Second Dynasty: From 2850 to 2686 BC, there were six pharaohs from Hotepseknemoui to kask.
Ancient Kingdom or Memphis Empire (2686 ~ 2 BC181year)
The third dynasty: 2686 ~ 26 BC13 years. From Neteriknet-Djeser in Natri to Houni, * * * has five kings. Jossel's rule was the beginning of power and victory. At this time, a magnificent stone building represented by the stepped pyramid building in Shakala appeared. Imhotep, the architect, writer and scholar of the complex, became one of the first great men in history books. This era is a period of the development of a powerful centralized monarchy. The monarch sat in Memphis and appointed the governor to rule the country.
The fourth dynasty: 26 BC13 ~ 2494. From Snefrou to Skepseskaf, there were six or seven pharaohs. Judging from the grandeur of the pyramids, the rule of Snefru, Khufu and harff was the peak of this era. The pyramids built in Dashar, Merton and Kisa show the good governance and economic prosperity of the dynasty. The fifth dynasty: 2494 ~ 2345 BC. From Uzer to Unas, there were nine pharaohs. The most famous are Sahoure and Djedkare-Isesi.
In the fifth generation, the consciousness of "sun worship" developed rapidly, and the famous pyramid inscription was engraved on the wall of the Wunis pyramid in Shakara.
The sixth dynasty: 2345 ~ 2 BC181year. From Titi I to Queen Nitocris, the seven kings include Pepi I and Pepy II who lived for hundreds of years.
Although the Sixth Dynasty was famous for its military and commercial expeditions as far away as the southern tip of Africa, Memphis, a place where some governors kept expanding and concentrating in history, was threatened and caused civil strife.
The first transitional period (2181~1991BC)
Seventh dynasty: only ruled for 70 days.
The eighth dynasty: 2 18 1 ~ 2 130 BC. * * * There were eight to twenty-seven pharaohs, but their names were not recorded.
The ninth dynasty to the tenth dynasty: 2 130 ~ 2040 BC in the north. There are six pharaohs, three of whom are called Katie.
Eleventh dynasty: 2 130 ~ 2040 BC in the south. * * * There are three pharaohs.
Montuhotep II unified the whole country in 2050 BC, and the Thebes monarch of the 1 1 dynasty ruled the whole of Egypt. Although this makes their hometown Thebes more and more important, it is still not enough to replace Memphis. The rulers of Thebes had to travel back and forth in fashion, and built palaces and small towns such as Iditavi at the entrance of Fayoum in the 12 dynasty. The dynasty moved the center of power northward without giving up Thebes, indicating that the powerful centralized government was gradually restored.
The Middle Kingdom or the First Empire of Thebes (BC 199 1 ~ 1786)
The end of the eleventh dynasty: 2060 ~ 2000 BC. Three law popularization elders in Montuhot, the first one was around 2040 BC.
1989 unified Egypt. Twelfth dynasty: 2000 ~ 1786 BC. Seven pharaohs were named Amon Hamat or Sesoste Rees, and the last ruler was Queen Nefirul of Zeebek.
(Sebekneferoure).
Like other countries in the world, stability and turmoil always appear alternately. The provincial decentralization forces and other forces unknown in history destroyed the Thebes regime inherited from the twelfth dynasty, and Egypt was divided into many vassal States.
The second transitional period (BC 1786 ~ BC 1567)
13th to 14th dynasties: BC 1786 ~ BC 1674. There are about forty pharaohs, some of whom are named Sebehotep. Some pharaohs ruled the northern, central and southern old French areas at the same time. Since BC 1730, these kings have only been vassals of Pharaoh Hikso.
Fifteenth to sixteenth generations: BC 1674 ~ BC 1567. The 16th dynasty is called "Little Sissok" dynasty, which only exists in the eastern delta. There were five pharaohs in the "Great Sissok" dynasty, including one Khyan and two Apopi.
Seventeenth dynasty: BC 1674 ~ 1567. Ten pharaohs ruled Thebes and its surrounding areas. They are vassals of Sissok. The last three pharaohs, Ta 'a I, Ta 'a II and Ka Mosis, began to struggle with the Sissok people in the north.
