Tourism scholars generally believe that tourism objects are tourism resources, which have the basic attributes as tourism objects, but tourism resources and tourism objects can not be completely equal, and all objects that can be visited by tourism subjects can be regarded as tourism objects, or tourism objects can not be included in the scope of tourism resources before they are related to tourism subjects. Some undeveloped tourism resources that are not recognized by human beings can only be regarded as potential tourism resources, but not as tourism objects in tourism culture. Tourism resources science focuses on the formation, characteristics, classification, category, aesthetics, performance, utilization and protection of tourism resources; Tourism culturology studies the categories, characteristics, historical categories and cultural functions of tourism resources as tourism objects. The national 1992 "China Tourism Resources Census Standard" divides tourism resources into 2 categories and 6 subcategories. These two categories include natural tourism resources and humanistic tourism resources. The Classification, Investigation and Evaluation of Tourism Resources (GB/ 18972-2003) promulgated by the state in 2003 divides tourism resources into three grades: 8 categories, 3 1 subcategory, and 155 basic types. Eight categories include landscapes, waterscapes, biological landscapes, astronomical and climatic landscapes, sites, buildings and facilities, tourist commodities and human activities. On this basis, the following details the contents of various tourist objects.
1, natural landscape; Pure tourist object
Natural tourism resources, also known as natural landscape, can be divided into four categories and several basic types.
Geotechnical landscape class
Waterscape category
Biological landscape course
Astronomical phenomena and climate landscape
With the development of modern high technology, human beings have expanded the scope of tourism activities to the universe. The Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon has changed from a myth to a reality, and people have also changed from being indifferent to the cosmic phenomena to being eager to try. Now observing the astronomical phenomena has become an aspect of tourism activities. Meteorites hit Jupiter, and eclipses and comets appeared at the same time, attracting a group of scientists and tourists from home and abroad to Mohe. The sun, moon, stars and meteorites are all factors that the universe provides for human travel and appreciation. Enjoy the moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the four seas will celebrate the harvest. Comets fly in the sky and meteors catch up with the moon, which arouses people's imagination and reverie. Craters and meteorite remains on the earth also attracted crowds of viewers. Now human beings on earth have broadened their horizons of observing the universe, sent out detectors for big planets and installed alpha spectrometers, and space tourism is just around the corner.
Natural landscape is a gift, which can bring beautiful enjoyment to tourists without too much processing and transformation by human beings. Whether or not a country has natural landscapes for tourists to enjoy does not depend on people's subjective wishes. No matter how hard the landlocked countries in the desert try, they can't form magnificent glaciers and Venetian water cities. The beauty of natural landscape comes from nature itself. "Huangshan returns without looking at the mountains" first lies in the picturesque pines, flying clouds and spiritual springs inherent in Huangshan. Strange stones. Before the emergence of human society, the potential beauty factors in various natural landscapes existed objectively. In primitive times, human primitive people did not have the aesthetic ability of nature at that time, but they were still afraid of nature for their own survival. In ancient times, Guilin was a wild place where prisoners were exiled. But the beauty of "Guilin's landscape is the best in the world" has long existed. When people who are tired of urban cultural life return to nature today, the virgin forest, the uninhabited Three Gorges and the dense forest of Amazon have produced attractive iron power for explorers. Although there are some traces left by passers-by in the natural landscape, it is impossible for human beings to process and carve on a large scale. Mount Tai cannot be artificially erected on the grassland, nor can Mount Everest be artificially turned into a plain. "Things change" can only be the creation of nature, and the natural landscape is a pure tourist object.
2. Human landscape: artificial tourist object.
Humanistic tourism resources, also known as humanistic landscape, refers to the traces created by human life and behavior across time and space, is the carrier of human civilization and an important part of human culture. Can meet the needs of tourists for cultural differences or cultural identity. The main types of human landscape are:
Ruins
Buildings and facilities
Tourism commodity category
Humanistic activities
Calling human landscape the object of artificial tourism refers to the tourism development and utilization left by our predecessors today, in which people of different times create and live, and it is a historical tourism resource. The original intention of its founders and inventors is not necessarily for future generations to travel, such as the Ming Tombs in China and the pyramids in Egypt, which were built by the emperor of China and the old people in Egypt for immortality and luxury after death. However, once they are formed, their cultural connotation will remain forever and become a tourist landscape for future generations to enjoy and learn new ideas. Even intangible critical literature and social customs handed down by the people retain their ancient charm and become "living fossils" of mankind. Contemporary people can create many cultural landscapes according to diverse tourism needs, such as the modernization of costumes and snacks, the electronization of Brahma music and chanting in religious temples, the simulation of space tourism, and the construction of large amusement parks. Compared with the irreplaceability of natural tourism resources, some humanistic tourism resources can be relocated and copied. Chinese-style Yanxiu Garden 1985 won the gold medal of Liverpool International Garden Festival. It organically combines the Qin Quan Gallery and the imitation of the Zhenluan Pavilion in Beijing Beihai Park, and is full of the elegant style of the royal gardens in China, attracting 3 million tourists from all over the world. Similarly, Los Angeles Disneyland founded by the United States 1955 has also settled in many countries around the world. Many European-style buildings built in China by foreign countries, such as Shanghai, Guangzhou, Yantai and Dalian, which are colonies and open port cities in modern times, are also the transplantation of western architectural culture. The accumulation of humanistic tourism resources created by human beings in the past, together with the humanistic tourism resources created by human beings today, will become the historic humanistic landscape of human beings tomorrow. The structure of tourist objects is the proportional relationship of geological characteristics, water body, vegetation, meteorology, architecture and human characteristics of tourist resources. Attractive scenic spots, scenic spots and tourist areas have different styles and characteristics. Take China Garden as an example, a hero in the north and a show in the south; Take the river as an example. The waves of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River roll and cut the banks, while the Lijiang River is clear and quiet. But its causes are mainly formed by different combinations of various elements of tourism resources. In a word, the structural elements of tourism resources are mountains, water, weather, flowers and trees, architecture and human characteristics, and they can be arranged in various combinations. Among them, six combinations play a decisive role in landscape characteristics. They are landscape combination, mountain and vegetation combination, mountain and human characteristics combination, water and vegetation combination, water and sky combination, architecture and vegetation combination. Other combinatorial relationships play an auxiliary role.
