral mucosa. Common conjunctival inflammation, dyspnea, elevated body temperature, pneumonia, oral and nasal mucosal ulcers and salivation.

④ Herpes virus: mainly rhinotracheitis. Mild temperature rise, conjunctival swelling, paroxysmal sneezing, coughing and dyspnea; Oral and pharyngeal ulcers, but the symptoms are mild.

Diagnosis: Clinical diagnosis is mainly based on symptoms.

Treatment:

① Treatment of bacterial complications with broad-spectrum antibiotics, oral or injection of ampicillin, oral chloramphenicol or cephalosporin.

② Local treatment: Corneal conjunctivitis was treated with 0.5% herpes eye ointment, 3% cytarabine ointment or 1% trifluoperazine solution. 1 time /3 hours for 2-3 weeks. A large number of serous secretions in nasal cavity are treated with sprays and nasal drops, such as 0.25% phenylephrine or 0.025% oxymetazoline, but this method has poor effect on purulent secretions.

(3) supplement nutrition, intravenous infusion or liquid food, because cats with this disease have poor sense of smell and anorexia.

④ Environmental disinfection: Use antiviral disinfectant.

urocystitis

This disease is inflammation of bladder mucosa and submucosa. It is mainly caused by bacteria and bladder dysfunction, followed by other diseases or other diseases.

Bacterial cystitis is caused by lower urinary tract infection retrograde into bladder, mainly caused by Proteus, Escherichia coli, pyogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

Functional factors of bladder involve urinary retention and dysuria (mostly pathological). Congenital defects are also a cause of bladder polyps and even cancer. Bladder calculus is a common cause, usually accompanied by bacterial infection and dysuria.

Symptoms: frequent urination, less urine; Or dysuria, manifested as drops of urine (punctate), with urination posture but no urine. Bladder palpation was spherical, mostly urinary calculi cystitis. If you don't urinate for 2 ~ 3 days, you may absorb toxins, leading to bladder rupture or failure.

Diagnosis: You can learn about the urination of cats in recent days, including urine volume, frequency and color. Touch the bladder and you will know how much urine you have. If urinary calculi are suspected, X-rays should be taken to determine the location of urine (urethra and bladder).

Urine test: Urine sediment contains white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria and epithelial cells, and its pH value is alkaline.

Treatment:

① Bacterial infection of cystitis makes urine alkaline. Oral ammonium chloride 0. 1g, 3-4 times a day, can correct urine pH value.

② Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial: ampicillin, norfloxacin or pipemidic acid.

③ Catheter insertion.

④ Hematuria patients were injected with hemostatic drugs.

⑤ Urinary stones should be removed by surgery according to the position of stones in urethra and bladder.

⑥ Diet therapy, taking special cat food or veterinary prescription food.

diabetes

The disease is a chronic endocrine disorder related to relative or absolute insulin deficiency in cats over 8 years old. It is mostly caused by acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, destruction of glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia, and fibrosis or necrosis of pancreas and glands during malignant diabetes.

Symptoms: polydipsia, polydipsia, anorexia, listlessness and acute pancreatitis. Corneal ulcer and cataract appeared in the later stage.

Diagnosis: Blood tests showed an increase in blood sugar and blood ketone. Urine test showed that urine sugar was high.

Treatment:

① Inject insulin, 1-2 international units /kg body weight. Until diabetes stops, the symptoms of ketoacidosis are relieved.

② Inject potassium chloride, 150mg/ day.

③ Inject sodium bicarbonate 20mg/ day.

④ Pay attention to controlling the glucose content in food.

Lower urinary tract diseases

Lower urinary tract diseases in cats are caused by bacteria, urethral obstruction, urethral calculi and "idiopathic" factors. The main influencing factors are urine pH greater than 6.5, urine mineral concentration, urine volume and the composition of crystalline substances in food. Clinically, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) urinary calculi are the most common stones that block the urethra.