The New Kingdom or the Second Kingdom of Thebes (BC 1567 ~ 1085)
Eighteenth dynasty: 1567 ~ 1320 BC. From Ahmosis to Horan Heb, * * * has fourteen monarchs, including four Bittemos and four Amenorfis. Empress Ashipusu, Empress Ahnatun and Empress Tutankhamun all belonged to this dynasty.
The 19 dynasty: 1320 ~ 1200 BC. Nine pharaohs of Ramses, including Ramesses I II and seti i II.
Twentieth dynasty: BC 1200 ~ 1086. Ten monarchs, except the first named Sethnakht, are all named Ramses.
The third transitional period (BC 1086 ~ 7 15 years)
The 2nd1dynasty: 65438 BC+0085 BC ~ 945 BC. In tanis, there are Daisy, Pusunas I and II. Rehor and Pinajem ruled Thebes.
Ancient Egyptian civilization refers to the period from the first waterfall of the Nile to the delta, from the Tassa culture in 5000 BC to the Arab conquest of Egypt in 642 AD. In the 3rd century BC, Manieto divided the history of Egyptian conquest from menes to Macedonian Alexandria into thirty (or thirty-one) dynasties. Now scholars divide the history of ancient Egypt into the following periods on this basis:
1. Pre-dynasty period (about 3 100-2686 BC)
2. Early Dynasty (about 2686-2 18 1 year ago)
3. Ancient dynasty (about 265438 BC+0865438 BC+0-2040 BC)
4. the first intermediate period (about 2040- 1786 BC)
5. The Middle Ages (about BC 1786- 1567)
6. The second interval; (approximately 1786- 1567)
7. the new dynasty (about BC 1567- 1085)
8. Post-dynasty period (about BC 1085-332)
9. Macedonia under the rule of Greece and Rome (332 BC-642 AD)
1 4, which is the period of the formation of slave countries and the emergence of the unified dynasty; The 5-7 period is the reconstruction period of the unified kingdom and empire; The eighth and ninth periods saw the decline and foreign domination of Egypt, a slave country.
To annotate ...
Experts actually explored the time range of ancient Egyptian culture, that is, the first union of the northern and southern kingdoms of Egypt in 4245 BC, and the occupation of Egypt by Alexander of Macedonia in 332 AD, which is commonly referred to as the Pharaoh dynasty that lasted for more than 3,000 years.
Weights and measures in ancient Egypt
The most important unit of length in ancient Egypt was the wrist ruler, which was about 20.62 inches from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. In hieroglyphics, it is represented by forearm and hand, which is pronounced meh. The ruler on the wrist is divided into seven parts.
Palm or 28 fingers, each palm is equal to 4 fingers. A square with a side of one cubit and a diagonal of half (29. 16 inch) is called Leimen, which can be divided into 20 fingers and is the second unit of length.
The main unit for measuring land. There is also a wrist ruler, only 17.72 inches, divided into 6 palms. The product of wrist ruler multiplied by 100 is called Arabic tea, which is the basic unit for measuring land. The square of this length, that is, 10000 square elbow, is also the unit of cultivated land area.
The main capacity unit of ancient Egyptians was Hanu, which was 29.0 0.3 cubic inches, and 65,438+00 Hanu was Hagardt. On this basis, various multiplication operations are carried out to form a larger grain capacity unit. Another unit of capacity is a card,
It is equal to 2/3 cubic cubits, or the capacity of a container with a diameter of 9 palms and a depth of 1 elbow. There is a certain approximate relationship between capacity and water, because a Hanu's water weighs 5 debens. Looks like capacity
Units are units of weight derived from water. Deben is the weight of an ankle ornament with the same name, and its110 is called Gardet, which is the weight of the ring. Edit the reasons for the spread of civilization in this paragraph and the reasons for the spread of Egyptian civilization to the outside world.