(1) landscape combination
The combination of mountains and rivers is the most typical combination of natural landscapes. Scholars in ancient and modern times have praised the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, such as "beautiful mountains and rivers", "beautiful mountains and rivers in the southeast, like weak and lovely flowers when a girl is young", "and, after a night of rain, trees are full of wealth", "beautiful water, rainy mountains and empty skies" ... rich in four seasons; Water should be tangible, shadowy, colorful and vivid, giving the landscape vitality, charm and layering. Because of the different forms of water, the combination of mountains and rivers can be divided into the combination of mountains and rivers, the combination of mountains and rivers, waterfalls, ponds, streams and springs, and the combination of mountains and rivers and snow clouds. Mao Zedong described the combination of Lushan Mountain and the Yangtze River as follows: "One mountain flies to the river, and jumps on the onion cage for 400 turns". Su Shi's poems are about the combination of a lake and three mountains in the West Lake Scenic Area. "The river is a green ribbon, and the mountains are like jade pins, highlighting the landscape paintings of the mountains and rivers on both sides of the Lijiang River, and the mountains and rivers are like mirrors. The scene of "Flying Dragons Crossing the River" in the Three Gorges of Daning River in Sichuan is a typical combination of mountains and waterfalls. The waterfall flies from the cliff to the other side of the river, and the Lushan waterfall, "the purple smoke from the Rizhao incense burner and the waterfall controlling thousands of rivers", is even more spectacular. The cooperation between the Yandang Mountain Waterfall and the surrounding peaks and stones is a wonderful work of nature. The waterfalls here are narrow streams called gargling. Tianshan Ranch and Mount Fuji in Japan are both peaks covered with silver helmets from the green grassland. Green, white and gray are orderly, and then decorated with red flowers, purple flowers and yellow flowers to form a beautiful landscape.
(2) the combination of mountains and vegetation
Mountain is the carrier of vegetation, and vegetation is the skin of mountain. Their combination constitutes a beautiful scenery. Qingcheng is quiet in the world, and Emei is beautiful in the world, because the vegetation on its mountains is long, and the tropical, subtropical, temperate and frigid plants grow together and are lush. As long as the mountains overlap, the vision is slightly dull. The lush vegetation makes people feel deep. There are a large number of landscapes combined with vegetation in the famous mountains of China, such as "Gufengjing", one of the eight scenic spots in Taibai Mountain, "Hulu Diecui", one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing, and "Dongfeng Songcui", one of the ten scenic spots in Jieshi Mountain. Vegetation is lush from a distance, showing the color of life, interacting with tourists' hearts and mobilizing tourists' happy mental state. Vegetation is of various shapes and styles; Trees can be divided into vigorous, straight and graceful; Differences in color, posture, fragrance and rhyme of flowers; Leaves are simple, compound, whole and divided. Not to mention those delicious, grotesque and colorful fruits.
(3) the combination of mountain and human landscape
The main buildings of many scenic spots are in harmony with man-made buildings, mountains and mountains. The famous mountains in China are generally composed of natural landscape and human landscape. "the mountain is not high, but the fairy is not famous." In fact, there are monks and history. Buddhist and Taoist religious buildings are often built in deep mountains, and famous scholars often live in seclusion. "How can I tell through all these clouds?" . Imperial tombs generally choose beautiful places. Take the Ming Tombs in Beijing as an example. The Ming Tombs are located at the southern foot of Du Jun Mountain in Changping, facing the Beijing Plain, with its back against the mountains and its left and right peaks facing each other. These tombs are very spectacular. The Ming Mausoleum in Nanjing, the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and the Badaling Great Wall in Beijing all make the holiday of artificial architecture more spectacular against the backdrop of mountains, making it famous forever. Famous mountains often have a long history of development, and human activities are frequent. The cultural landscape left behind makes lifeless mountains have aura. Although Mount Emei in Sichuan has beautiful scenery, Emei would not have become a famous Dojo for Buddhists and tourists all over the country in the era of "it is difficult to learn Sichuan and go to the sky" without the stone carvings, buildings and cultural relics left by Buddhists and celebrities in Mo Bao for thousands of years. The scenery is solid everywhere. If people don't name them Shuangqiao, Hongyu, Luojing Yun, Daping Ji Xue, Xiangchi and Jinding Buddha Guang, these scenic spots will have no aftertaste value.