Symptoms: hematuria, dysuria, frequent urination, sometimes urinary tract obstruction, rapid failure.

Diagnosis: Clinical symptoms are combined with urine test and X-ray. At present, the identification of urinary calculi has not been carried out.

Treatment:

(1) Severe urinary calculi should be removed by surgery;

② Patients with bacterial infection should be given anti-inflammatory drugs;

③ Catheterization and postoperative catheter placement;

④ Adjust diet, use acidifier (ammonium chloride, DL- methionine) and supplement taurine, but be careful not to cause metabolic uremia due to excessive acidification; Feed special prescription food with low pH value to control cat's diet or dietotherapy.

fat

Cat obesity is becoming more and more common, which affects the life span and quality of life of cats. The obesity rate of British cats is 6% ~ 12%, and that of the United States is 25% (1994). The proportion of obese cats in big cities in China is increasing gradually.

10%- 15% people are considered obese. Although there is no recognized standard for calculating the weight of cats, there are upper and lower limits for the average weight of each breed of cats. At present, the standard for judging whether a cat is obese or overweight is to measure the thickness of subcutaneous fat (middle waist) with A-type ultrasonic instrument or to evaluate it with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Old cats and cats with ovaries or testicles removed have high obesity rates. Generally speaking, cats can control their food intake and are not prone to obesity, but too much food energy and too little exercise are common factors.

Symptoms: the weight is obviously higher than that of similar varieties. Cats of the same size and length; Do not like sports, poor jumping ability. Fat is deposited under the skin, in tissues and organs.

Treatment: Obese cats are caused by excessive energy intake at some stage of their lives. Although the goal of cat weight loss is to limit energy intake to lose weight, we can't lose weight by feeding less, otherwise we will reduce the intake of other nutrients, and a large reduction in calorie intake will lead to idiopathic hepatic steatosis in cats. Therefore, it is necessary to apply low-calorie finished cat food and gradually implement the weight loss plan.

rachitis

Rickets is a nutritional bone disease caused by vitamin D deficiency, which leads to calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorder, cartilage ossification and insufficient bone salt deposition. Clinical manifestations are developmental retardation. Cartilage hypertrophy and bone marrow swelling are the characteristics. Common in kittens of 1-3 months.

Etiology: The main reason is vitamin D deficiency. Malnutrition, insufficient light and premature weaning of female animals will all cause vitamin D deficiency, which will affect calcium absorption and bone salt deposition. Feeding animal livers for a long time is a major reason for cats.

Inadequate or improper proportion of calcium and phosphorus in food is also the cause of rickets, such as giving priority to meat and not feeding bones.

Symptoms: initial loss of appetite, indigestion, heterophilia, gradual emaciation and slow growth. Later, it showed joint swelling, deformation, long bone bending, "X" or "0" legs, and beaded swelling at the junction of ribs and costal cartilage. Lame still can't afford to lie down. It will cause depression in the waist, oppression of the rectum, constipation, and easy injury to the waist when jumping.

Treatment: increase outdoor activities and get more sunshine. Add cod liver oil 5- 10ml/ day to food. Vitamin d365438+10-200,000 international units can also be injected intramuscularly. Appropriate supplement of shell powder, stone powder, eggshell powder and calcium tablets.

Hypervitamin a

Cat VA poisoning is mainly caused by long-term consumption of animal liver. The common recipe is liver rice. Cats love to eat, but the incidence rate is high. VA affects the absorption of VD and bone formation.

Symptoms: skeletal claudication. Tenderness of limbs, gingivitis, tooth loss. Cats can't comb their fur properly because of their inflexible neck movements, which makes their fur look unsmooth and dull. Cats often squat like kangaroos. Anorexia, not even eating. In severe cases, it will lead to blindness.

Treatment: intravenous infusion or liquid food, defecation, calcium supplementation, VD.

Prevention: strictly control the amount of liver and fish glycerin in food, gradually adjust the diet, and let cats eat cat food gradually.