1. Geographical reasons
Egypt is located in the northeast of Africa, with the Nile as the center. It is an arid desert in the east and west, and there are several waterfalls near the Mediterranean and Nile in the north and south. Such a relatively closed environment has almost formed a natural barrier to foreign nationalities. Therefore, Egypt is rarely invaded by nomadic people and some civilized peoples like the two river basins, and it is convenient for mutual cultural exchanges. But in fact, this geographical natural barrier has not restricted Egypt's contacts with the Near East and the Mediterranean world, as well as the African continent. Since ancient times, Egyptians have had contacts with Syria and Palestine through the Red Sea Strait and Suez Strait. In the south, they can cross several waterfalls and often have close contact with Ethiopians. Especially since the New Kingdom era, Egypt has increasingly participated in foreign military and commercial activities. In the constant foreign wars of the Egyptians, the Egyptian Empire became the first military power in the history of the Near East, and the geographical environment had less and less restrictions and influences on it. Therefore, the so-called occlusion and conservatism have been weakened by foreign military activities and political and cultural exchanges.
2. Cultural reasons
The hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt began to appear in the second half of 4000 BC, and it is one of the oldest characters in the world, which has been used to this day.
At the end of the 4th century, it was popular for about three or four thousand years. Although, in these thousands of years, the grammar and vocabulary of hieroglyphics have undergone considerable changes, especially in the Egyptian language under Roman rule, compared with the Pharaoh period, there are few similar situations.
However, in addition, the tradition of hieroglyphics has been preserved. It is particularly noteworthy that ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, through Sinai inscriptions,
Wen finally influenced the invention of Phoenician letters. Hieroglyphics are not very convenient to use at first. So at the end of the ancient kingdom, hieroglyphics evolved into a kind of running script that is easy to write, usually called monk's script. exist
Around 700 BC, a simpler cursive form was invented on the basis of the monk body, that is, the secular body. Although the ancient Egyptians invented three different forms of writing, they were all the evolution of hieroglyphics. hieroglyph
Its different writing styles keep the inherent tradition of ancient Egyptian writing. With the carrier of words, Egyptian civilization spread its wings. It is no longer confined to the influence of the Nile, but has begun to spread to the Near East and Africa.
Spread along the Mediterranean coast. Without its own written language, it is difficult for a civilization to survive. There were many emerging civilizations in the ancient Middle East. It was precisely because there were no words or words did not have the ability to survive and adapt that they were robbed and declined rapidly. The hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt not only have strong vitality, but also have strong adaptability. They constantly changed themselves, thus carrying, spreading and inheriting the victory of Egyptian civilization. So in modern times, although hieroglyphics have been lost, French champollion finally succeeded in interpreting them. This further shows that hieroglyphics are alive.
3. Technical reasons
3000 BC
Around the time, the ancient Egyptians invented papyrus, which has many advantages compared with traditional materials, such as light weight, low price, simple manufacture, durability, folding and convenient transportation. So it can be mass-produced and go to the ground as a monopoly product.
Sea country exports, in nearly 4000.
Years is the most popular writing material. In ancient times, Egypt was the only country that produced papyrus. Due to the dry climate in Egypt, documents are not perishable, and some of them can still be found in the desert. Nearly 100
Among the papyrus found in recent years, there are those from 2700 BC to 900 AD.
The document is written in more than ten languages, including Greek, Arabic, Egyptian, Coptic, Latin, Aramaic and Hebrew. It is very important that Egypt is the most well-documented ancient civilization we know today.
Thanks to papyrus, it not only inherits the Egyptian civilization itself, but also maintains other civilizations. Civilization cannot be spread by word of mouth, so paper, as a medium, has become an important medium in the process of civilization spread. Because Egypt's
Papyrus has the above characteristics, and it can easily play an important role in the spread of Egyptian civilization. Just like papermaking in China's four great inventions, papermaking in Egypt played an irreplaceable role in early civilization.
This is also an important condition for the spread of Egyptian civilization abroad.
4. Military reasons
In ancient Egypt, due to geographical isolation, it was inconvenient for Egypt to communicate with the outside world and was rarely invaded by the enemy. However, with the expansion of human civilization, Egypt began to be threatened by foreign enemies. Hicks is just
In Egypt, 15 and 16 dynasties were established, which ruled most of Egypt. Egypt will inevitably invade other countries even if its neighboring countries are weak. In the military confrontation between Egypt and the outside world, the enemy tried to
Of course, the need of war needs to understand and study the social and cultural situation in Egypt. The war between the two sides also has its own prisoners, and the prisoners will also bring many influences of Egyptian civilization. And if Egypt invaded other countries, it would be even more self-defeating.