(4) the combination of water conservancy and meteorology
Under the climatic conditions of different latitudes and different meteorological conditions of four seasons, the landscape dominated by water bodies naturally gives visitors different impressions. The charming seashore in summer, in tropical low latitudes, is sunny all the year round, with moderate water temperature and cool in the morning and evening, which is an ideal leisure place for tourists. Hawaiian beaches in the United States and Hainan Island in China are ideal places to visit sunny beaches and seawater beaches. Four provinces in southern Spain, such as Cadiz near the Mediterranean Sea, are called "Sun Coast". The rocky coast has 300 sunny days every year, and the sea is calm and clear, so it is called "Mediterranean bath". The Spaniard proudly said, "We export sunshine and beaches to the whole world". Seasides in the middle and high latitudes, such as Qinhuangdao and Dalian Seaside in China, are summer resorts, but in winter, there will be scenes covered with snow. Wonderful snow scenes and scenery often appear in the water bodies of temperate and cold zones in the middle and high latitudes. The famous ones are "Snow Clearing in Western Hills" (one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing), "Snow Clearing in Small Rooms" (one of the eight scenic spots in Songshan) and Pinggang Snow (one of the ten scenic spots in Jiuhua Mountain). They all give people a brand-new feeling and impression of "thousands of miles frozen, Wan Li snowing" and "wrapped in red makeup, especially enchanting". Lush trees stand proudly in the snow, and the magnificent crystal snowfield can be used for tourists to exercise in the snow and ice. Ice and snow can also be used for ice sculpture, ice sculpture. Harbin, the ice city in China, holds ice and snow festivals and ice lanterns and sculptures every year. At dusk, all the lights in the snow park are bright, and the image of snow and ice is vivid and bright. This is really a strange and gorgeous crystal world. Japan's Hokkaido, Finland and Sweden are also engaged in similar ice and snow tourism activities.
(5) the combination of water and vegetation
The general scenic spots are the combination of mountains, water and vegetation, and some scenic spots are dominated by water and vegetation, such as Baiyangdian Lake in central Hebei and Honghu Lake in Hubei. The water waves are boundless and the lotus flowers cover the sky. Mangroves grow along the tropical seashore, and their gorgeous colors and strange entanglement form the seaside wonders. On both sides of the Amazon River, giant trees often hug each other and cover the river. The air roots and roots of trees plunge into the water on the bare ground, just like python monsters, adding a mysterious and sinister atmosphere to the valley.
(6) the combination of architecture and vegetation
With the increasingly serious air pollution today, people pay more and more attention to the vegetation factors in urban landscape. People not only plant trees and flowers, but also pay attention to the organic combination of trees, flowers and buildings to form orderly beauty. Flowers and trees can build green walls, hedges and green bridges, and holly and acacia can all be planted as green barriers. The house can also be made of grass as a wall, and climbing plants such as Parthenocissus can cover the house with a green heat insulation layer under the scorching sun. The walls of the building in Curitiba, Brazil are covered with green grass. The residents of this city store soil fertilizers and grass seeds in hollow bricks, and the building is quickly covered with green branches and leaves, forming an external lawn that can insulate heat, sound and purify the air. Many countries also build green sculptures with trees in public places. In Luo Zhen, Costa Rica, Gassart, there is a "green zoo" shaped by trees. There are elephants walking, cattle and sheep standing busy, monkeys playing in the garden, proud as peacocks and giraffes overlooking the park, and 60-long green pythons are hung on the promenade, all of which are carved with Italian cypresses. Some countries use flowers and trees to make flower clocks. The rose garden in Berlin, Germany uses Arabic numerals to form a clock face, and the projections of the sun and summer are used to represent these numbers and show the time. There is also a special flower clock, which uses the biological clock of the flower to show the time. Malaysia's new baby tree flowers bloom at 3 am, morning glory at 4 am, wild rose at 5 pm, Long Kuihua at 6 pm, peony at 7 pm, lotus at 8 pm, ... cordate telosma at 20 pm, epiphyllum in the moon, this unique flower clock forms a special landscape with the surrounding park buildings.
Other landscape elements besides the above six combinations play an auxiliary and decorative role in its overall style and pattern. In the artificial tourist object, people can organically synthesize the existing terrain and water body, and then artificially combine other similar elements suitable for the landscape; Among the natural tourist objects, people can only build a little architecture and leave a little calligraphy and stone carving under the conditions of human and material resources, but the premise is that they can't destroy their natural temperament.