Naturally, I actively spread my own culture there, wiped out the local culture and assimilated the invaded nation. In this case, Egyptian civilization naturally spread outward with military activities.
5. Traffic reasons
Ancient Egyptian culture and ideas spread to countries and islands along the eastern Mediterranean coast through Phoenicians. The influence of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics on world culture
The impact is obvious. Without the advanced navigation and shipbuilding technology of Phoenicians, and the courage to explore the unknown world. Then the influence of Egyptian civilization will naturally be greatly reduced and limited to a small scope.
It will not leave its mark on western civilization. Edit this paragraph Mummy Mummy is a well-preserved corpse after special treatment. For more than 3,000 years, the ancient Egyptians
There have been many changes in the method of making mummies. However, most scholars and experts believe that the anti-corrosion method reached its peak around the tenth century BC, when a first-class anti-corrosion teacher gathered to make mummies according to the following steps: first,
With a flint knife, a ten-centimeter-long incision was made on the left side of the abdomen of the corpse, and other internal organs except the heart (both the embalmer and his customers think that the heart is the root of feelings) were taken out of the incision, and wine, myrrh and cinnamon were used one by one.
Wash spices. The embalmer also washed the abdominal cavity of the corpse with aromatic asphalt to decompose the residual soft tissue, and then prepared to take the brain. He used a hooked tool to penetrate into the skull from the nostril of the deceased, hooked off the brain marrow inside, and then poured aromatic asphalt and spices to rush out the residual tissue in the skull.
After every part of the body was thoroughly cleaned, the embalmer buried all organs and corpses in a pile of powder soaked in alkali (a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate) to drain water. Bodies and organs should be buried in alkaline powder for about a month, and then washed with perfume and spices. Every step of embalming the corpse from beginning to end, the embalming personnel must be serious, such as wrapping every finger of the corpse from the beginning to avoid nail damage or falling off.
Then, the antiseptic wrapped the air-dried viscera in linen one by one and put them back into the abdominal cavity with sawdust (or put them into clay pots or gypsum pots respectively).
Fill the abdominal cavity with fillers such as linen, tar or mud. After filling, the incision will be stitched immediately. Because soaking alkali has damaged some hair, it is necessary to repair some wigs and braid them with real hair that has not been taken off; It also needs to be installed on the track.
Become an artificial eye. At this time, the remaining work is to restore the appearance of the body, which is also the most time-consuming, because it is not easy to restore the withered body to its original appearance. An embalmer has to be in every part of his body to perform this ancient plastic surgery.
Carefully cut many tiny incisions and fill the skin with linen fillers shaped according to the body contour, just like plastic surgeons injected silicone for plastic surgery for the living in the twentieth century. Even the face and neck of the body are as good as before, and so is the mouth.
The filler filled her cheeks with linen. Finally, the antiseptic also acts as a makeup artist, using a colored clay called ochre to color the face and even the whole body of the deceased (the male deceased is dyed red and the female deceased is dyed yellow). You can wrap your body after dyeing. prevent
The rotter wrapped the limbs of the corpse in layers of linen coated with rosin, then wrapped the head and trunk, and finally wrapped the whole body. This parcel work is slow and time-consuming, and now several mummies have been untied.
The length of the cloth adds up to more than two kilometers! The embalmer wrapped the body and made it into a mummy, which took about 70 days before and after. After the embalmer returned the mummy to undertaker, undertaker probably had prepared another human coffin.
To put the mummy, and the tomb has been built.
The whole mummification process is expensive, except for various drugs, spices, evil spirits, amulets and so on. , only wrapped in a corpse, sometimes with 1000 meters of high quality linen. Therefore, only kings, royalty, nobles and the rich can afford it, and the poor can only be simple and even sloppy. Herodotus talked about two other cheaper mummification methods. Although it is difficult to ensure physical integrity, it can give spiritual comfort to the poor. Moreover, perhaps it is because of these cheap mummification methods that the tradition of mummification can be spread and continued. It was not until the 4th century AD that Christianity ruled Egypt that the custom of mummies was abolished.
There was a group of people in ancient Egypt who made mummies as their profession. They have mastered this technology and passed it on from generation to generation. In ancient Egypt, mummification and related necessities undoubtedly formed a very important and large-scale industrial system. The existence of this industry shows that ancient Egyptians have mastered scientific knowledge in physics, chemistry and medicine. The sodium oxide they used as a desiccant was a mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, salt and sodium sulfide according to modern scientific analysis, indicating that the chemical action of these substances was known at that time. Editing the Mystery of the Egyptian Pyramid The Egyptian Pyramid is the pyramid-shaped imperial mausoleum of the slave society in ancient Egypt and one of the seven wonders of the world. They are numerous and widely distributed. Memphis, the ancient city on the west bank of the Nile in the southwest of Cairo, is the most densely populated area. There are three famous Libyan deserts 8 kilometers south of Giza, called the pyramids of Giza. Among them, the fourth dynasty Pharaoh Khufu's mausoleum is the largest, built in the 27th century BC, with a height of146.5m, which is equivalent to a 40-story skyscraper, with a length of 230m on both sides of the bottom, which is made up of 2.3 million huge stones weighing about 2.5t, covering an area of 53,900 square meters. There are corridors, stairs, halls and rooms as well as various valuable decorations in the tower. The whole project lasted for more than 30 years. There is a huge sphinx in the southeast of the tower.
pyramid of khufu
Pyramid of khufu in Egypt is the most famous. It is the tomb of Pharaoh (king of ancient Egypt). Why did Pharaoh build the pyramids? How were the huge pyramids built?
According to legend, before the third dynasty in ancient Egypt, both princes and ministers and ordinary people were buried in a rectangular tomb made of mud bricks, which the ancient Egyptians called "Mastaba". Later, a clever young man named Imhotep invented a new building method when designing a mausoleum for the Egyptian Pharaoh Zuosai. He replaced the mud brick with the square stone he picked from the mountain, constantly revised the design scheme of building the mausoleum, and finally built a six-story trapezoidal pyramid-this is the prototype of the pyramid we see now.
sphinx
In ancient Egypt, the pyramids were trapezoidal and layered, so they were also called hierarchical pyramids. This is a tall pyramid building with a square base and a text triangle on each side, which looks like the word "gold" in Chinese characters, so we call it "pyramid". The tower mausoleum designed by Imhotep is the first stone mausoleum in Egyptian history.
At the earliest time, Egyptian pharaohs prepared to use Mastaba as their permanent residence after death. Later, during the second and third dynasties, the Egyptians came up with the idea that the king would become a god and his soul would ascend to heaven after his death. In the later discovery of the pyramid inscription, there are such words:
Build a ladder for him (Pharaoh) so that he can go up there.
The pyramid is such a ladder.
At the same time, the pyramid form also expresses the worship of the sun god, because the symbol of the ancient Egyptian sun god "La" is the light of the sun. The pyramid symbolizes the sunlight penetrating the blue sky. Because, when you stand on the road to Kize and look west from the perspective of the pyramid ridge, you can see that the pyramid shines on the earth like the sun.
There is a sentence in the inscription of the pyramid: "The sky extends its own light to you, so that you can climb into the sky, just like pulling your eyes." Later, the worship of the obelisk by ancient Egyptians also had such significance, because the obelisk also represented the light of the sun.
Some people think that it is impossible for the ancient Egyptians to build pyramids, saying that the pyramids may be made by aliens or left by older humans, because there are too many mysteries in the pyramids!
The pyramids are the tombs of slavery kings in ancient Egypt. These rulers were called "pharaohs" in history. Pharaoh not only ruled the world when he was alive, but also dreamed of becoming a god to rule the underworld after death. Therefore, after the death of Pharaoh, he took out his internal organs, dipped them in preservatives, poured them with spices, and kept the body for a long time, which was called "mummy". Pyramids are tombs for Pharaoh's mummies. At present, there are 96 pyramids in Egypt, most of which are located on the edge of the desert west of the arable valley on the west bank of the Nile.
Large pyramids were generally built in the three to six dynasties of the ancient kingdom (about 2664 ~ 2 BC180 BC), and there are many sites in Giza, segala, rasul, Medum and Absire, which are not far north of Memphis, the capital of ancient Egypt.
Because the pyramids are square-cone buildings, the ancient Egyptians called them "Pyrimus", which means "high"; Its base is square, getting narrower and narrower until the top of the tower, which looks like the word "gold" in Chinese characters from all sides, so China has always translated it into a "pyramid".
Among many pyramids, the most famous one is great pyramid of giza, which is located at Giza, about 13 km southwest of Cairo. There are three pyramids in this group, which were built by Khufu (the second generation Pharaoh), Kafler (the fourth generation Pharaoh) and Menkole (the sixth generation Pharaoh) of the fourth dynasty in ancient Egypt.
Pyramid of khufu,
Also known as the Qi Apps Pyramid, built in 2760 BC, it is the largest pyramid in history and one of the world's man-made wonders, ranking first among the seven wonders of the world. The original height of this tower.
146.5m, eroded by wind and rain for thousands of years, is now138m high. The original four sides of the bottom are 230 meters long, but now they are 220 meters.
rice. The four inclined planes of the conical building face east, south, west and north respectively, with an inclination of 5 1.52 minutes. There used to be a road about 1 around the tower.
Kilometers of limestone roads can still be found on the east and west sides of the tower. The whole pyramid is built on a huge convex rock, covering an area of about 52,900 square meters and a volume of about 260 square meters.
10000 cubic meter consists of about 2.3 million stones. The outer stones are about 1 15000 pieces, with an average weight of 2.5 tons each, and the largest stone weighs about 16 tons. The total weight of all the stones is
6.848 million tons. Its geographical location is 365438 degrees east longitude+0.07 degrees north latitude' 29.58 degrees north latitude'.
Surprisingly, there is no adhesive between these stones, but one stone is directly stacked on another stone, entirely by the stone itself.
The weight of the body is piled together, and the surface seams are tight and accurate, so that even a thin blade can't be inserted. The height error between the southeast corner and the northwest corner of the tower is only 1.27 cm. This is the time for 10.
It took10,000 workers and 30 years to build.
The entrance of pyramid of khufu is located on the 13th stone steps of the tower north wall, about 20 meters from the ground.
Michael. The entrance is a herringbone arch composed of four huge stone slabs, and there is an inclined tunnel with a length of 100 meters leading to the tomb. The tomb is10.43m long, 5.2 1 m wide and 5.82m high.
The vertical distance from the ground is 42.28 meters. There is only one brown polished marble sarcophagus in the room, which is empty and the whereabouts of the coffin cover are unknown. There are five on the grave.
In a two-story room, the top cover of the highest floor is triangular, so that the weight pressed on it can be evenly distributed on both sides. At the same time, the tomb also has ventilation pipes built of stone. The appearance of the Great Pyramid of Khufu is solemn, majestic, simple and steady, which is in harmony with the endless highlands and deserts around it. Its internal structure is complex and changeable, with originality and unique style, which embodies extraordinary wisdom. After thousands of years of vicissitudes of life, the pyramids have not been shaken or deformed, showing the incredible high-level technology and exquisite architectural art in ancient times. Therefore, UNESCO listed it as one of the world's key protected cultural relics and became a symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization.
The second pyramid of Giza built by Caffler is located in the middle. It is slightly smaller than pyramid of khufu, but its artistic style and engineering design accuracy can be compared with it. And because it is built on a high platform, at first glance, it seems to be more magnificent than the former. The tower foundation is 215.7m long and143.6m high, also made of limestone and granite. Its remaining ancillary buildings are relatively complete and spectacular, including two temples built with huge stones: the upper hall and the lower hall.
The third pyramid built by Menkole is located at the southern end, the smallest but very delicate. Its base is108.7m long and 66.5m high. All three pyramids in Giza were stolen, and the treasures in the tombs were basically lost. However, their perfect engineering skills of ancient Egyptians attract thousands of tourists from all over the world every day in Qian Qian.
Egyptian jinta
Pyramid appearance
This pyramid has a history of 4500 years. Because it looks like the word "gold" in Chinese characters, it is called "pyramid". The pyramid itself is a tomb building. It is large in scale and rigorous in structure. The tower is solid except for the tomb and the passage, and the fixed part is conical. After many earthquakes, the pyramids are still intact. It is considered as the tallest ancient building and the first in eight wonders of the world.
There is a sphinx in front of the pyramid, which is the image of Hafila, the son of Pharaoh Khufu, the fourth dynasty of the ancient king. It's called the Sphinx. It's 20 meters high and 57 meters long. Only one ear is two meters high. Except that the lion's paw is made of stone, the whole Sphinx is carved from a huge natural rock. I have a nose injury, which is said to have been shelled by Napoleon's soldiers in a war. The Sphinx symbolizes the supremacy and inviolability of Pharaoh's power.
Pharaoh's Tomb in the Pyramid
The tomb of Pharaoh extends 30 meters below the horizon, and there is a treasure car and a treasure bed used by Pharaoh when he travels on the left side of the tomb. Located in the center of the tomb is the coffin of Pharaoh Khufu, carved from large wood inlaid with Phnom Penh and pasted with gold nuggets. Very gorgeous and exquisite. The coffin is divided into two layers, the upper layer is the full-body wooden statue of Pharaoh, and the lower layer is the mummy of Pharaoh. The funerary objects include Pharaoh's beloved sword, treasure knife, ancient Egyptian treasure ship, treasure bottle, treasure chest and so on. The most attractive thing is the four huge treasure boxes, which are filled with rare treasures and are priceless. In front of the coffin, there are two patrons holding artifacts, and there are four beautiful ladies in the four corners.
Queen's tomb
The queen's tomb is slightly smaller than the Pharaoh's. Her coffin is carved from a huge stone, with fine workmanship and gorgeous appearance. The queen's mummy is in Chen Fang. Her funerary objects are also very rich, and there are condors, treasure boxes and the Sphinx in the left corner. There is a dresser used by the Queen in the right corner.
How to build
If the legend about the bold and wonderful design of the pyramid can be accepted by modern people, then its scale is so huge.
It is hard to imagine. Pyramid of khufu is built by millions of huge stones. The average weight of each stone is over 2000 kg, and the largest stone is over 100 ton. These boulders were mined from the east bank of the Nile, namely
There is no crane loading and unloading, and there is no trolley transportation.
Herodotus, known as the "father of western historiography", once recorded that the stones used to build pyramid of khufu were mined from the "Arabian Mountain" (probably Sinai Peninsula). However, we now know that most of the stones are mined locally, and the limestone used to decorate their surfaces is shipped from Tula mining area in Hedong. It was not easy to mine stones at that time, because people had no explosives and no steel. Egyptians used copper or bronze at that time.
A chisel cuts a hole in the rock, then inserts it into a wedge and fills it with water. When the wedge is expanded by water, the rock cracks. This method may seem clumsy today, but it was a great skill more than 4000 years ago.
Surgery. It is also extremely difficult to transport from the quarry to the ruins of the pyramids. The ancient Egyptians put stones on sledges, which were pulled by people and livestock. Therefore, a wide and flat road is needed. Building a road to transport stones and pyramids in the catacombs will
Used for 10 years.
When building pyramid of khufu, Khufu forced all Egyptians to work for him. They are divided into large groups of 654.38+10,000 people to work, and each large group has to work for three months. There are slaves among these workers, but there are also many ordinary farmers and craftsmen. With the help of animal power and rolling timber, slaves in ancient Egypt transported huge stones to construction sites. They piled the sand in Zhou Tianran No.4 construction site into a slope and pulled the huge stones to the pyramids along the slope. In this way, a layer of slopes and stones are piled up, and the pyramid is gradually increased. It took 20 years to build pyramid of khufu.